Chisopa mu Eritrea

Chisopa ku Eritrea chili na visopa vinandi. Visopa vikuruvikuru mu Eritrea ni Chikhristu na Chisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu cisopa cilicose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵali na ciŵelengero ca pakati pa 47% na 63%, apo Ŵasilamu ŵali na ciŵelengero ca pakati pa 37% na 52%.

Kuwona umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea ŵaliri mu Chisopo

Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea ŵali mu tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, kweni ŵachoko waka ŵali mu tchalitchi la Eritrean Catholic Church na Protestant. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea mba Sunni.

Padera pa cisopa ca Cikhristu na Cisilamu ca Sunni, visopa vinyake vyose vikukhumbikwira kulembeska. Mwaciyelezgero, boma likukhumba kuti visopa vipelekenge mauthenga ghakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo vikusopa nawo.

Visopa na mipingo

Ku Eritrea kuli visopa vikuruvikuru viŵiri: Chikhristu (visopa vinayi) na Chisilamu (sukulu ya Sunni pera). Ndipouli, ciŵelengero ca awo ŵakukolerana na fundo iyi nchakususkana.

• Mu 2010 Eritrea Population and Health Survey, iyo yikachitika na Eritrean National Statistics Office na Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, 61.4% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakafumbika ŵakati Mbakhristu (56.3% Orthodox, 4.2% Catholic, na 0.8% Protestant). Pa ŵanakazi wose awo ŵakafumbika, 87.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ndipo 60.7% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2002, ŵanakazi 63.0% ku Eritrea ŵakati Mbakhristu.

• Mu 2015, Pew Research yikati mu 2020, ŵanthu 62.9% ŵazamuŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 36.6% ŵazamuŵa Ŵasilamu. Wupu wa Pew ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵali mu chisopa chautesi.

• Lipoti lapachaka la 2021 la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom likuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi "ŵakupambana pakati pa Ŵakhristu (49 peresenti) na Ŵasilamu (49 peresenti)".

• Lipoti linyake la mu 2016 la wupu wa Aid to the Church in Need, likati ŵanthu 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu Eritrea, Mbasilamu ndipo 48 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbakhristu.

• Kuyana na kafukufuku wa ACS-Italia, mu 2017 ŵanthu 52% ŵa mu Eritrea ŵakasopanga Chisilamu, ndipo 46% ŵakasopanga Chikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu 2% awo ŵakakhalako ŵakasopanga visopa vinyake, kusazgapo visopa vyachikaya na vyakusanguluska.

Buku la Encyclopedia of Global Religion la mu 2011 likukolerana na ivyo likayowoya Pew Research Center kuti ŵanthu 63 pa 100 ŵaliwose Mbakhristu. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso umo vigaŵa vya mu Eritrea vikapambanirana:

Kusopa mu Eritrea

Chisopa	Christians	Muslims	Other
Maekel Region, ዞባ ማእከል	94%	5%	1%
Debub Region, ዞባ ደቡብ	89%	11%	<1%
Gash-Barka Region, ዞባ ጋሽ ባርካ	36%	63%	1%
Anseba Region, ዞባ ዓንሰባ	39%	61%	<1%
Northern Red Sea Region, Semienawi Keyih Bahri ዞባ ሰሜናዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ	12%	87%	<1%
Southern Red Sea Region, Debubawi Keyih Bahri ዞባ ደቡባዊ ቀይሕ ባሕሪ	37%	62%	<1%

Mbiri ya cisopa mu Eritrea

Ufumu wa Aksum, uwo uli mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Eritrea na Tigray kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, ukaŵako mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Aksum ŵakazenga vigongwe vikuruvikuru ivyo ŵakasoperangamo pambere Chikhristu chindafike. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vyakujumpha 200, ufumu uwu ukazomera Cikhristu. Charu cha Eritrea ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuti chisopa cha Cisilamu chikhazikike mu Africa. Chisilamu chikafika ku Ethiopia na Eritrea mu 615 AD apo Uthman ibn Affan, yumoza wa Sahabah (ŵalondezgi) ŵa nchimi ya Chisilamu Muhammad wakafika. Uthman wakachimbizgika ku Hejaz ndipo wakasanga malo ghakubisamamo ku Axum mu chigaŵa cha Tigray ku Ethiopia.

