Wikipedia

Chiuta

mlengi wa vyose
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the belief in a supreme being in monotheistic thought. For the general faith in a supreme being, see Deity. For God in specific religions, see Conceptions of God. For other uses, see Chiuta (disambiguation).

Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta yumoza, ŵakumuwona kuti ni Ciuta Wankhongonozose, Mlengi, ndipo ŵakumugomezga comene.[1] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi, ŵakuti chiuta ni "mzimu panji chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti chikulongozga vinthu vinyake mu mlengalenga panji umoyo, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakumusopa chifukwa cha mzimu panji chinthu chinyake icho chikuyimira mzimu panji chinthu icho".[2][3]Munthu uyo wakugomezga kuti kuli ciuta yumoza panji kujumpha apa wakucemeka kuti musambizgi wa cisopa.[4][5]

Kuyimira (chifukwa cha luso kapena kupembedza) kwa Mulungu (kumanzere kuchokera kumanja kuchokera pamwamba) Chikristu, Chisilamu, Chihindu, Chiyuda, ndi Chikhulupiriro cha Baha'i

Ŵanthu ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana-pambana pa nkhani ya Ciuta. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa visopa na ŵavinjeru ŵavinjeru ŵali na fundo izo zikukhozgera panji kukana kuti Ciuta waliko.[6] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ŵakukana kuti kuli ciuta. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuti Ciuta kulije ŵakugomezga kuti waliko. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakumanya waka vinthu cifukwa ca cipulikano. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta ni mukuru comene kuluska waliyose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose, ntheura ŵakumuwona kuti ndiyo wakalenga vyose, wakuvisungilira, ndiposo ni muwusi wa cilengiwa cose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta walije thupi ndipo wakuthemba cilengiwa yayi, kweni ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ni cilengiwa. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta wali na mtima uwemi comene, kweni ŵavisopa vyautesi ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta walije nchito na ŵanthu padera pa kulenga vinthu.

Visambizgo vinyake vikulongora kuti kuŵa paubwezi na Ciuta nkhwakuzirwa comene, ndipo vikulongora kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakucitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vinthu viwemi, nga nkhusopa na kulomba. Nyengo zinyake Ciuta wakulongosoreka kuti ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi, kweni ŵanyake ŵakulongosora kuti mwanalume panji mwanakazi ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi. Zina la Ciuta likupambana kuyana na ciyowoyero na mitheto ya ŵanthu, ndipo mazina ghanyake ghakung'anamura mikhaliro yake.

Chiyowoyero na kugwiliskira ntchito

Nkhani ikulu: God (word)
 
Pa libwe la Mesha pali kulembeka zina la Ciuta wa Ŵaisrayeli, Yahweh.

Lizgu la Cigerman lakuti Ciuta likamba kulembeka kale comene mu buku la Cikristu la m'ma 500 C.E. lakuti Codex Argenteus. Lizgu la Cingelezi ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cijeremani lakuti * - uđan. Lizgu la Chiindonesiya *- hu-tó-m likwenera kuti likafuma ku lizgu *- hau (ə) - ilo likung'anamura "kuchema" panji "kuchema". Mazgu gha Cijeremani agho ghakung'anamura Ciuta pakwamba ghakaŵavya zina, kweni apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu, mazgu agha ghakazgoka mazgu gha ŵanalume. Mu Cingelezi, mazgu ghakulembeka na vilembo vikuruvikuru ghakulembeka nga ni lizgu la munthu, kweniso nga ni mazina ghanyake agho ŵachiuta ŵakumanyikwa nagho. Lekani lizgu lakuti "chiuta" para lalembeka na vilembo vikuru likung'anamura ŵachiuta ŵanandi yayi.[7][8] Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti Ciuta na mazgu ghanyake agho ghakuyana nalo mu viyowoyero vinyake, kanandi ghakung'anamulika mu viyowoyero vinandi.

El likung'anamura Ciuta mu Cihebere, kweni mu Ciyuda na Cikhristu, Ciuta wakucemekaso na zina lake, YHWH, ilo likwenera kuti ni zina la ciuta wa Ŵaedomu panji Ŵamidiyani, Yahweh. Mu Mabaibolo ghanandi gha Cingelezi, para mazgu ghakuti Fumu ghalembeka na vilembo vikuru vikuru, vikung'anamura kuti mazgu agha ghakwimira vilembo vinayi vya Tetiragiramatoni. Jah panji Yah ni zina lakucepeskeka la zina lakuti Jahweh, ndipo kanandi Ŵayuda na Ŵakhristu ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazgu ghakuti "Hallelujah", agho ghakung'anamura kuti "Lumbani Jah", agho ghakupeleka ucindami kwa Ciuta. Mu Ciyuda, mazina ghanyake gha Ciuta agho ghali kulembeka mu Cihebere ghakuwoneka kuti ngatuŵa.

Allah ni lizgu la Chiarabu ilo likuyowoyeka na Ŵasilamu, Ŵakhristu na Ŵayuda. Lizgu ili likung'anamura "Chiuta", apo ʾilāh ni lizgu la chiarabu ilo likung'anamura chiuta panji chiuta.[9][10][11] Ŵasilamu ŵakugwiliskiraso nchito mazina ghanyake ghanandi pakuzunura Ciuta.

Mu Chihindu, zina lakuti Brahman kanandi likulongosoreka kuti ni zina la Ciuta. Ciuta wangapika zina lake leneko mu visambizgo vya Chihindu ivyo vikukhozgera kuti Ciuta ni munthu, ndipo zina lake likuzunulika kuti Krishna-Vasudeva mu buku la Bhagavata panji Vishnu na Hari. Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka mu Chihindu cha ku Bali.

Mu cisopo ca ku China, Shangdi wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakambiska cilengiwa cose, ndipo nyengo zose wakucitiska vinthu kuti viŵe makora.

Ahura Mazda ni zina la Ciuta ilo likuyowoyeka mu cisopo ca Zoroaster. Lizgu lakuti "Mazda", panji lizgu la chiAvestan lakuti Mazdā-, lizgu lakuti Mazdå, likung'anamura lizgu la chiIranian *Mazdāh. Lizgu ili likumanyikwa kuti ni zina leneko la mzimu, ndipo nga ni lizgu la Cisipanishi lakuti medhā, likung'anamura "vinjeru" panji "vinjeru". Mazgu gha chiAvestan na chiSanskrit ghakwimira mazgu gha chiIndo-Iranian *mazdhā-, kufuma ku chiIndo-European mn̩sdheh1, agho ghakung'anamura "kuŵika (dheh1) maghanoghano gha munthu (*mn̩-s)", ntheura "vinjeru". Pa nyengo yasono, mazina ghanyake 101 nagho ghakugwiliskirika nchito.

