Charu chakale cha South Africa

Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni the modern-day Republic of South Africa.

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South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, ZAR; Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Transvaal Republic, yikaŵa boma la ma Boer ilo likaŵako kufuma mu 1852 m'paka 1902.

Charu cha South Africa Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
Mbendela Coat of arms
Chiluso: "Eendragt maakt magt"
Nyimbo: "Volkslied van Transvaal"
Location of Transvaal
1858–1860 1880–1881 (exile)		Pretoria
Official language		Dutch
• Common languages		English, Afrikaans, Pedi, and other Bantu languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu		{{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo		Dutch Reformed Church
Mtundu wa Boma		Parliamentary republic under British suzerainty
Establishment
-	Sand River Convention	17 January 1852
-	Civil War	7 October 1862
-	Transvaal Colony	12 April 1877
-	First Boer War	12 December 1880
-	Pretoria Convention	3 August 1881
-	London Convention	27 February 1884
-	Second Boer War	11 October 1899
-	Treaty of Vereeniging	31 May 1902
-	Maritz rebellion	Sep. 1914 – Feb. 1915
Ukulu wa Malo
-	Malo	191,789 km2 74,050 sq mi
Ndalama		South African pound

Boma la Britain likakolerana kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Ubwezi wa pakati pa ZAR na Britain ukayamba kunangika pamanyuma pakuti British Cape Colony yikathandazgikira mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Nkhondo iyo Boer ŵakathereska yikawovwira kuti ZAR yiŵe yakujiyimira paŵekha. Kweni pamasinda, vinthu vikasintha pakati pa ŵa Anglo na ŵa ZAR. Mu 1899, nkhondo yikambaso pakati pa Britain na ZAR, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakawukira. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa Boer mu ZAR ŵakakana kujipeleka, ntheura mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Lord Kitchener, wakalangura kuti ŵambe kulondezga fundo za kuyuzga ŵanthu. Mu phangano ilo likamara nkhondo, ZAR yikazgoka Transvaal Colony, ndipo pamanyuma yikazgoka South Africa Union. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, pakaŵa ciyezgo cakuti boma la Spain liŵeso na mazaza mu caru ici.

Chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga ZAR sono chili na vigaŵa vyose vya Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, na North West, kumpoto kwa charu cha South Africa.

Kwiza kwa zina

Mu 1853, ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chichemekenge Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. Mu chaka chenechicho, Volksraad yikasintha zina la boma kuŵa Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Benoorden de Vaalrivier (South African Republic kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal). Mu 1858, boma la South Africa likamba kuchemeka Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. Malo agha ghakachemekangaso kuti Transvaal, kung'anamura chigaŵa icho chili kusirya kwa Mlonga wa Vaal. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakasuska zina lakuti Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Boer, ZAR yikakhwaskika na boma la Britain ndipo mu phangano la Pretoria la pa 3 August 1881, British yikati yikwenera kugwiliskira nchito zina lakuti Transvaal State kuluska Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek. Phangano ili likasinthikaso mu phangano ilo likachitika pakati pa Britain na ZAR, la London Convention la Febuluwale 27, 1884, apo Britain yikazomera ivyo ZAR yikakhumbanga kuti ŵambeso kugwiliskira ntchito zina ili.

Zina lakuti South African Republic likaŵa lakuzirwa comene mwakuti pa Seputembala 1, 1900, ŵa ku Britain ŵakapharazga kuti zina la caru ici lasinthika kufuma ku Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek kuŵa "Transvaal". Phangano ili likapelekeka pa nyengo iyo Britain yikawusanga chigaŵa ichi mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer.

Pa Meyi 31, 1902, boma la South Africa, boma la Orange Free State, na boma la Britain ŵakasazgirapo phangano la Vereeniging, ndipo nkhondo yikamara. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska chalo cha South Africa mu 1910, Transvaal Colony yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Zina lakuti Transvaal likasinthika mu 1994, apo boma la South Africa ilo likalongozgekanga na African National Congress likapatulira chigaŵa ichi mu vigaŵa vinayi na kuchimanyaso kuti Gauteng.