Mu 1941, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakabisama mu khuni ili kuti ŵaleke kutenthema na ndege za Britain. Khuni likapwetekeka, kweni Ŵacitaliyana na malo ghakupatulika ghakapona.

Munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru wakaŵa Imam wa ku Harar, Ethiopia, zina lake Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Al-Ghazi wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa Chisilamu ŵa ku Somalia, Harari, Oromo, Afar, Saho, Argobba, Hadiya, Silte na Gurage kufuma ku Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti na Somalia. Mu 1530, wakamba kuwukira malo agha. Mu vilimika vinayi, wakaparanya vigaŵa vinandi vya mapiri vya Ŵakhristu, kusazgapo chigaŵa cha Tigray mu Ethiopia na Eritrea. Wakacicizga Ŵakhristu ŵanandi kuti ŵaŵe Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵangaponoskeka pekha para ŵajipeleka na kung'anamuka mtima. Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakasintha vinthu. Ŵakafika ku Massawa mu 1541 ndipo ŵakawovwira Ŵaeritrea na Ŵaetiyopiya kuti ŵafumiske ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaimamu. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵasilamu ŵakambininika, ŵakawerako, ndipo ŵakamara.

Ŵakatolika ŵakamba kwiza ku Eritrea na ŵa Jesuit mu 1600. Mu 1632, gulu ili likacimbizgika mu Eritrea cifukwa ca kukhumba kuzgora caru ici (caru ca Orthodox) kuŵa ca Katolika. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ŵa ku Italy ŵakamba kulamulira charu cha Eritrea ndipo ŵakawezgerapo cisopa ca Katolika. Mu ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵakamba kusambizga mu matchalitchi gha Lutheran na Evangelical. Magulu agha ghazomerezgeka kulutilira kucita milimo yawo. Ndipouli, magulu ghaphya ghakutondeka kukhazikiska msasa wawo mu Eritrea.

Chikhristu

Wonaniso: Christianity in Eritrea

Kuyana na maukaboni ghakupambanapambana agho ghali pa peji ili, Ŵakhristu (ŵakupambanapambana) ndiwo ŵakusopa pakati pa 47 na 63% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea. Apo mu vyaru vinyake mu Africa, Cikristu cikamba kwiza na ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe, kweni ndimo vikaŵira yayi na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigray-Tigrinya ŵa ku Eritrea na ŵa mu cigaŵa ca Tigray mu Ethiopia (panji ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amhara ŵa ku Ethiopia). Ufumu wakale wa Aksum uwo ukaŵa kumpoto kwa Tigray na ku chigaŵa cha mapiri cha Eritrea, ukakolerananga chomene na vyaru vya ku Mediterranean uko Chikhristu chikakura. Chikhristu chikafika ku Eritrea na Tigrayan mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ndipo chikakura chomene mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa kale na Ŵayuda na ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga vyamoyo. Ntheura, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrayan-Tigrinyas ŵakang'anamukira ku Cikhristu vyaka vinandi pambere ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Tchalitchi la Eritrea la Orthodox likamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E. apo Frumentius wa ku Siriya wakachitanga umishonale ku East Africa. 320–360). Pa nyumba za cisopa, zakuzirwa comene ni za m'ma 400 m'paka m'ma 1300 C.E. Mwaciyelezgero, Libanos, Bizen na Sina.

Tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo

Enda Mariam Eritrean Orthodox Cathedral mu msumba wa Asmara.