Waheguru (Template:Lang-pa) ni lizgu ilo kanandi likuyowoyeka mu visambizgo vya Sikhism pakuyowoya za Chiuta. Lizgu ili likung'anamura kuti "Msambizgi Wakuzizwiska" mu ciyowoyero ca Cipunjabi. Vāhi (kufuma ku chi Persian chapakati) kukung'anamura "wakukondweska" ndipo guru (Template:Lang-sa) ni lizgu ilo likung'anamura "musambizgi". Ŵanji ŵakuti Waheguru wakuŵa nga ni munthu uyo wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska. Lizgu lakuti "Waheguru" kanandi likuyowoyeka para Ŵasikh ŵakutawuzgana.  ⁇  Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh "Wonderful Lord's Khalsa, Victory is to the Wonderful Lord".

Zina lakuti Baha, ilo ni zina "likuru comene" la Ciuta mu cisopa ca Baháʼí, mu Ciarabu likung'anamura kuti "Wacindami Wose".[12]

Zina linyake la Chiuta ni Aten mu chiyowoyero cha Ŵaeguputo, apo Aten wakalongosoreka kuti ndiyo ni "mweneco" wakuluska vyose ndiposo uyo wakalenga cilengiwa cose, Chukwu mu chiyowoyero cha Igbo, na Hayyi Rabbi mu chiyowoyero cha Mandae.[13][14]

Maghanoghano ghanyake

Existence

Nkhani ikulu: Existence of God
Wonaniso: Theism, Atheism, and Agnosticism
 
Thomas Aquinas wakayowoya fundo zinkhondi izo zikulongora kuti Ciuta waliko. (Chakajambulika na Carlo Crivelli, 1476)
 
Isaac Newton wakawona kuti kuti vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikwenda, pakwenera kuŵa Mlengi. (Cithuzithuzi ca Godfrey Kneller, 1689)

Kuyowoya mwakudumura, kugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije kukung'anamura kukana kugomezga kuti kuli ŵaciuta. Agnosticism ni maghanoghano ghakuti unenesko wa vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, chomenechomene vyautesi na visopa, nga ni kuti kuli Ciuta, vinthu vyauzimu panji vyamunthazi, ni vinthu vyambura kumanyikwa ndipo vingacitika yayi kuti munthu wavimanye..[15][16][17][18] Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ndipo wakuthemba pa maghanoghano gha ŵanthu yayi.[19][20]

Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Chiuta waliko. Richard Dawkins wakati "cigaŵa ca cilengiwa ico muli Ciuta cingaŵa cakupambana na cigaŵa ca cilengiwa ico mulije Ciuta, ndipo mphanyi pali mphambano pakati pa ŵasayansi". Carl Sagan wakayowoya kuti cisambizgo cakuti kuli Mlengi wa cilengiwa cose nchakusuzga kuti munthu wagomezge panji kukana, ndipo kuti cisambizgo cakuti kuli Mlengi (kung'anamura kuti Ciuta yayi) nchambura kupulikikwa, ndikuti cilengiwa cose cili na vyaka vinandi comene. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake, nga ni Alister McGrath, ŵakuti palije ukaboni wakuti Ciuta waliko. Stephen Jay Gould, uyo wakagomezganga kuti kulije Ciuta, wakayowoya kuti sayansi na cisopo vikupambana yayi ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti caru ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ici cigaŵike mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo wakavicemanga kuti "magisteria" (NOMA). Mu maghanoghano agha, mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na vinthu vyacilengiwa, nga ni agho ghakuyowoya za kuŵapo kwa Ciuta na umo waliri, ghakusangika yayi ndipo ni nkhani ya cisambizgo ca cisopa. Ntheura, nthowa za sayansi zikwenera kugwiliskirika nchito pakuzgora mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa, ndipo visambizgo vya cisopa vikwenera kugwiliskirika nchito pakuzgora mafumbo ghakukhwaskana na ng'anamuro leneko na makhaliro ghawemi. Mu kawonero aka, kuti palije ukaboni wakulongora kuti vinthu vyamunthazi vikuchitika nadi, vikupangiska kuti ŵasayansi ndiwo ŵekha ŵali na mazaza pa vinthu vyamunthazi. Stephen Hawking na Leonard Mlodinow ŵakayowoya mu buku lawo la mu 2010 lakuti The Grand Design, kuti ntchakupulikikwa kufumba uyo panji icho chikalenga vinthu vyose, kweni usange zgoro ni Chiuta, mbwenu fumbo ili likung'anamura kuti uyo wakalenga Chiuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose. Kweni ŵalembi wose ŵaŵiri ŵakuti nchamacitiko kuzgora mafumbo agha mu sayansi pera, kwambura kuzunura ŵachiuta.

Fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu vikwendera mu caru zikuyowoya za fundo yiliyose yakukhwaskana na umo Ciuta waliri iyo yikuthemba pa fundo zakwambilira. Anselm na René Descartes ŵakayowoya fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda umo cilengiwa ciliri ŵakugwiliskira nchito fundo zakukhwaskana na umo cilengiwa ciliri kuti ŵalongore kuti Ciuta waliko.

Ukaboni wakuti kuli Ciuta ukuwoneka mu vinthu ivyo vili mu mlengalenga. Ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti vinthu vyose ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti pa charu chapasi paŵe vyamoyo ni vyautesi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakumanya waka chigaŵa chichoko waka cha vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti viŵeko, icho chikuchemeka fundo ya anthropic, ntheura ŵangamanya yayi kuti kuli vyamoyo pa mapulaneti ghanyake panji kuti vyamoyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha malango ghanyake gha sayansi. Awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ŵakususka kuti vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikucitika kwambura kuti vyalongosoreka makora vikucitika cifukwa ca vinthu vyakuthupi, ivyo vikucemeka kuti ni ciuta wa vinthu vyambura kuwoneka. Ŵanyake awo ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vikachita kusintha, nga ni John Henry Newman, nawo ŵakususka fundo yakuti vinthu vikachita kusintha kufuma ku vinyake ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta wali na mazaza pa vinthu.

Nkhani ya kukolerana pa nkhani ya kutowa yikulongosora kuti mu cilengiwa muli kutowa kwapadera ndipo palije cifukwa cinyake cakucitira nthena padera pa Ciuta. Ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi mwa kuyowoya kuti vinthu viheni vilipo mu cilengiwa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi, ŵakuti kutowa kulije ukaboni, ntheura tingawona kuti cilengiwa nchakusuzga panji kuti ŵanthu ŵali kupanga cinthu cinyake cakutowa comene kuluska cilengiwa.