Mbili

Kupangika

Charu cha South Africa chikaŵako pa 17 January, 1852, apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakasayina phangano la Sand River Convention na ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 ŵa ku Boer.

Pulezidenti wakwamba wa ZAR wakaŵa Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, uyo wakasankhika mu 1857, mwana wa Andries Pretorius, mulongozgi wa ŵa Boer. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wa ku Potchefstroom ndipo pamanyuma ukasamukira ku Pretoria. Nyumba iyi yikachemekanga Volksraad ndipo yikaŵa na ŵanthu 24.

Kupokelereka na Britain

Thomas F. Mulimo wake wakususkana na Ŵapedi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Sekhukhune ukafika paheni chomene. Boma la Republic likaŵa pafupi kuparanyika, ndipo wakathereska msumba wa Sekhukhune chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵakasuskanga visambizgo vya Burgers. Ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakatondeka kumazga suzgo la Ŵapedi, ntheura ŵakaleka ntchito na kufumamo mu caru. A. Wakutemweka wane. N. Pelzer wakalemba kuti: "Nangauli Sekhukhune wakapempha kuti paŵe mtende, kweni wakatondeka yayi.

Sir Garnet Wolseley, mulara wa boma la South East Africa, wakapharazga nkhondo ku Sekhukhune. Na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake (mwakusazgapo ŵa ku Swaziland awo ŵakakolerana na Burgers), mu 1879 Wolseley wakathereska Sekhukhune na kumujalira mu jele ku Pretoria. Ŵapedi ŵakati ŵafumapo, ŵanthu ŵakaleka kupulikira boma la Britain.

Pa Disembala 13, 1880, ŵimiliri ŵa Volksraad ŵakachemeka ku ungano ku Paardekraal. Ungano uwu ukaŵika mazaza mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵatatu: Paul Kruger, Piet Joubert, na Marthinus Wessel Pretorius. Ŵakapharazga kuti Heidelberg ndiyo ni malo ghawo ghakulongozgera boma, ndipo ŵakakwelera ndembera ya Vierkleur pa Disembala 16. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa kuti yindapharazgike ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ndipo yikamba na kuwukira gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ku Bronkhorstspruit. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ku Transvaal ŵakaŵawukira, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Republican ŵakaŵawukira.

Ŵa Boer ŵakathereska Ŵabritishi pa Laing's Nek na Ingogo, ndipo pa Febuluwale 27, 1881, pa Majuba, uko Jenerale Sir George Pomeroy Colley wakawa pa umanyi wa ŵasilikari ŵake. Nangauli ku malo ghanyake ŵa ku Britain mphanyi ŵakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi na kuthereska ŵakugaluka aŵa, kweni William Gladstone, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru, wakasankha kuti ŵaŵe pamtende. Kulemba phangano la mtende (Pretoria Convention) kukaŵa mu mawoko gha komiti yacifumu iyo yikaŵa na Sir Hercules Robinson, General Sir Evelyn Wood na Justice John de Villiers wa Cape Colony. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Britain likamba kuchema chigaŵa ichi kuti Transvaal State, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakawonanga kuti charu cha South Africa chili kukhazikiskikaso..

Kujilamula

ZAR yikamba kujiyimira pawekha pa Febuluwale 27, 1884, apo chikalata cha London Convention chikalembeka. Pamasinda pa nyengo iyi, charu ichi chikachita mapangano na vyaru vinyake. Pa Novembala 3, 1884, charu ichi chikachita phangano na boma la Cape Colony.

Mu Novembala 1859, vigaŵa vya Lijdenburg na Utrecht vikasazgikana na ZAR. Pa Meyi 9, 1887, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya Stellaland na Goosen (ivyo nyengo zinyake vikuchemeka kuti "Goshen") ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuzunura ŵanthu ŵa mu ZAR. Pa Julayi 25, 1895, ŵanthu awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya Zoutpansberg ŵakapika wanangwa wa kukhala mu charu cha ZAR.

