Chigaŵa cha Tanganyika
| Chigaŵa cha Tanganyika |
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| Pasono | League of Nations Mandate | |||||
| Msumba Waboma | Dar es Salaam | |||||
| Mitundu ya Ŵanthu | {{{ethnic_groups}}} | |||||
| Vipembezo | Protestantism, Catholicism, Islam and others. | |||||
| Ndalama | East African shilling | |||||
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Chigaŵa cha Tanganyika chikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain kufuma mu 1916 m'paka 1961. Pakwamba boma ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari. Kwambira pa Julayi 20, 1922, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain. Kufuma mu 1946, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain.
Pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe, caru ca Tanganyika cikaŵa mu cigaŵa ca German East Africa. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Britain na wa Belgian Congo ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu. Pamanyuma pa ivi, wupu wa League of Nations ukazomerezga kuti Britain ndiyo yilongozgenge chigaŵa ichi. Ufumu wa Britain ndiwo ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Tanganyika m'paka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikamalira. Mu 1961, charu cha Tanganyika chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha kufuma ku Britain. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, charu ichi chikazgoka charu chiphya. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Tanganyika chili ku chigaŵa cha Tanzania.
Kwiza kwa zina
Zina la cigaŵa ici lili kufuma ku nyanja yikuru iyo yili kumanjiliro gha dazi. Henry Morton Stanley wakasanga zina lakuti "Tanganika" apo wakaluta ku Ujiji mu 1876. Iyo wakalemba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamanyanga yayi ng'anamuro lake ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti likung'anamura "nyanja yikuru iyo yikaŵa nga ni dambo".[1]
Ŵanandi ŵakasankha zina ili pa nyengo ya phangano la Versailles. Britain wakakhumbikwiranga zina liphya kuti liŵe "Deutsch Ostafrika" panji "German East Africa". Pakaŵa mazina ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo "Smutsland" kucindika Jenerale Jan Smuts (wakakanika cifukwa cakuti "wakaŵa wambura kutowa"), "Eburnea", "New Maryland", "Windsorland" cifukwa ca zina liphya la mbumba ya Ufumu wa Britain, na "Victoria" cifukwa ca zina la Nyanja na la Fumukazi. Mulara wa vya Vyaru wakakhumbanga kuti "zina la ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi" ndilo liŵepo. "Kilimanjaro", uyo wakuyana waka na "Kenya", wakachemeka kufuma ku phiri litali chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo "Tabora", wakachemeka kufuma ku tawuni iyo yikaŵa kufupi na pakati pa charu ichi. Kufuma apo, wachiŵiri wa Secretary of Colonial Secretary wakayowoya kuti "Tanganyika Protectorate" ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa chigaŵa cha Nyanja ya Tanganyika.[2]
Mbiri
Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu awo ŵakizanga kuzakagura ŵazga na mino gha zovu. Chirwa cha Zanzibar chikatoleka kuŵa chigaŵa cha Oman Sultanate, apo Seyyid Said wakiza ku mazaza mu 1806, vyakukhumba vya Oman mu Tanzania vikayamba kukwera. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, na wovwiri wa Britain, Oman wakamba kukura mu chigaŵa ichi kuti waleke kukhuŵara na Ŵafulentshi mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Ŵamalonda ŵakamba kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kusopa chisopa cha Chiisilamu. Chisilamu chikulutilira kuŵa chisopa chikuru mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵanthu 36% ŵa mu Tanzania ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi.[3]
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kwenda mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa kufuma ku Zanzibar. Mu 1885, ufumu wa Germany ukati ukukhumba kukhazikiska boma la ku East Africa (GEA) ilo likulongozgeka na Carl Peters. Fumu ya ku Zanzibar yikati yakana, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakakhumbanga kuwukira nyumba yake. Pamanyuma, Britain na Germany ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane caru ca Britain mu vigaŵa viŵiri, ndipo Sultan wakazomerezga. Ŵajeremani ŵakakanizga ŵanthu kugaluka mu 1905. Boma la ku Germany likambiska masukulu gha ku pulayimale, gha sekondare, na ghasukulu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa.[4][5][page needed]
Boma la ku Germany likawovwira kuti malo agha ghaŵe ghakutowa. Kulima vyakurya vyakupambanapambana nga ni katoni, sisal, coco na khofi kukaŵa kwakukhumbikwa comene pakukuzga malo agha. Sisal, yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene pa kupanga vingwe, ndipo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyakurya vikuru comene vya ku German East Africa. Mu 1893 mu caru ici mukaŵa munda umoza pera wa Sisal, kweni mu 1913 mukaŵa 54. Paumaliro wa 1913, caru ici cikaguliskanga matani ghakujumpha 20,000 gha sisal, agho ghakaŵa 30 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose ivyo vikaguliskikanga. Kuti vinthu ivi vileke kunangika, ŵakazenga njanji zinandi. Cinyake ico cikaŵa cakuzirwa comene ni Central Line panji Mittellandbahn, ico cikakolerananga caru cose na msumba wa Dar es Salam. Njanji iyi yichali kugwira nchito mazuŵa ghano ndipo yikukolerana na njanji zinyake mu caru cose.
Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, GEA yikagaŵika pakati pa ŵamazaza awo ŵakathereska nkhondo iyi. Ku malo agha kukaŵavya vyaru vinyake padera pa Ruanda-Urundi (uko kukaŵa ku Belgium) na Kionga Triangle (uko kukaŵa ku Mozambique). "Tanganyika" ndilo likaŵa zina la cigaŵa ico kale cikaŵa ku German East Africa.
Mu 1927, Tanganyika wakanjira mu wupu wa Customs Union wa East Africa Protectorate na Uganda Protectorate, ndipo pamasinda ukazgoka Kenya na Uganda. Wupu wa East African Common Services Organization (1961-1967) ndiwo ukambiska Wupu wa East African Community. Charu ichi chikaŵa na mavoti ghakwamba mu 1958 na 1959. Chaka chakulondezgapo, boma likapeleka wanangwa wakujiwusa ndipo kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Pa mavoti ghose ghaŵiri, gulu la Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) ndilo likathereska boma ili. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, pakaŵa mavoti gha pulezidenti, ndipo mulongozgi wa TANU, Julius Nyerere ndiyo wakathereska. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Tanganyika ndicho chikapanganga visomba vinandi chomene pa charu chose.
Boma la Britain likapoka malo gha Tanganyika cifukwa ca phangano la Versailles. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Britain, ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe "charu cha ŵanthu ŵafipa". Boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti charu ichi chiŵe nga ni Nigeria. Ndipo apo boma la ku Nigeria likamba kulamulira mwakudunjika, boma la Tanganyika nalo likamba kulamulira mwakudunjika. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakalongozgana na munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Tanganyika, zina lake Sir Horace Bryatt. Bryatt wakaŵa wandyali uyo ŵanthu ŵakamutemwanga yayi, ndipo ivyo wakacita pakucimbizga Ŵajeremani vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Tanganyika ŵafumemo mu caru ici. Viŵegha vinandi vya ku Germany vikaguliskika ku makampani gha ku Europe, ndipo minda yakupambanapambana yikapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain. Charu ichi chikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi, chomenechomene khofi.[6]
Boma la Britain likawovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakakhalanga mu Tanganyika, cifukwa ŵakaŵa ŵakuvikilirika na Britain. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiranga nchito mu boma la India. Ici cikapangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia mu Tanganyika cikure kufuma pa 8,698 mu 1912 kufika pa 25,144 mu 1931.
Yumoza mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakapangiska kuti charu cha Tanganyika chileke kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi wakaŵa TANU, gulu ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1954. Mu 1963, TANU yikajura vipata vyake ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Tanganyika.
Kuwina kwa TANU kungawoneka mu mavoti gha mu 1958 mu nyengo ya muwuso wa chikoloni apo ŵanthu ŵa TANU panji awo ŵakakolerananga na TANU ŵakatora malo ghose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakavota ku Tanganyika ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa, pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu 28,500 awo ŵakalembeka.
Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakasuska, ndipo mu 1956, Brian Willis wakambiska gulu la United Tanganyikan Party (UTP). Ndipouli, chipani ichi chikaleka kugwira ntchito chifukwa chikaŵa chakumanyikwa kuti Nyerere na TANU ŵazamuthereska nkhondo ya Tanganyikan. UTP yikaŵa yambura kovwira cifukwa cakuti Willis wakapokeranga malipiro ghapachaka ghakukwana mapaundi 4,000.
Pa 9 Disembala, 1961, Tanganyika wakafwatuka ku boma la Britain.[6]
Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa
- Julius Nyerere (1922–1999), an anti-colonial activist, politician and political theorist
- Vasant Tapu (1936–1988), a Tanzanian cricketer
- Ebrahim Hussein (born 1943), a Tanzanian playwright and poet
- Clive Elliott (1945–2018), a British ornithologist and international civil servant
- Usha Sunak, a pharmacist and mother of Rishi. She was born in Tanganyika.