Ukaboni wakulongora kuti Ciuta waliko ukuyowoya kuti vinthu viwemi vikuŵako. Apo ŵantu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije, nga ni J. L. Mackie wakazomerezga kuti fundo iyi njaunenesko, kweni iwo ŵakakolerana nayo yayi. David Hume wakayowoya kuti palije cifukwa ca kugomezgera fundo za kakhaliro. O. Wilson wakalemba fundo yakuti para munthu wakughanaghana kuti wali na nkharo yiwemi, wakwamba kughanaghana kuti wali na nkharo yiwemi. Michael Lou Martin, nkhwantha ya vinjeru, wakayowoya kuti munthu wangapulikiska yayi umo nkharo yiwemi yikugwilira nchito. Mwakuyana waka na fundo ya nkharo, pali fundo ya njuŵi iyo yikukhozgera kuti Ciuta waliko cifukwa ca njuŵi iyo yikumanya ico nchiwemi na ico nchiheni, nanga ni para yikususkana na malango gha kakhaliro. M'malo mwake, John Locke, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vinjeru, wakayowoya kuti njuŵi yikupangika na ŵanthu ndipo yingatilongozgera ku nkharo ziheni.[21]

Oneness

Nkhani ikulu: Deity, Monotheism, and Henotheism
 
Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga cisambizgo cakuti kuli ŵaciuta ŵatatu mwa yumoza ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ni Dada, Mwana, na Mzimu Utuŵa.

Ciuta, panji "ciuta" (uyo wakulembeka na g), wakuyowoya za munthu uyo wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta yumoza pera, ŵakucemeka kuti  ⁇ Chiuta ⁇  (na g yikuru). Kuyaniska panji kupima Ciuta na vinthu vinyake kukuwoneka nga nkhusopa vikozgo mu cisopa ca Ciuta yumoza, ndipo kanandi cikususkika comene. Mu Ciyuda muli visambizgo vya cisopo cimoza ca Ciuta yumoza. Fundo yikuru ya Cisilamu ni tawhid, kung'anamura "kuŵa pamoza" panji "kupambana". Chizindikiro choyamba cha Chisilamu ndi lumbiro lomwe limapanga maziko a chipembedzocho ndipo omwe si Asilamu omwe akufuna kutembenuka ayenera kuliwerenga, likulengeza kuti "Ndikuchitira umboni kuti palibe mulungu wina koma Mulungu".

Mu Cikristu, cisambizgo ca Utatu cikulongosora kuti Ciuta ni Ciuta yumoza uyo wali na Ŵadada, Mwana (Yesu), na Mzimu Utuŵa. Mu virimika ivyo vyajumpha, cisisi cakuzirwa ici ca Cikristu cikalongosoreka mwakudumura mu mazgu gha Cilatini ghakuti Sancta Trinitas, Unus Deus (Utatu Utuŵa, Ciuta Yumoza), agho ghakusangika mu buku la Litanias Lauretanas. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Chiuta. Ŵachikhristu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Chiuta (Brahman) uyo wakusangika mu vikozgo vinandi. Ntheura, nyengo zinyake cisopo ici cikucemeka kuti Polymorphic Monotheism. Chipulikano na kusopa ciuta yumoza pa nyengo yimoza uku ukuzomera kusopa ŵaciuta ŵanyake. Kusopa Ciuta yumoza kukung'anamura kugomezga kuti pali Ciuta yumoza pera uyo wakwenera kusopeka, kweni kugomezga kuti paliso ŵachiuta ŵanandi.[22]

Transcendence

Wonaniso: Pantheism and Panentheism

Kuŵa na nkhongono zakucanya ni mukhaliro uwo Ciuta wali nawo, uwo ukuyana yayi na vinthu vya mu caru ndiposo malango ghake. Unandi wa mikhaliro ya Ciuta yikuyowoyeka mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira. Anselm wakaghanaghananga kuti Ciuta walije maghanoghano nga ni ukali panji citemwa, kweni wakucita nthena cifukwa ca kupulikiska kwithu kwambura kufikapo. Kuleka kukolerana kwa "kuŵako" na cinthu cinyake ico cingaŵako yayi, kukapangiska kuti ŵafilosofi ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo yakale ŵamanye za Ciuta kwizira mu vinthu viheni, ivyo vikucemeka kuti cisambizgo cautesi. Mwaciyelezgero, munthu wangayowoya yayi kuti Ciuta ngwavinjeru, kweni wangayowoya kuti Ciuta ngwambura kumanya vinthu. Munthu munyake wakusambira vya cisopa zina lake Alister McGrath, wakalemba kuti munthu wakwenera kupulikiska kuti "ciuta ni munthu". "Para munthu wakuyowoya kuti Ciuta wali nga ni munthu ndikuti wakukhozgera kuti wali na nkhongono ndiposo ngwakukhumbisiska kucezga na ŵanji. Ici cikung'anamura kuti Ciuta ni munthu yayi, panji kuti wali na malo ghamoza mu cilengiwa cose".

Pantheism yikuti Ciuta ni cilengiwa ndipo cilengiwa ni Ciuta ndipo yikukana kuti Ciuta wakuluska cilengiwa. Kuyana na Baruch Spinoza, musambizgi wakumanyikwa wa cisopa cautesi, caru cose cikupangika na Ciuta, panji cinthu cinyake cakuyana na ici, Cilengiwa. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakususka cisambizgo cakuti kuli Ciuta cifukwa cakuti cikupeleka ng'anamuro la Ciuta yayi. Munthu wavinjeru wa ku Germany zina lake Schopenhauer wakati "cisambizgo cakuti kuli Ciuta ni mazgu agho ghakung'anamura kuti kulije Ciuta". Pandeism yikuti Ciuta wakaŵa munthu wapadera kweni pamanyuma wakazgoka cilengiwa cose. Visopa vyose vikugomezga kuti Ciuta wali na vinthu vyose mu cilengiwa, kweni kuti wakukolerana navyo yayi.[23][24]

Creator

Wonaniso: Creator deity
 
Ciuta Wakutumbika Zuŵa Lakacinkhondi na Ciŵiri, 1805 William Blake

Kanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti vyose vikaŵako cifukwa ca Ciuta. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Pythagoras ŵakatenge zina lakuti Monad likung'anamura kuti Ciuta waliko nadi, panji kuti waliko kufuma ku vinthu vinyake. Filosofi ya Plato na Plotinus yikuyowoya za  ⁇ Uyo waliko  ⁇  iyo ni fundo yakwamba ya unenesko iyo yili  ⁇ kuwaro kwa  ⁇  kuŵako ndipo ni jando la Chilengiwa na cilato ca vinthu vyose. Aristotle wakagomezganga kuti pali chinthu chinyake icho chikupangiska kuti vinthu vyose viŵepo ndipo wakawonanga kuti chinthu ichi ntchakutowa chomene, ntchambura kusintha, kweniso chambura kugaŵa. Kuŵa na umoyo ni para munthu wakuthemba kanthu kanyake yayi kuti waŵeko. Avicenna wakayowoya kuti pakwenera kuŵa chinthu chinyake icho chikwenera kuti chikaŵako, icho chikwenera kuti chikaŵako nadi. Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikucitika vikulongora kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakalenga vinthu vyose mu mlengalenga, ndipo vikusintha mwakuyana na umo vinthu ivi viliri. Padera pa kugomezga kuti vinthu vikalengeka, ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vyose vikalengeka nyengo yimoza, ntheura ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta ndiyo wakuvipwelelera. Nangauli mazgu ghakuti Ciuta wakucitapo kanthu ghakung'anamura kuti Ciuta wakunjilirapo pa vinthu vinyake, kweni kanandi ghakung'anamura kuti Ciuta wakunjilirapo pa vinthu vinyake, nga ni minthondwe.[25][26]

Benevolence

Wonaniso: Deism and Thirteen Attributes of Mercy

Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko kweni wakunjilirapo yayi pa vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu caru, nga ni kuzgora malurombo panji kucita minthondwe. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa cakuti Ciuta walije citemwa panji kuti wakumanya yayi ivyo vikucitikira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga fundo ya Pandeists ŵakuti Ciuta wakunjilirapo yayi cifukwa cakuti Ciuta ndiyo ni Mlengi wa vyose.

Ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ngwankhongonozose, wakumanya vyose, ndiposo ngwalusungu. Kweni cisambizgo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵajifumbenge usange Ciuta ndiyo wakupangiska viheni na masuzgo pa caru. Dystheism, iyo yikukolerana na theodicy, ni mtundu wa cisopa ico cikugomezga kuti Ciuta ni muwemi yayi panji wali na uheni cifukwa ca uheni.

Omniscience and omnipotence

Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti Ciuta wali na nkhongono zose. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta walije nkhongono, ndipo ŵakughanaghana kuti: "Kasi Ciuta wangawumba libwe lakusuzga mwakuti iyo wangatondeka kuliwuska?" Nga ni umo Ciuta wakatondekera kulenga libwe ili panji kuliwuskapo, ntheura wangaŵa wankhongono zose yayi. Ivi vikususkana na fundo yakuti nkhongono zose, nga ni zina linyake lililose la Ciuta, zikugwira nchito pekha para zikukolerana na zina la Ciuta. Ntheura Ciuta wangateta yayi, panji kucita cinthu ico cikususkana na zina la Ciuta, cifukwa ici cikung'anamura kuti wakususkana na zina lake.

Mazgu ghakuti Ciuta wakumanya vinthu vyose, kanandi ghakuyowoyeka kuti wakumanya vyose. Ici cikung'anamura kuti Ciuta wakumanya umo ŵanthu ŵazamusankhira vyakucita. Usange Ciuta wakumanya ici, mbwenu wanangwa wawo wa kusankha ungaŵa wautesi, panji kumanya vinthu vyamunthazi kukung'anamura kuti Ciuta wali kuŵasankhirathu viheni ivyo vicitikenge munthazi yayi, ndipo usange Ciuta wakumanya yayi, ndikuti Ciuta wakumanya vyose yayi. Chiphunzitso cha Open Theism chimachepetsa chidziwitso cha Mulungu mwa kunena kuti, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha nthawi, chidziwitso cha Mulungu sichikutanthauza kuti mulunguyo amatha kuneneratu zamtsogolo ndipo chiphunzitso chaumulungu chimati Mulungu alibe kusasinthika, kotero zimakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chake.[27]

Other concepts

Awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta (nga mbafilosofi ŵa mu nyengo ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, Ŵakatolika, Ŵakatolika ŵa Orthodox, Ŵayuda na Ŵasilamu, na Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanyake) ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta ni 'kanthu yayi' ndipo wali na mikhaliro yinyake nga nkhusintha yayi, wambura kusintha, ndiposo wambura nyengo. Ŵasambizgi ŵa cisopo ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta waliko nadi (mawonekero gha Rene Descartes, Isaac Newton, Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne, William Lane Craig, na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa visopo vya lero) ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakupangiska vinthu vyose, wali na nkhongono pa vinthu vyose, ndipo wali na nkhongono pa vinthu vyose.

Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ciuta walije thupi, wali na mikhaliro yiwemi, ndipo ni "munthu mukuru comene". Ŵayuda, Ŵakhristu, na Ŵasilamu ŵakagomezganga fundo izi. Ŵanyake mwa iwo ni Maimonides, Augustine wa ku Hippo, na Al-Ghazali.[6]

Non-theistic views

Religious traditions

Ŵanthu ŵa visopo vya Jain ŵakukana kuti vinthu vikaŵako vyekha, ŵakugomezga kuti mzimu (Jīva) kuti ukaŵako waka yayi, kweniso kuti nyengo yili na jando yayi.

Vinthu vinyake ivyo Ŵabuddha ŵakalongosora na maluso ghawo vikukolerana yayi na chisopa chaunenesko. Ŵabuddha ŵakukana cisambizgo cakuti kuli Ciuta yumoza uyo wakalenga vyose. Mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha Ŵabuddha, Buddha wakususka fundo yakuti vinthu vikaŵako vyekha. Ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku India, nga ni Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Dharmakirti na Buddhaghosa, ŵakasuskanga maghanoghano gha Ŵahindu pa nkhani ya Mlengi.[28][29][30] Ndipouli, cifukwa cakuti cisopa ca Cibuda nchambura kukolerana na cisopa cautesi, cikugomezga yayi kuti kuli ciuta munyake mukuru. Pali Ŵabuddha ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga mwa Ciuta, ndipo paliso ŵanyake ŵanandi awo ŵakukana kuti Ciuta waliko panji ŵakukayika.[31][32]

Visopo vya Taoic nga ni Confucianism na Taoism vikupharazga yayi kuti kuli ŵachiuta awo ŵakalenga vinthu. Ndipouli, mwakuyana na cisambizgo ca kusopa ŵasekuru mu China, awo ŵakulondezga cisambizgo ici ŵakusopa mizimu ya ŵanthu nga ni Confucius na Lao Tzu mu nthowa yakuyana waka na Ciuta.[33][34]

Anthropology

Wonaniso: Evolutionary origin of religions, Evolutionary psychology of religion, and Anthropomorphism

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ciuta waliko, wakumanya vyose, ndipo wali kulenga vinthu vyose, ndipo wakughanaghanira comene umoyo wa ŵanthu.

Pascal Boyer wakuti nangauli pali vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyachilengiwa, kweni kanandi vinthu ivi vikuchita vinthu nga mbanthu. Kuwona ŵachiuta na mizimu nga ni ŵanthu nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo visopa vikutemwa. Wakayowoya viyelezgero vya mu vidokoni vya Ŵagiriki, ivyo wakughanaghana kuti vikuyana waka na maseŵero gha mazuŵa ghano agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kutorapo cinthu, m'malo mwa visopa vinyake. Bertrand du Castel na Timothy Jurgensen ŵakalongora kuti Boyer wakalongosora makora umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu nyengo yake. Stewart Guthrie, uyo wakumanya vya ŵanthu, wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakulongora mikhaliro ya ŵanthu ku vinthu ivyo ni vya ŵanthu yayi, cifukwa vikovwira kuti vinthu ivi viŵamanye makora. Sigmund Freud wakayowoyaso kuti maghanoghano gha Ciuta ghakulongora umo dada wake waliri.