Kuwa na Kupoka

Nkhani ikulu: Second Boer War

Ndondomeko na malango

Dango la ZAR likaŵa lakukondweska comene pa nyengo yira. Chikaŵa na fundo zakukhwaskana na kugaŵikana kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na awo ŵakuteŵetera mu boma. Makhoti ghakaŵa ghapachanya na ghachokoghachoko ndipo ghakaŵa na ŵeruzgi. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa (Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek Politie panji ZARP) ndiwo ŵakalondezganga malango.

Kweniso pakaŵa boma, khoti la chigaŵa la Witwatersrand, na khoti likuru la Transvaal.

Ŵanthu

Buku la State Almanac la mu 1897 likati ŵanthu wose ŵazungu ŵakaŵa 245,397; ndipo wose ŵafipa ŵakaŵa 622,544.

Kafukufuku Wakulongosora za Ŵazungu ku South Africa

Boma	Wazungu
	Males	Females	Total
Barberton	3,500	2,900	6,400
Bloemhof	2,000	1,600	3,600
Boksburg	3,200	2,100	5,300
Carolina	2,500	1,200	3,700
Ermelo	2,700	1,850	4,650
Heidelberg	5,770	2,050	7,820
Johannesburg (town)	32,387	18,520	50,907
Johannesburg (neighbourhood)	4,000	2,500	6,500
Krugersdorp	10,600	9,950	20,450
Lichtenburg	3,600	3,000	6,500
Lydenburg	1,600	1,250	2,750
Marico	3,600	3,000	6,500
Middelburg	5,500	4,000	9,500
Piet-Retief	600	660	1,160
Potchefstroom	12,600	12,300	24,900
Pretoria	15,700	14,600	30,300
Rustenburg	5,600	5,000	10,600
Standerton	3,600	3,750	7,550
Utrecht	1,750	1,100	2,860
Vrijheid	2,640	2,520	5,160
Wakkerstroom	6,000	6,700	11,700
Waterberg	2,600	2,300	4,900
Wolmaranstad	1,600	1,600	3,100
Zoutpansberg	4,500	4,200	8,700
Unandi	137,947	107,450	245,397

Chisopa

Pakwamba, boma na tchalitchi vikaŵa vyakupambana yayi; ŵanthu ŵa mu ZAR ŵakeneranga kuŵa mu tchalitchi la Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, ilo likafumako ku Tchalitchi la Dutch Reformed. Mu 1858, fundo izi zikasinthika mu dango la boma kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵawovwire kuzomerezga matchalitchi ghanyake gha Chikhristu. Mpingo wa Dopper ukazomerezgeka na Volksraad mu 1858, ndipo Paul Kruger, uyo wakaŵa Dopper, wakalutilira kuŵa mwenekaya wa ZAR.

Kanandi Baibolo ndilo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakulongosora ivyo vikalembeka mu malango. Baibolo likagwiraso nchito pakung'anamura phangano la kusinthana ŵakayidi, ilo likacitika kuyana na phangano la Sand River Convention, pakati pa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ZAR, lakulongozgeka na Kruger, na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Orange Free State. Pulezidenti Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff wakadumura kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa mu ZAR ŵakomeke cifukwa ca upusikizgi. Kruger wakadumbirana na Pulezidenti Boshoff kuti Baibolo likuti cilango cikung'anamura nyifwa yayi, ndipo pa nyengo ya kusinthana ŵakayidi, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵakayidi ŵalangikenge usange ŵasangika na mulandu. Boshoff wakati waŵazga Baibolo la Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari Kruger, wakasintha cilango ca ŵanalume aŵa na kuŵatimba na nthonga.