Kuyana na maukaboni, Ŵakhristu ŵa Orthodox ŵalipo 56-58% pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo Mbakhristu ku Eritrea ŵali mu tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, ilo kale likaŵa la Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Tchalitchi la Eritrea likazomerezgeka na Tchalitchi la Coptic Orthodox la ku Alexandria pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chajiyimira paŵekha mu 1993, ndipo mu 1994 matchalitchi ghaŵiri agha ghakakolerana. Mu Epulero 1998, Abune Phillipos, uyo wakaŵa Bishopu Mukuru wa ku Asmara, wakimikika kuŵa Patriarch. Wakafwa mu 2004 ndipo wakimikika na Abune Yacob. Abune Yacob wakawusa nyengo yichoko waka apo wakafwanga, ndipo Abune Antonios ndiyo wakimikika kuŵa Patriarch wachitatu wa Eritrea. Abune Antonios wakasankhika pa 5 March 2004 ndipo wakimikika kuŵa Patriarch wachitatu wa Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea pa 24 April 2004. Papa Shenouda III ndiyo wakadangiliranga pa ciphikiro ici mu Asmara, pamoza na wupu wa tchalitchi la Eritrean Orthodox na mpingo wa Coptic Orthodox. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, boma likamuwuskapo pa udindo. Ndipouli, ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Abune Antonios wakathereskeka mwambura urunji ndipo ŵachali kumuwona kuti ni mutu wa tchalitchi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox ku Eritrea ŵakukolerana yayi na ivyo boma likucita pa nkhani za cisopa.

Tchalitchi la Our Lady of the Rosary, ku Asmara

St. George's Episcopal Church, Asmara, Eritrea

Catholicism

Wonaniso: Eritrean Catholic Church

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea mba Katolika. Tchalitchi la Katolika la Eritrea na la Katolika la Roma lili na vigaŵa vya Asmara, Keren na Barentu. Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ge'ez, icho ntcha ku Alexandria. Mu caru ici muli vigaŵa vinayi vyakucemeka eparchy. Pambere charu cha Eritrea chindaŵeko, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kugomezga Chikatolika. Mazuŵa ghano, tchalitchi ili lili na ŵanthu ŵa ku Eritrea, ndipo likuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chigez, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Asmara ŵakulutilira kusopa mu Chiitaliya na Chilatini. Apo charu cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakaŵa ŵa tchalitchi la Latin. Tchalitchi la Our Lady of the Rosary ndilo likaŵa lakwamba. Ntheura, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1940, Cikatolika cikaŵa cisopa ca ŵanthu pafupifupi 28% mu caru ca Italy ico cikaŵa pasi pa Eritrea.

Protestantism

Wonaniso: Protestantism in Eritrea

Ŵaprotesitanti, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakucemeka P'ent'ay, mu Eritrea mbacoko comene kuluska 1 panji 5 peresenti ya Ŵakhristu. Tchalitchi linyake lichoko ni Kale Hiywot Church of Eritrea. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵali mu gulu la Ŵakhristu Ŵabali, Ekleziya la Evangelical Mekane Yesus, Ekleziya la Evangelical Lutheran la Eritrea. Mu 1926, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Sweden ŵakambiska mpingo wa Evangelical/Lutheran Church of Eritrea. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Tchalitchi la Katolika apo Ŵaroma Ŵacikatolika ŵa ku Italy ŵakakananga na kulekeska kuti Ciphwitikizi cithandazgike mu cigaŵa cawo. Tchalitchi la Lutheran la Eritrea na ŵamishonale ŵake ŵa ku Sweden na Eritrea ndiwo ŵakang'anamura Baibolo kufuma mu chiyowoyero cha Ge'ez icho ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakachimanyanga waka, kuya mu chiyowoyero cha Tigrinya na viyowoyero vinyake vya mu charu ichi ndipo chilato chawo chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ŵafike na "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵanandi pa charu chose kwizira mu masambiro.

Chisilamu

Kuyana na maukaboni ghakupambanapambana agho ghali pa peji ili, ŵanthu 37 m'paka 52 peresenti ku Eritrea ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu. Mu 2009, lipoti linyake likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 99% ŵa ku Eritrea mbaSunni, ndipo Ŵachihiya ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene.