Mwakuyana waka, Émile Durkheim wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kuyowoya kuti ŵachiuta ŵakwimira umoyo wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo vilengiwa vyauzimu. Mwakukolerana na fundo iyi, Matt Rossano, uyo wakumanya za umoyo wa ŵanthu, wakuti ŵanthu ŵakati ŵamba kukhala mu magulu ghakurughakuru, ŵakwenera kuti ŵakalenga ŵachiuta kuti ŵaŵawovwire kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Mu magulu gha ŵanthu ŵacoko, nkharo yiwemi yingaŵikika na ŵanthu nga ni miseche panji lumbiri. Ndipouli, nchakusuzga comene kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi mu magulu ghakuru. Rossano wakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasanga nthowa yiwemi yakumazgira kujighanaghanira ŵekha na kukolerana na ŵanyawo.[35]

Neuroscience and psychology

Wonaniso: Jungian interpretation of religion

Sam Harris wakalongosora ivyo ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵasanga kuti Ciuta waliko nadi yayi.

Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Johns Hopkins awo ŵakasanda vyakucitika vya "molekyuli ya mzimu" ya DMT, iyo yili mu wongo wa munthu ndiposo ni molekyuli yakugwira nchito mu munkhwala wa ayahuasca, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafumbika ŵakati DMT yikaŵapangiska kuti ŵakumane na "munthu wakuŵa na mahara, wamahara, walusungu, ndiposo wakuzirwa", ndipo ŵakalongosora umo ŵakayowoyeskananga na munthu uyo wakaŵa na cimwemwe, kugomezgana, citemwa, na lusungu. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta kulije, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta waliko.

Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na nthenda iyi, pafupifupi yumoza pa ŵanayi wakutemwa kusopa ndipo nyengo zinyake wakughanaghana vya Ciuta nangauli pakwamba wakakhumbanga yayi kumusopa. Wasayansi munyake wa vya minthenda ya wongo, V. S. Ramachandran wakughanaghana kuti para munthu wali na nthenda ya kusuzgika maghanoghano iyo yikucitika mu thupi, iyo yikukolerana comene na umo wongo ukugwilira ntchito, panji kuti limbic system, wangamba kuwona vinthu vyambura kuzirwa na kughanaghanirapo comene.

Ŵasayansi awo ŵakusanda umo munthu wakujipulikira para wawona vinthu vyakukondweska, ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakujipulika nthena para ŵawona vinthu vyakukondweska, ŵakugomezga chomene kuti kuli munthu munyake uyo wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska ndipo ŵakuwona kuti vinthu ivi vili kulengeka, nanga ni para ŵapika manambara ghambura kwenelera.[36]

Relationship with humanity

 
Praying Hands kulembeka na Albrecht Dürer

Worship

Wonaniso: Worship, Prayer, and Supplication

Kanandi visambizgo vya cisopa ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta vikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵasopenge Ciuta, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakuyowoya kuti cilato ca umoyo nkhusopa Ciuta. Kuti ŵamanye usange kuli Ciuta wankhongono zose uyo wakukhumba kusopeka, ŵakuyowoya kuti Ciuta wakukhumbikwira kusopeka yayi, ndipo wakusanga candulo yayi, kweni uyo wakumusopa wakusanga candulo. Gandhi wakayowoya kuti Ciuta wakukhumbikwira kulomba yayi, ndipo wakati: "Kulomba nkhupempha yayi. Ni khumbo la mtima withu. Nkhuzomera zuŵa lililose kuti nili wakulopwa". Ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ŵakumucema mu lurombo. Kuyana na mitheto yawo, ŵanji ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko ndipo munthu wakwenera kulomba kwa iyo, apo ŵanji ŵakugomezga kuti munthu wakwenera kulomba kwa ŵatuŵa kuti ŵamuŵeyelere. Kanandi lurombo lukusazgapo kuŵeyelera, nga nkhulomba kuti Ciuta watigowokere. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta wakugowokera. Mwaciyelezgero, buku linyake likuti Ciuta wangatora ŵanthu ŵambura kwananga na kuŵikamo ŵanthu ŵaheni, kweni ŵakulutilira kupempha kuti ŵalape. Kupelekera sembe kwa Ciuta nchinthu cinyake ca kusopa ico cikusazgapo kuziŵizga kurya na kupeleka vyawanangwa. Kukumbuka Ciuta mu umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa kukusazgapo kuyowoya mazgu gha kuwonga Ciuta para tikuwonga panji mazgu gha kusopa nga ni kwimba sumu uku tikucita milimo yinyake.

Salvation

Nkhani ikulu: Salvation

Visopa ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta, vikugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta, kweni vikukana kuti ŵachiuta ŵaliko. Lizgu ili likulongosora visambizgo vinyake vya Ŵabuddha, Ŵajini, na Ŵastoyiki.

Visopa ivyo vikuyowoya kuti munthu wakwenera kuŵa paubwezi na Ciuta kuti waŵe paubwezi na Ciuta, vikukolerana yayi pa nkhani ya umo munthu wangasopera Ciuta na ivyo wakukhumba ku ŵanthu. Pali ntowa zakupambana-pambana za kukolerana pakati pa visambizgo vyakupambana-pambana vya visopo vya cisopo cimoza. Ŵanji ŵakugomezga kuti iwo ŵekha ndiwo ŵakusoleka panji kuti ndiwo ŵekha ŵakumanya unenesko, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta wali kuŵavumbulira vinthu vinyake. Fundo yinyake njakuti visopa vyose vikupambana. Munthu uyo wakugomezga kuti visopa vyose ni viwemi wakugomezga kuti visopa vyake ni viwemi, kweni wakukana yayi kuti visopa vinyake ni viwemi. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vya Cibahá'í, Cihindu, na Cisikh, ŵakugomezga kuti wose awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta, ŵakusopa ciuta yumoza, kwali ŵakumanya panji yayi. Chisopa cha Bahá'í chikupharazga kuti vinthu ivyo Chiuta wakuvumbura vikusazgapo ntchimi zikuruzikuru na ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa vikuruvikuru nga ni Krishna, Buddha, Yesu, Zoroaster, Muhammad, Bahá'ú'lláh, kweniso chikupharazga umoza wa visopa vyose na kuŵika mtima pa vinthu vinandi ivyo Chiuta wakuvumbura nga ni ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵasange vinthu ivyo ŵakukhumbikwira pa nyengo zakupambanapambana mu mdauko kweniso mu mitheto yakupambanapambana, kweniso nga ni chigaŵa cha chivumbuzi na kusambizga ŵanthu. Chiyelezgero cha umo Ŵakhristu ŵakughanaghanira pa nkhani ya visopa ni cisambizgo cakuti visopa vyawo vikulondezga visopa vinyake ivyo vikaŵako kale. Nthowa yacitatu njakuti waliyose waŵe na wanangwa wakucita ivyo wakukhumba; ciyelezgero ni cisambizgo cakuti munthu waliyose wazamupona. Nthowa yacinayi njakuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa vyakupambanapambana ŵagonanenge. Ciyerezgero ca kusankhana mitundu ni gulu la New Age.