Chikhaze

Chizindikiro cha Republic of South Africa pa ngolo ya Kruger

Ŵanthu ŵa ku ZAR ŵakaŵanga na wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵenekaya wa charu ichi. Munthu wakaŵanga mwenekaya wa charu ichi para wababikira mu charu ichi panji para wazomerezgeka kuŵa mwenekaya. Ŵana ŵakeneranga kuŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota para ŵafika vyaka 16. Ŵanthu awo ŵakababikira mu charu ichi yayi, ŵakaŵanga ŵenekaya ŵa charu ichi para ŵalapa na kupokera makalata ghakulongora kuti mbenecharu. Para munthu walapa, wakuleka kugomezgeka ku boma linyake, kweniso wakuleka kuŵa mweneko wa charu. Dango ilo likaŵako mu 1855 likati ŵazungu pera ndiwo ŵangaŵa ŵenekaya ŵa ZAR na kuŵa na malo. Dango la boma la ZAR likati: "Ŵanthu ŵakukhumba yayi kuti ŵanthu awo mbazungu ŵayanane na awo mbambura kuzungu, kwali ni mu tchalitchi panji mu boma".

Nkhondo ya Witwatersrand yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India na ku China ŵanjire mu tawuni ya Johannesburg iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa ichi. Dango la nambara 3 likati ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ni "Coolies, Chinese etc, Arabs, Malays, and Mohammedan subjects of the Turkish dominion" ŵakakanizgikanga kuŵa na katundu, ŵakeneranga kujilembeska ku boma mukati mwa mazuŵa 8 kufuma apo ŵakafikira, ŵakakanizgikanga kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake ndipo ŵakeneranga kulipira £25 kuti ŵanjire. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku India, awo ŵakacemekanga "Ŵarabu", ŵakasuska dango ili ndipo ŵakapempha boma la Britain kuti liŵavikilire. Mu 1887 boma la Britain likasintha dango la nambara 3 kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuŵa na katundu wakukhora. Cifukwa cakuti boma la Britain likavikiliranga ŵanthu ŵa ku India, malango ghakwimikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ghakaŵawovwiranga comene ŵanthu ŵa ku China.

Kuti munthu waŵe mwenekaya wa caru ici, wakeneranga kukhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika viŵiri, kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi, ndiposo kuŵa mu cisopa ca Dutch Reformed. Pa Seputembala 20, 1893, Dango la ZAR likasinthika mwakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵa Volksraad ŵakeneranga kuzomerezga kusintha dango la wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Phangano ili, nambara 224, likasinthaso Dango nambara 7 pa nkhani ya kuvota.

Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakababikira mu ZAR panji awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota pambere 23 Juni 1890 yindakwane ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota pa mavoti ghaŵiri gha Volksraad kweniso pa mavoti ghanyake ghose. Ŵanthu awo ŵakazomerezgeka kuŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota para pajumpha Juni 23, 1890, ŵakeneranga kuŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota pa maungano ghose, kupaturako maungano gha Volksraad. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi mu 1890 ŵakaŵa 120,000..

Wankhondo

Nga umo vikaŵira na boma la Orange Free State, ŵasilikari ŵa ZAR ŵakakhalanga mu boma la kommando. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakavwaranga yayi yunifomu ndipo ŵakaŵavya mendulo. Mulara wa ŵasilikari wakeneranga kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari awo ŵakasankhika na ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa icho ŵakakhalanga. Munthu uyu wakaŵa na mulimo wa kupoka misonkho, kupenda ŵanthu, kusambizga ŵanalume, kuwunjika vilwero, na kukhozga mazaza gha boma pa ŵanthu ŵafipa. Mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ZAR wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakachitanga milimo ya nkhondo na ya ndyali nga umo ŵakachitiranga ŵasilikari ŵa ku munda. Mulara wa ŵasilikari ndiyo wakachitanga kugura vilwero na vilwero, kuŵika mitengo ya vinthu, na kulongozga malonda gha njovu. Charu cha Transvaal chikaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene, ndipo njovu yikaŵa yimoza mwa ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa malonda. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ZAR likaŵa Staatsartillerie (State Artillery), ilo mu 1899 likaŵa na ŵanalume 314. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Staatsartillerie likaŵa na vilwero vya mazuŵa ghano vyakuchemeka Krupp ivyo vikafuma ku Germany, ndipo mulara wawo wakaŵa kapitawo wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Austria, zina lake Adolf Zboril. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa pafupi comene na ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pasi na ŵa mu mawoko ŵakaŵa ZARP (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Politie-South African Republic Police). Mu 1899, gulu la ZAR likaŵa na ŵanalume pafupifupi 30,000 awo ŵakacemeka kuti ŵateŵetere mu magulu gha commando.