- Dudley Seaton (1953–1978), son of Alberta Jones Seaton, a zoologist, involved in African independence movements
- Juma Mkambi (1955–2010), a Tanzanian footballer
- Tim Macartney-Snape (born 1956), a mountaineer and author
- Kipruto Rono Arap Kirwa (born 1957), a Kenyan politician
Kuthemba kwa Tanganyika
Boma la Britain la Tanganyika likaŵa lakujiyimira pawekha pa Disembala 9, 1961, ndipo Julius Nyerere ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba, nduna yikuru mu 1960 apo likawusikanga na Britain. Mulongozgi mukuru wa gulu lakujiyimira pawekha wakaŵa Nyerere, uyo wakalongozganga gulu la TANU, ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. TANU yikasanga wovwiri wa ndyali kwizira mu nkhani za caru cose. Mwaciyelezgero, TANU, yikadumbiskana na kukhozgera wofi wakuti boma likukhumba kupeleka mazaza ghambura kwenelera ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na Asia awo ŵakukhala mu Tanganyika. Ici mphanyi cikapangiska kuti Tanganyika waleke kujiyimira payekha. TANU yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵacitenge wofi comene kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵalutilirenge kuwusa panji kuŵa na mazaza nanga ni para ŵafumako ku wuzga.[7]
Masuzgo pamanyuma pa kujithemba
Nangauli Tanganyika wakapokera wanangwa wake mwa mtende, kweni nayo wakaŵa na masuzgo ghakuyana waka na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Ndipouli, vinthu viŵiri vikuru ivyo vikapangiska kuti Tanganyika waleke kujiyimira payekha vikaŵa malo agho wakakhalanga na ŵazengezgani ŵake. Cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikacitikanga kufupi na mphaka ya Tanganyika, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Congo, Burundi, na Rwanda ŵakizanga ku Tanganyika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachimbira kwawo ŵakaŵa na suzgo likuru ku Tanganyika. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanganyika ŵambe kusuzgika maghanoghano. Mwakusazgirapo, Nyerere wakalutilira kuŵika mtima pa vyakusintha vinthu na fundo zake za ku Africa izo zikamanyikwanga kuti Ujamaa. Mu 1964, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Zanzibar iyo yikapangiska kuti boma la Ŵaarabu la Zanzibar limare, charu cha Tanganyika chikasazgikana na Zanzibar ndipo chikazgoka United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, icho pamanyuma chikamanyikwa kuti United Republic of Tanzania pa 26 April 1964.[8]
Wonaniso
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Ukaboni
- ↑ Stanley, Henry M. (1878). Through the Dark continent, or, The sources of the Nile : around the great lakes of equatorial Africa and down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean, Volume II. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington. p. 16.
- ↑ Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780521296113.
- ↑ "Faith and Development in Focus, Tanzania" (PDF) (in English). World Faiths Development Dialogue. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 Epulelo 2022. Retrieved 7 Ogasiti 2022.
- ↑ East, John William. "The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918." [London? 1989] 294 leaves. 1 reel of microfilm (negative.) Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987.
- ↑ Farwell, Byron. The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989. ISBN 0-393-30564-3
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Iliffe, John (1979). A Modern History of Tanganyika (in English). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 262–566. ISBN 9780521296113.[page range too broad]
- ↑ Bjerk, Paul (2015). Building a Peaceful Nation (1st ed.). Boydell & Brewer. p. Chapter 3, Paragraph 1.
- ↑ Ewald, Jonas (2013). Challenges for the Democratisation Process in Tanzania (1st ed.). Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. p. Chapter 4.3, Paragraph 15.
Vyakulemba vinyake
- Cana, Frank Richardson (1922). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). pp. 676–677.
- Gordon-Brown, A. (editor), The East Africa Year Book and Guide, London, 1954, 87pps, with maps.
- Hill, J.F.R., and Moffett, J.P., Tanganyika – a Review of its Resources and their Development, published by the Government of Tanganyika, 1955, 924pps, with many maps.
- Iliffe, John (10 Meyi 1979). A modern history of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521296113.
- Moffett, J.P., Handbook of Tanganyika, published by the Government of Tanganyika, 1958, 703pps, with maps.
- Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Life in Tanganyika in The Fifties, New Africa Press, 2008, 428pps, with maps and photos.