Epistemology

Faith

Nkhani ikulu: Faith

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti para munthu wali na cipulikano wakucita makora, ndipo usange wakugomezga kuti Ciuta waliko, kweni wakugomezga yayi kuti waliko, mbwenu wangacita makora yayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta ŵakughanaghana kuti mtima ukutoleka na uwemi, unenesko na uwemi, ntheura ungaŵa uwemi comene pakulongosora vya Ciuta, nga umo Blaise Pascal wakayowoyera kuti, "Mtima uli na vifukwa vyake ivyo mahara ghakumanya yayi". Hadith yikulongosora mazgu gha Ciuta ghakuti "Ndine ico muzga wane wakughanaghana vya ine". Mu Chisilamu, para munthu wakumanya kuti kuli Ciuta wakucemeka kuti fitra, panji kuti "munthu wakubabika nayo". Mu visambizgo vya Confucius, Confucius na Mencius ŵakayowoya kuti nthowa yekha yakucitira vinthu viwemi, iyo yikucemeka kuti Nthowa, ni iyo yili kulembeka na Ciuta, uyo wali na nkhongono zakuyana na za munthu, ndipo wali kuŵika mu ŵanthu, ntheura pali nthowa yimoza pera iyo njakuzomerezgeka pa caru cose.[37]

Revelation

Nkhani ikulu: Revelation
Wonaniso: Prophet

Buku la Uvumbuzi likuyowoya za uthenga wakufuma kwa Ciuta. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ivi vikucitika kwizira mu nchimi panji ŵangelo. Al-Maturidi wakadandawura kuti nchakukhumbikwa kuti vimanyikwiro vipelekeke cifukwa nangauli ŵanthu ŵali na mahara kuti ŵamanye Ciuta, kweni khumbo la munthu lingasuska maghanoghano, ndiposo cifukwa cakuti vinjeru vinyake vingawoneka yayi kwambura kuti vyapelekeka ku nchimi, nga ni ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakusopa. Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuyana yayi na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya. Kuyana na Chisilamu, cimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vyakwambilira ivyo vikayowoyeka vikaŵa vyakuti: "Usange ulije soni, ungacita ico ukukhumba". Lizgu lakuti chivumbuzi chikuru likuyowoya za umanyi wakuvumbulika wa Chiuta uwo ukuleka kuvumbulika mwadango waka panji mwapadera nga ni malemba. Cakuzirwa comene nchakuti, ici cikusazgapo kusambira za cilengiwa, ico nyengo zinyake cikucemeka kuti ni Buku la Cilengiwa. Mu Ciarabu muli mazgu ghakuti, "Koran ni cilengiwa ico cikuyowoya. Chilengiwa ni Qur'an yambura kuyowoya".[38]

Reason

Pa nkhani za cisopo, ŵanyake nga ni Richard Swinburne, ŵakugomezga kuti pali ukaboni, ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti pali cifukwa ico munthu wakugomezgera vinthu vinyake, m'malo mwa kugomezga kuti vikuthemba pa ukaboni. Ŵalongozgi ŵa visopo ŵakugomezga kuti munthu wakwenera yayi kughanaghana vinthu vyakupambana na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya kuti wamanye umo Ciuta waliri, ndipo ŵakwenera yayi kughanaghana vinthu vyakupambana na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakulongosolera vinthu nga ni "Woko la Ciuta" na vinthu vinyake vya Ciuta, iwo ŵakususka yayi malemba agha panji kuzomerezga kuti mazgu agha ghali kulembeka nadi, kweni ŵakughaleka waka kwa Ciuta, uyo wakucemeka tafwid, kwambura kufumba umo ghakufiskikira. Chisambizgo cha cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo ca cisambizgo.[39]

Specific characteristics

Wonaniso: Attributes of God (disambiguation)

Titles

 
Mazina 99 gha Allah, mu Chitchayinizi
Nkhani ikulu: Names of God
Wonaniso: Names of God in Islam

Mu cisopo ca Ciyuda na Cikhristu, "Baibolo ndilo likusambizga comene za Ciuta". Pakuti mu Baibolo muli "malingaliro ghakupambanapambana ghakukhwaskana na Ciuta", vyapangiska kuti paŵe "kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya umo Ciuta wakwenera kuŵira na kupulikiskika". Mu Mabaibolo gha Cihebere na Cikhristu muli mazina ghantchindi gha Ciuta, uyo zina lake ni YHWH (panji Yahweh panji Yehova). Yumoza wawo ni Elohim. Zina linyake ni El Shaddai, ilo likung'anamulika kuti "Ciuta Wankhongonozose". Zina lacitatu lakuzirwa ndakuti El Elyon, ilo likung'anamura kuti "Ciuta Wapacanya Nkhanira". Zina lakuti "Ndine Mweneuyo Ndine" likusangikaso mu Baibolo la Cihebere na la Cikhristu.

Chiuta wakuyowoyeka mu Quran na Hadith na mazina ghanyake, mazina agho ghakuyowoyeka kanandi ni Al-Rahman, kung'anamura "Wachisungusungu" na Al-Rahim, kung'anamura "Walusungu". Ŵanandi mwa mazina agha ŵakughagwiliskira nchito mu malemba gha cisopa ca Bahá'í.

Mu cisopo ca Vaishnavism, ico nchimoza mwa visopo vya Ŵahindu, muli mazina na mazina gha Krishna.

Gender

Nkhani ikulu: Gender of God

Kuyana na visambizgo vya ku Europe, munthu wangawona kuti Ciuta wali na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi. Visopa ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi, vikuphalira ŵachiuta wose kuti ŵali na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti waliyose waŵasopenge mwanalume panji mwanakazi munyake, panji ŵanthu. Mu visopa vinandi ivyo vikugomezga kuti kuli Ciuta yumoza, Ciuta walije munyake uyo wangacita nayo uzaghali. Mwantheura, mu visambizgo vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, kugonana kwa ciuta yumoza uyu kukwenera kuti ni mazgu ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu na Ciuta ŵakuyowoyera, ndiposo umo ŵakukolerana. Ŵakuwona kuti Ciuta ndiyo wakalenga caru na kuvumbura vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na umo munthu wakucitira pa kugonana.