Nangauli mu maghanoghano, mwanalume waliyose wa mu cigaŵa ici wangasankhika kuŵa msilikari, kweni ŵanalume awo ŵakasankhika ŵakafumanga mu mbumba zakusambazga, izo zikagwiliskiranga nchito usambazi wawo kuti ziŵe na ŵabwezi awo ŵakaŵawovwiranga. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko wa ku South Africa, zina lake Ian van der Waag, wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene. Kanandi ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakachitanga nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵatore malo, mino gha zovu, na ŵanthu kuti ŵagaŵire ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵasankhanga. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozganga magulu gha ŵasilikari chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yimoza ndiwo ŵakasankhikanga kuŵa ŵasilikari. Mu 1899, apo mulara wa ŵasilikari mu ZAR wakaŵa na vilimika 58, ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na masambiro ghacoko comene. Mu caru ico ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene ucekuru, munthu wakucindikika comene wakaŵa takhaar, uyo wakaŵa musambazi comene ndipo wakaŵa na sisi litali na mwembe utali. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari mu 1899 ŵakakolerananga na Pulezidenti Paul Kruger.

Chiyowoyelo

Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵa mu ZAR ŵakayowoyanga na kulemba chikaŵa chiyowoyero chinyake cha Chidachi. Pa Okutobala 3, 1884, wupu wa Volksraad ukati uli na vifukwa vyakugomezgera kuti mu masukulu ghanyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito chiyowoyero cha Chidachi. Wupu wa Volksraad ukafumiska dango la nambara 207 ndipo ukachichizga Mulara wa vya masambiro kuti walondezge dango la chiyowoyero icho chikazomerezganga kuyowoya Chidachi pera. Pa Julayi 30, 1888, chiyowoyero cha Chidachi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma pera, kweniso chikagwiranga ntchito mu khoti, masukulu, malonda, na mu vyaru vinyake. Viyowoyero vinyake vyose vikaŵa vya "ŵalendo".

Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Pa Okutobala 1, 1895, Alfred Fernandez Harington wakasankhika kuŵa msambizgi wa Cingelezi pa sukulu ya Staats Model School ku Pretoria. Kuyowoya ciyowoyero cilicose ca ku caru cinyake kukaŵa na cilango ca mulandu na cilango ca ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 20 pa mulandu uliwose. Vyaka vinandi kumasinda, ŵa ku Britain nawo ŵakakanizga ŵanthu kuyowoya Cingelezi. chiyowoyero cha Chidachi. Wupu wa Volksraad ukafumiska dango la nambara 207 ndipo ukachichizga Mulara wa vya masambiro kuti walondezge dango la chiyowoyero icho chikazomerezganga kuyowoya Chidachi pera. Pa Julayi 30, 1888, chiyowoyero cha Chidachi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma pera, kweniso chikagwiranga ntchito mu khoti, masukulu, malonda, na mu vyaru vinyake. Viyowoyero vinyake vyose vikaŵa vya "ŵalendo".

Mbiri ya nkhondo

Nkhondo na Mapela na Makapaan, 1854

Hendrik Potgieter wakasankhika pa ungano wa mu 1849 kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari umoyo wake wose, ndipo pakukhumba kugega mphindano, cikaŵa cakukhumbikwa kwimika ŵasilikari ŵatatu awo wose ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana. Pa Disembala 16, 1852, Andries wakafwa ndipo mwana wake, Piet Pretorius, wakasankhika kuŵa mulara wa vigaŵa vya Lydenburg na Zoutpansberg.