Mbili

Mosque Mukuru wa ku Asmara

Mzikiti wa Sheikh Hanafi wa m'ma 1400 ku Massawa

Mbiri ya cisopa ca Ciisilamu mu Eritrea yikamba mu ma 700 C.E. Mu 615, ŵalondezgi ŵanyake ŵa Muhammad ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵakafika ku Massawa kuti ŵakabisame. Nyengo yichoko waka, Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea ndipo ŵakazenga masisiteri na nyumba zinyake. Kweni kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., chisopa cha Cisilamu chikamba kuŵa na nkhongono chomene. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 700 na kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800, maufumu gha Cisilamu ghakawuka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea. Kuzakafika m'ma 900 C.E., chisopa cha Ciisilamu chikafika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Cisilamu ukaŵa ku Dahlak. Kuzakafika m'ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakamba kusopa Ciisilamu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, Cisilamu cikaŵa kuti cazara comene mu caru ca Eritrea.

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, chisopa cha Ciisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika mu Eritrea mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu cha Tigre ŵakamba chisopa cha Chiisilamu mu ma 1800. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Fumu Yohannes IV, uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu wakugomezgeka wa ku Tigray, Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Tigray ŵakachimbizgika ku nyumba zawo ndipo ŵakachimbilira ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto uko sono ni Eritrea.

Judaism

Dindi la Ŵayuda ku Asmara

Wonaniso: History of the Jews in Eritrea

Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti pambere Chikhristu chindazgoke chisopa cha boma ku Abyssinia (Eritrea wakale na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya) mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., mu Eritrea mukaŵa chisopa cha Chiyuda. Awo ŵakakana cisopa ciphya ŵakacimbira ku mapiri gha kumwera kwa Ethiopia. Ici cikulongosora umo Ŵayuda awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Beta Israel panji Falasha ŵakusangikira mu Gondar, Ethiopia na kumwera kwa Tigray. Ndipouli, Ŵayuda ŵakasuzgikanga comene yayi.

Ŵayuda ŵa ku Eritrea awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yemen ndiwo ŵakambiska gulu ili. Pamanyuma, Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake na kwiza ku Eritrea chifukwa cha kutinkhana na Ŵayuda. Ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Israel mu 1948. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Britain likalamuliranga charu ichi, kanandi ŵasilikari ŵa Irgun na Lehi ŵakakhalanga ku Eritrea. Pakati pa awo ŵakakakika pakaŵa Yitzhak Shamir, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Israyeli, na Haim Corfu, uyo wakambiska Beitar Jerusalem. Mu 1961, charu cha Eritrea chikapokeka na Ethiopia. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵayuda ŵakamba kufumamo mu Eritrea. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1970, Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha vivulupi ivyo vikachitika pakati pa Eritrea na Ethiopia. Chisopa cha Ciyuda nchimoza mwa visopa vinayi ivyo boma la Eritrea likuvimanya yayi. Mu 2006, mu Eritrea mukaŵa Muyuda yumoza pera uyo wakaŵa na udindo wa kusamalira sunagoge na dindi la ku Asmara.

Chisopa kuyana na malo na mtundu

Lipoti la mu 2018 la Dipatimenti ya vya Charu cha United States likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵali mu chisopa cha Chikhristu. Lipoti lenelili likati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinya Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigre na Rashaida Mbasilamu.

Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vya Eritrea, kumwera, pakati na kumpoto kwa Eritrea. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinya, awo ŵalipo pafupifupi 60 peresenti, Mbakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Kunama mba Katolika, ndipo ŵachoko waka Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵa ku Bilen Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi Mbakatolika.

Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Eritrea ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kufupi na mphaka na Sudan. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba fuko la Tigre, Saho, Afar, Rashaida, Beja, na Bilen. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinya awo ŵalipo pafupifupi 5% Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuchemeka Jeberti, nangauli ŵakupambana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Biher-Tigrinya. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nara awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku Nilo na Sahara, ŵakugomezga chisopa cha Chiisilamu.