Depiction

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Ahura Mazda (depiction is on the right, with high crown) presents Ardashir I (left) with the ring of kingship. (Relief at Naqsh-e Rustam, 3rd century CE)

Mu cisopa ca Zoroaster, apo Ufumu wa Ŵapariti ukaŵa kuti wamba kuwusa, Ahura Mazda wakimiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵamusopenge. Ivi vikamara mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵasassani. Visambizgo vya Zoroaster, ivyo vikaŵako ku umaliro wa muwuso wa Ŵaparthia na kwamba kwa muwuso wa Ŵasassani, pamasinda vikalekeska kugwiliskira nchito vikozgo vyose vya Ahura Mazda pakusopa. Ndipouli, Ahura Mazda wakalutilira kumanyikwa na zina la mwanalume wakucindikika, uyo wakimilira panji wakwera pa hachi, ndipo zina ili likusangika mu visambizgo vya Ŵasassani.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Near East ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵachiuta ŵali na thupi lakuyana na la munthu, kweni ŵakuyana yayi na la munthu. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mathupi agha ghakaŵanga ghakunyang'amira, ghakaŵa ghakuru kuluska gha munthu, panji ghakutowa comene. Ciuta wakale wa Ŵaisrayeli (Yahweh) nayo ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa comene, kweni wakaŵa nga ni munthu. Ŵanthu ŵakatondekanga kumuwona cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa ŵakufipirwa, kweni Yehova wakaŵa mutuŵa. Yehova wakalongosoreka kuti wakufumiska moto na ungweru uwo ungakoma munthu usange wangulaŵiska. Kweniso, ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kusopa panji awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyauzimu, ŵakuyowoya vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na Ciuta. Mu Ciyuda, buku la Tora kanandi likulongosora kuti Ciuta wali na mikhaliro ya wunthu, kweni mu vigaŵa vinyake likulongosora kuti Ciuta walije mikhaliro ndipo wali na nkhongono zakupambana na za ŵanthu. Cikhristu ca Ciyuda cilije vikozgo, ico cikung'anamura kuti cilije vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo vikwimira vinthu vyacilengiwa na vyacilengiwa. Kweniso, kusopa vikozgo kukukanizgika. Kawonero ka kaŵirikaŵiri, ako kakalongosoreka na ŵanthu nga ni Maimonides, kakulongora kuti Ciuta ngwakuzizika comene, ntheura nchambura macitiko kumumanya, ndipo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kuyowoya kuti Ciuta walije thupi. Ntheura, kuphalira munthu umo Ciuta waliri kukuwoneka nga nkhumuyuyura.

Ŵagnostic kanandi ŵakulongosora kuti ciuta uyo wakalenga vinthu wa mu Testamente Lakale ni ciuta munonono panji kuti Demiurge, apo ciuta uyo wakutemwa ŵanthu panji kuti Monad wakulongosoreka kuti wali na ungweru wambura kupimika ndipo wali na nyengo yayi panji vinthu vinyake ivyo vilipo, kweni ni mukuru kwa iwo mu nthowa yinyake. Ŵanthu wose ŵakuti ŵali na cigaŵa ca Ciuta mukati mwawo ico cawa kufuma ku caru ca vinthu vyambura kuwoneka na kunjira mu caru ca vinthu vyambura kuwoneka ndipo cili mu cipingo pekha para cafika pa kumanya vinthu vyamunthazi.[40][41][42]

 
Use of the symbolic Hand of God in the Ascension from the Drogo Sacramentary, c. 850

Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira ŵakagomezganga kuti mazgu gha mu buku la Yohane 1:18 ghakuti: "Palije munthu wali kuwonapo Ciuta", na mazgu ghanyake ghakuyowoya za Ciuta pera yayi, kweni ghakuyowoya na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kumulongosora. Ndipouli, mazgu ghanyake agho ghakuyowoya za Ciuta ghakusangika mu Baibolo. Vinthu vinyake, nga ni woko la Ciuta, vikulongoreka mu vithuzithuzi ivyo Ŵayuda ŵakajambura. Pambere vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. vindafike, pakaŵavya ciyezgo cakuti Ciuta Ŵadada walongoreke na munthu. Kweni, luso la ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi likakhumbikwiranga nthowa yinyake yakulongolera kuŵapo kwa Dada, ntheura kwizira mu maluso ghakupambanapambana, maluso ghanyake ghakulongolera Dada mwa munthu ghakawoneka pacoko na pacoko mu vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. Cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito munthu ni cigomezgo cakuti Ciuta wakalenga umoyo wa munthu mu cikozgo cake (cifukwa ici cikapangiska kuti munthu waŵe wakuzirwa kuluska vinyama vinyake). Vikuwoneka kuti apo ŵakujambura ŵakale ŵakakhumbanga kujambulira Ciuta Dada, wofi na wofi vikaŵakanizga kuti ŵajambure munthu yose. Kanandi waka, cipande cicoko waka cikaŵanga cikozgo, comenecomene woko, panji nyengo zinyake cisko, kweni kanandi waka munthu yose. Mu vithuzithuzi vinandi, Mwana wakuluska Adada, ntheura cithuzithuzi cikulongora kuti Adada mbanthu ŵacoko. Kuzakafika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1200, Ciuta Dada wakalongoreka mu mipukutu ya Cifurenci, iyo yikaŵanga ya ŵanthu wose yayi, ndipo yikaŵanga na vithuzithuzi vyamahara, kweniso mu mawindo gha tchalitchi ku England. Pakwamba mutu panji chikhuni cha munthu chikaŵanga nga ni mabingu agho ghakaŵanga pachanya pa chithuzithuzi, uko kale kukaŵanga woko la Chiuta. Mwambura kucedwa, munthu uyo wali pa cithuzithuzi ici wangakura na kuzgoka cithuzithuzi ca hafu ya cithuzithuzi, kufuma apo, wakuzgoka cithuzithuzi ca cithuzithuzi cose, ico kanandi cikuŵa pa cithuzithuzi ca Giotto ca mu 1305 ku Padua. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, Baibolo la ku Naples likaŵa na cithuzithuzi ca Ciuta Dada mu civwati cakugolera moto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, pa Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry pakaŵa vimanyikwiro vinandi, kusazgapo munthu muchekuru kweni mutali na wakutowa uyo wakendanga mu munda wa Edeni. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikulongora kuti munthu uyu wakaŵa na vyaka vinandi kweniso wakavwaranga malaya ghakupambanapambana. Mu 1425 Lorenzo Ghiberti wakamba kuzenga "Milyango ya Paradiso" mu Baptistry ya Florence, iyo yili na cimanyikwiro cakuyana waka ca Dada. Buku la maora la Rohan la mu 1430 likalongoranga Ciuta Dada mu cigaŵa ca ŵanthu, ndipo ivi vikaŵa vyacilendo, ndipo Woko la Ciuta likaŵa lacilendo. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵanyake, nga ni Meister Bertram wa ku Hamburg, ŵakalutilira kulongora Khristu nga ni Logos. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulongora ŵachiuta ŵatatu ŵa Utatu nga ni munthu yumoza panji nga ni Khristu. Mu Pietà ya cisopo ca ŵaciuta ŵatatu, Ciuta Ŵadada kanandi wakulongoreka nga ni munthu uyo wavwara cakuvwara ca papa na mphumphu ya papa, uyo wakunyamura Khristu wakufwa mu mawoko ghake. Mu 1667, cipaturo ca 43 ca Great Moscow Council cikati citani pakukanizga kuti paŵavye vikozgo vya Ciuta Dada na Mzimu Utuŵa, ico cikapangiska kuti vikozgo vinyake viŵikike pa ivyo vikakanizgika, comene-comene vikozgo vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ivyo vikaŵa na malo mu vikozgo vya Orthodox. Wupu uwu ukayowoyaso kuti munthu wa Utatu uyo ni "Mukuru wa Mazuŵa" ni Khristu, nga ni Logos, kuti ni Ciuta Ŵadada cara. Ndipouli, vikozgo vinyake vikalutilira kupangika ku Russia, Greece, Romania, na vyaru vinyake vya Orthodox.