Pakaŵa mphindano zinandi pa nkhani ya ng'ombe izo Mapela wakawuskanga mu zina la Potgieter, ndipo kumasinda kwa nyengo iyi, Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari Scholtz wakakora futi zinandi na vilwero, vinthu vyakunozgera futi na vinthu vinyake vya nkhondo kufuma ku nyumba ya mishonale wa ku England, Reverend Livingstone. Livingstone wakazomera kuti wakasunganga vilwero vya Secheli, ndipo ichi chikaŵa kuswa phangano la Sand River Convention, ilo likakanizganga kupeleka vilwero ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Secheli.:40

Mu 1853, Herman Potgieter wakacemeka ku Mapela kuti wawovwirepo pa kukoma njovu. M'malo mwake, Mapela wakalongozga Ŵaburu awo ŵakamanyanga kanthu yayi kuti ŵamukome. Ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakawukira gulu la Potgieter, ŵakakoma Andries, ndipo ŵakaguguzira Herman pachanya pa kaphiri, uko ŵakamukoma. Ŵakati ŵamara kupulura viŵaro vyake, ŵakaleka.:43 Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mulongozgi wa Ndebele zina lake Magobane (uyo Ŵaburu ŵakamumanyanga kuti Makapaan) wakakoma ŵanakazi na ŵana awo ŵakalutanga ku Pretoria. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵakomenge ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Europe mu vigaŵa vyawo na kusunga viŵeto vyawo.

Jenerale Piet Potgieter wakanyamuka na ŵanalume 100 kufuma ku Zoutpansberg ndipo Mulara Jenerale Pretorius wakafumako ku Pretoria na ŵanalume 200. Ŵasilikari ŵara ŵakati ŵafika, ŵakamba kuwukira Magobane ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakawelera ku mphanji zawo za mu mapiri uko ŵakakhalanga. Ŵaburu ŵakaŵasunga mu mphanji zawo ndipo ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵanandi ŵakafuma.

Ŵana ŵacekuru ŵa mafuko agha ŵakaŵasunganga mu nyumba za Ŵaburu kuti ŵaŵapwelelere m'paka ŵafike pa msinkhu wakukwana. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaweleranga na ŵana wose aŵa ku chigaŵa chakufupi na kwawo kuti ŵakalembeske na kuŵapa mbumba yinyake ya Ŵaburu.

Pakuti kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga na vigeŵenga vinyake ivyo vikaguliskanga ŵana, munthu waliyose uyo wakasangika na mwana wambura kulembeska wakaŵa na mulandu. Kanandi ŵana aŵa ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "oorlams" chifukwa ŵakamanyanga makora mitheto ya ku Netherlands. Ŵana aŵa, nanga ŵangaŵa kuti ŵafika vyaka 16, ndipo ŵakuŵa ŵanangwa kwiza na kuluta umo ŵakukhumbira, kanandi ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuweleraso ku cikaya cawo na ciyowoyero cawo, ndipo padera pa kuŵa na cakurya na pakugona, ŵakaŵapatanga ku fuko lawo.

Pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi pakaŵa Mulara Mukuru Potgieter. Mulara wa ŵasilikari uyu wakakomeka na munthu wakukoma ŵanthu pa mphingilizgo ndipo thupi lake likasangika na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari Paul Kruger. Ivyo vikakhalapo vya gulu la ŵasilikari, awo sono ŵakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Pretorius, vikaŵa pa Mapela. Apo ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakafikanga ku Mapela, ŵanthu wose ŵakachimbira. Ŵakasanga magileta ghacoko waka, vyakuvwara vyakukakika na ndopa, mabokosi na vinthu vinyake pa malo ghanyake pafupi na tawuni ya Mapela. Mapela na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakacimbira ndipo ŵakaŵavya futi na vilwero.

Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa, 1861-1864

Nkhani ikulu: Transvaal Civil War

Mulara wa ŵasilikari Stephanus Schoeman wakazomera yayi fundo ya Volksraad ya pa Seputembala 20, 1858, iyo yikati ŵanthu ŵa mu Tchalitchi la Reformed of South Africa ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa ZAR. Pa cifukwa ici, Paul Kruger ŵakamukana kuŵa mwenekaya wa caru cawo ndipo ŵakamuzomerezga yayi kucita ndyali. Mulara wakwendakwenda van Rensburg wakacema ungano wapadera wa wupu wa Dutch Reformed Church, uwo pamasinda ukazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mpingo uwu ŵasopenge.