Malamulo na vyakukanizga

Ndondomeko ya boma la Eritrea yikuti munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa wa kughanaghana, wa njuŵi, na wa vigomezgo. Ndondomeko iyi yindagwiliskike nchito kufuma waka apo yikazomerezgekera mu 1997. Pakuti dango ili lindakhazikiskike, dango lakuti visopa viŵe na malango ghakwendeskera vinthu vyawo lili kulembeka mu dango la No. 73/1995 la 1995. Nangauli pharazgo la nambara 73/1995 likulongosora makora fundo ya kusopa yayi, kweni likuyowoyaso kuti wanangwa wa munthu waliyose wa ku Eritrea wa maghanoghano, njuŵi, na vigomezgo, ngwakukhora na kuchindikika na dango.

Ndipouli, Uthenga No. 73/1995 ukulongosoraso kuti: 1) vyakucita vya cisopa vikupharazgika na kukopa yayi kweni na kupulikiska na kugomezga (pantheura ŵakususka gulu liphya la cisopa na kusanguluska Ŵakhristu); ndiposo kuti 2) vyakucita vya cisopa vikucitika mwakuyana na na kucindika dango la caru ndipo comene comene vikusungilira mtende, kukhazikika, na umoza wa ŵanthu na caru.

Mwakusazgirapo, pharazgo ili likuyowoyaso mwakupulikikwa makora kuti (chifukwa cha fundo za caru) ubwezi wa boma na cisopa na visopa, ndiposo ndondomeko izo zikuyowoya za visopa zikwenera kulondezga dango. Kuyana na pharazgo ili, dipatimenti yakuwona vya cisopa yikapangika mu Unduna wa vya mukati. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukwendeska vinthu vya cisopa. Phangano ili likati visopa vileke kuchitako ndyali panji kuyowoyapo chilichose pa nkhani za ndyali. Dango ili likukanizgaso magulu gha cisopa kuti ghaleke kwambiska panji kupeleka wovwiri wa ŵanthu cifukwa ca visopa.

Dango ili likati visopa vilembeke ku boma panji vileke kugwira ntchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu visopa vyambura kulembeska panji awo ŵakulondezga yayi malango ŵakulangika mwakuyana na dango lakwamba. Ofesi ya vya cisopa yili na mazaza ghakwendeskera milimo ya cisopa na mawupu ghake, kusazgapo kuzomerezga mapemphero gha visopa ivyo vikukhumba kuzomerezgeka na boma.

Gulu la cisopa likwenera kusazgirako kulembeska kwawo caka cilicose. Mu 2002, Tchalitchi la Katolika na la Evangelical Lutheran Church of Eritrea (ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha Lutheran World Federation) likapempheka kuti lilembeke na kuleka milimo ya chisopa m'paka apo vikazomerezgekera.

Umo Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakuchitira na visopa vyambura kulembeska

Pa Okutobala 25, 1994, boma likaŵakanira Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova malaisensi gha bizinesi cifukwa ŵakakana kuzomera "boma la pa caru capasi" na kunjilirapo pa kafukufuku wa wanangwa. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova nawo ŵakukana kugwira nchito za boma. Kuleka kunjilirapo pa ndyali na kukana usilikari cifukwa ca njuŵi ni fundo zikuru za cipulikano ca Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Nangauli mu Eritrea muli mulimo wa usilikari, kweni ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Eritrea ŵakwenera kusambira usilikari. Kufuma waka apo dango ili likapelekekera, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakukanizgika kupokera chikalata cha boma chakulongora kuti munthu ni Kaboni panji chikalata chakulongora munthu uyo wakwenda nayo (chinthu icho chikukhumbikwa kuti nthengwa zikwane panji munthu wagure malo); kugwira ntchito mu boma; kweniso kupokera laisensi ya bizinesi.