 
The Arabic script of "Allah" in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

Mu Chisilamu, Ŵasilamu ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta (Allah) ngwambura kupulikikwa, ndipo wakuyana yayi na vilengiwa vyake. Ŵasilamu ŵakutemwa yayi kuyowoya mazgu ghakuyana na gha munthu. Ŵalije vithuzithuzi ndipo ŵali na mazina gha Ciuta mu malo mwa vithuzithuzi.[43]

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

Footnotes

Mazgo ghakulembeka

  1. ↑ Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  2. ↑ "god". Cambridge Dictionary.
  3. ↑ "Definition of GOD". www.merriam-webster.com (in English). Retrieved 27 Febuluwale 2023.
  4. ↑ "theism," Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  5. ↑ "theism," Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Plantinga, Alvin. "God, Arguments for the Existence of", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, 2000.
  7. ↑ Webster's New World Dictionary; "God n. ME < OE, akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base *ĝhau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; Supreme Being; the Almighty"
  8. ↑ Dictionary.com Archived 19 Epulelo 2009 at the Wayback Machine; "God /gɒd/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity, presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the God of mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the spectators in this part of the balcony."
  9. ↑ "God". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Retrieved 18 Disembala 2010.
  10. ↑ "Islam and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh.
  11. ↑ L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
  12. ↑ A Feast for the Soul: Meditations on the Attributes of God : ... – p. x, Baháʾuʾlláh, Joyce Watanabe – 2006
  13. ↑ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195153855. OCLC 65198443.
  14. ↑ Nashmi, Yuhana (24 Epulelo 2013), "Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith", Mandaean Associations Union, retrieved 28 Disembala 2021
  15. ↑ Thomas Henry Huxley, an English biologist, was the first to come up with the word agnostic in 1869 Dixon, Thomas (2008). Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0199295517. However, earlier authors and published works have promoted an agnostic points of view. They include Protagoras, a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher. "The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Protagoras (c. 490 – c. 420 BCE)". Archived from the original on 14 Okutobala 2008. Retrieved 6 Okutobala 2008. While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began 'Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life.'
  16. ↑ Hepburn, Ronald W. (2005) [1967]. "Agnosticism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference US (Gale). p. 92. ISBN 978-0028657806. In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not. (p. 56 in 1967 edition)
  17. ↑ Rowe, William L. (1998). "Agnosticism". In Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415073103. In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.
  18. ↑ "agnostic, agnosticism". OED Online, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press. 2012. agnostic. : A. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : B. adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. agnosticism n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.
  19. ↑ "Philosophy of Religion.info – Glossary – Theism, Atheism, and Agonisticism". Philosophy of Religion.info. Archived from the original on 24 Epulelo 2008. Retrieved 16 Julayi 2008.
  20. ↑ "Theism – definition of theism by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 16 Julayi 2008.
  21. ↑ Parkinson, G. H. R. (1988). An Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. p. 344–345. ISBN 978-0415003230.
  22. ↑ McConkie, Bruce R. (1979), Mormon Doctrine (2nd ed.), Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft, p. 351
  23. ↑ John Culp (2013). "Panentheism," Archived 16 Okutobala 2015 at the Wayback Machine Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring.
  24. ↑ Peter C. Rogers (2009). Ultimate Truth, Book 1. p. 121. ISBN 978-1438979687. As with Panentheism, Pantheism is derived from the Greek: 'pan'= all and 'theos' = God, it literally means "God is All" and "All is God." Pantheist purports that everything is part of an all-inclusive, indwelling, intangible God; or that the Universe, or nature, and God are the same. Further review helps to accentuate the idea that natural law, existence, and the Universe which is the sum total of all that is, was, and shall be, is represented in the theological principle of an abstract 'god' rather than an individual, creative Divine Being or Beings of any kind. This is the key element that distinguishes them from Panentheists and Pandeists. As such, although many religions may claim to hold Pantheistic elements, they are more commonly Panentheistic or Pandeistic in nature.
  25. ↑ "Providence". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2014.
  26. ↑ "Creation, Providence, and Miracle". Reasonable Faith. Retrieved 20 Meyi 2014.
  27. ↑ Wierenga, Edward R. "Divine foreknowledge" in Audi, Robert. The Cambridge Companion to Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  28. ↑ Hsueh-Li Cheng. "Nāgārjuna's Approach to the Problem of the Existence of God" in Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 207–216 (10 pages), Cambridge University Press.
  29. ↑ Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 16:1 (1988:Mar.).
  30. ↑ Harvey, Peter (2019). "Buddhism and Monotheism", p. 1. Cambridge University Press.
  31. ↑ Khan, Razib (23 Juni 2008). "Buddhists do Believe in God". Discover. Kalmbach Publishing.
  32. ↑ "Buddhists". Pew Research Center. The Pew Charitable Trusts.
  33. ↑ "Confucianism". National Geographic. National Geographic Society.
  34. ↑ "Taoism". National Geographic. National Geographic Society.
  35. ↑ Rossano, Matt (2007). "Supernaturalizing Social Life: Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation" (PDF). Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.). 18 (3): 272–94. doi:10.1007/s12110-007-9002-4. PMID 26181064. S2CID 1585551. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 Malichi 2012. Retrieved 25 Juni 2009.
  36. ↑ Kluger, Jeffrey (27 Novembala 2013). "Why There Are No Atheists at the Grand Canyon". Time. Retrieved 12 Okutobala 2022.
  37. ↑ "The Second Sage". Aeon. Retrieved 24 Malichi 2023.
  38. ↑ Hofmann, Murad (2007). Islam and Qur'an. Amana publications. p. 121. ISBN 978-1590080474.
  39. ↑ Chignell, Andrew; Pereboom, Derk (2020), "Natural Theology and Natural Religion", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 9 Okutobala 2020
  40. ↑ Bataille, Georges (1930). "Base Materialism and Gnosticism". Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939: 47.
  41. ↑ Marvin Meyer; Willis Barnstone (30 Juni 2009). "The Secret Book of John". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2021.
  42. ↑ Denova, Rebecca (9 Epulelo 2021). "Gnosticism". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2021.
  43. ↑ Robyn Lebron (2012). Searching for Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground?. p. 117. ISBN 978-1462712625.

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