Nkhondo ya Sekhukune, 1876

Mu 1876, pakawuka nkhondo pakati pa ZAR na Bapedi cifukwa ca kwiba viŵeto na kunanga malo. Pa Meyi 16, 1876, wupu wa Volksraad ukapharazga nkhondo kwa Sekhukune. Nkhondo yikamba mu Julayi 1876. Burgers, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa ZAR, wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 2,000 ndipo ŵakalongozgana na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Swaziland. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swaziland nawo ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi kuti ŵawovwire Mampuru, uyo Sekhukune wakamuwuskapo pa udindo wake.

Nkhondo yakwamba yikacitika pa Botsabelo Mission Station pa Julayi 13, 1876, na Johannes Dinkwanyane, munung'una wa Sekhukune. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer ŵakalongozgekanga na Coetzee ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari ŵa Swazi. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Swaziland ŵakacita cinthu cakuzizika na kuwukira, apo Ŵaburu ŵakajikora. Ŵakati ŵawona ivi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Swaziland ŵakakana kupeleka vinthu ku Ŵaburu. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Dinkwanyane nawo ŵakajipeleka pamanyuma pa kampeni iyi.

Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Boer, 1880-1881

Nkhani ikulu: Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Boer, 1880-1881

Mlongozgi Paul Kruger mu 1898

Pa Epulero 12, 1877, ŵa ku Britain ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka "Annexation of the S. A. Wakutemweka wane. Republic ku Ufumu wa Britain". Mu chikalata ichi, ŵa Britain ŵakati caru ici nchambura kukhazikika, nchambura kwendeskeka makora, nchambura ndalama, ndipo cili pafupi kurwa nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Nangauli boma la ZAR likakhumba yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kulamulira ŵekha, kweni likakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain.

Boma la ZAR likamanya kuti dango ili likaŵa lakusuzga ndipo likakana. M'malo mwa kupharazga nkhondo, caru ici cikaghanaghana vyakutuma ŵimiliri ku United Kingdom na United States kuti ŵakasuskire. Kweni ivi vikaŵavya candulo, ndipo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵaburu yikamba pa Disembala 20, 1880. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵabura yikaŵa yakwamba kufuma apo ku America kukaŵa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵabura.

Pa nyengo iyi, ŵakavwaraso yunifomu ya khaki, ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba ya umaliro wa yunifomu ya Redcoat. Nkhondo ya ku Laing's Nek ndiyo yikaŵa nyengo yaumaliro kuti gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain liŵike ndembera zawo mu nkhondo. Phangano la Pretoria la 1881 likalembeka pa 3 Ogasiti 1881 ndipo likazomerezgeka pa 25 Okutobala 1881 na ZAR, uko Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Transvaal Territory". Mu 1884 pa ungano wa Pretoria, pa ungano wa London, boma la Britain likamazga muwuso wa charu cha South Africa.

Boma la Britain, mu ungano wa ku London, likazomera zina lakuti South African Republic. Pa Febuluwale 27, 1884, Hercules Robinson, Paul Kruger, Stephanus Jacobus du Toit na Nicolaas Smit ŵakalembapo pa ungano uwu ku London. Mu 1885, ŵakasanga malo ghanandi agho pakaŵa golide. Ŵanthu ŵa ku ZAR ŵakaŵa ŵalimi, ŵakagwiranga migodi yayi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵachemanga kuti "ŵalendo". Kuzakafika mu 1897, ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa kuti ŵaguliska ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 300,000,000 mu minda ya golide ya ZAR.

Nkhondo ya Malaboch, 1894

Nkhondo ya Malaboch yikacitika pakati pa Mulara Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) wa ŵanthu ŵa Bahananwa (Xananwa) na boma la South African Republic (ZAR) ilo likalongozgekanga na mulara wa ŵasilikari Piet Joubert. Malaboch wakakana kupeleka msonkho ku Transvaal pamanyuma pakuti boma la Britain lawezgera mabura mu 1881..

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Mabuwa, 1899-1902

Nkhani ikulu: Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Boer

Ŵalondezgi ŵa Piet Cronjé ŵakupeleka futi zawo

Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuwukira ZAR mu Disembala 1895 apo ŵakachita nkhondo ya Jameson, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakamba kukhozga ŵasilikari na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pafupi na mphaka, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalendo 60,000 ŵa mu ZAR ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Kruger wakakana ivyo Britain likakhumbanga ndipo wakapempha kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu ZAR. Apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakakana, Kruger wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na Britain.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer yikaŵa yakukondweska comene ku ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kweniso ku ufumu wose wa Britain. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakakhalanga mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu. Cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikacitikanga mu misasa iyi, ŵanakazi 4,177 na ŵana 22,074 ŵa vyaka kusi kwa 16 ŵakafwa.

Phangano la Vereeniging likalembeka pa Meyi 31, 1902. Phangano ili likawuskapo boma la ZAR na Orange Free State, ilo likaŵa la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Boer. Pa Meyi 20, 1903, Wupu wa Inter Colonial Council ukakhazikiskika kuti uwuse vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain. Ŵa Boer ŵakapika mazaza gha kujimira ŵekha ndipo ŵakaŵapa mu 1906 na 1907. Mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa mu wupu wa Union of South Africa.

Kuwukira kwa Maritz, 1914-1915

Nkhani ikulu: Maritz rebellion

Chigaluka cha Maritz chikaŵa chigaluka icho chikachitika ku South Africa mu 1914 apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikambanga. Boma ili likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer awo ŵakapanga boma la kanyengo kachoko ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiskaso charu cha South Africa mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu boma la South Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵaburu awo ŵakarwa nkhondo na Ŵamaritz. Boma ili likakolerana na boma la Germany, ilo likarwa nkhondo na Britain na South Africa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Boer ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Kuzakafika mu 1915, chigaluka ichi chikaŵa kuti chamara, ndipo awo ŵakalongozganga gulu ili ŵakapika ndalama zinandi na kujalirika mu jele.

Makampani gha vyachuma na vya mendero

Misewu yose ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi yikazengeka na kampani ya Netherlands-South African Railway Company, ndipo misewu yinyake yikazengeka kufuma ku Cape na Natal.

Mu 1886 apo ŵanthu ŵakasanga golide ku Witwatersrand, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu ichi. Mu chaka chenechichi, msumba wa Johannesburg ukazengeka nga ni tawuni ya migodi ya golide. Mu vilimika 10, tawuni iyi yikazgoka msumba ukuru comene wa kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo yikajumpha Cape Town.

Ŵakati ŵasanga golide, ŵakazenga njanji mu ZAR. Misewu ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi mu ZAR, comenecomene ya kufuma ku Pretoria kuya ku Lourenço Marques mu Portuguese East Africa, yikazengeka na Dutch-South African Railway Company. Kuzenga msewu wa Pretoria-Lourenço Marques kukawovwira kuti ZAR yiŵe na malo gha ku dowoko agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain yayi.

Ndembera

Ndembera ya South Africa yikaŵa na mphonje zitatu zakuthwa, zakufipirwa, zituŵa na za buluu (zakuyana na ndembera ya Netherlands) na mphonje yibhiriji pa chiŵegha, ndipo yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Vierkleur (Chingelezi: "Mitundu yinayi"). Nangauli dango ilo likalongosoranga za ndembera likaŵa lakuti pa chikhuni palembeke mazgu ghakuti "Eendracht maakt macht" ("Umoza ukupangiska nkhongono", mazgu gha charu), kweni ivi vikachitikanga viŵi yayi. Kufuma apo, vilembo ivi vikaŵa mu ndembera ya South Africa kufuma mu 1928 m'paka 1994.

Mabuku na nkhani

• Waag, Ian van der (January 2005). "Boer Generalship and the Politics of Command". War in History. 12 (1): 15–43. doi:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa. S2CID 220749361.
• Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dianne (1996). Colour, Confusion and Concessions The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622094246.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Transvaal". Encyclopædia Britannica (in English) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.