Wikipedia

Comoros

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the country. For the archipelago, see Comoro Islands.

Comoros,[note 1] mwaboma, Mkolelanako wa Comoros,[note 2] ni caru cakujiyimira paŵekha ico cili na virwa vitatu ku Southeastern Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Moroni. Chisopa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulondezga, kweniso chisopa cha boma, ni Chisilamu cha Sunni. Charu cha Comoros chikapharazga kuti chafwatuka ku France pa Julayi 6, 1975. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa vyaru vya maarabu, ndipo ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera mu caru ca maarabu ico cili mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, na Indian Ocean Commission. Charu ichi chili na viyowoyero vitatu: Shikomori, Chifurenchi na Chiarabic.

Union of the Comoros
  • Udzima wa Komori (Ngazidja Comorian)
  • Union des Comores (French)
  • جمهورية القمر المتحدة (Arabic)
  • Jamhuriyat al-Qumur al-Mutaḥida
Mbendela Seal
Chiluso: 
  • "Unité – Solidarité – Développement" (French)
  • وحدة، تضامن، تنمية (Arabic)
  • "Unity – Solidarity – Development"
Nyimbo: Udzima wa ya Masiwa (Comorian)
(English: "The Union of the Islands")
Location of the Comoros (circled)
Location of the Comoros (circled)
Location of the Comoros (circled)
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Moroni
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2000)
Vipembezo 98% Sunni Islam (Official)
2% Christianity
Mwenecharu Comorian
Mtundu wa Boma Federal presidential republic
 -  President Azali Assoumani
 -  President of the Assembly Moustadroine Abdou
Formation
 -  Discovery by Portuguese explorers 1503 
 -  Ngazidja, Ndzwani, Mwali under French rule 1886 
 -  Protectorate of the Comoros 6 September 1887 
 -  Dependency of the Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies 9 April 1908 
 -  French Overseas Territory 27 October 1946 
 -  State of Comoros 22 December 1961 
 -  Independence from France 6 July 1975 
 -  Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros 1 October 1978[1] 
 -  Union of the Comoros 23 December 2001 
 -  Current constitution 17 May 2009 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 1,861 km2 (170th)
719 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) negligible
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2019 estimate 850,886 (160th)
 -  Density 457/km2 (27th)
1,184/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
 -  Total $2.446 billion[2] (178th)
 -  Per capita $2,799[2] (177th)
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
 -  Total $1.179 billion[2] (182nd)
 -  Per capita $1,349[2] (165th)
Gini (2013)Positive decrease 45.0[3]
medium ·141st
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.558[4]
medium ·156th
Ndalama Comorian franc (KMF)
Mtundu Wanyengo EAT (UTC+3)
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .km

Charu ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu na virwa vichoko vinandi. Virwa vyose vya Comoro ni vya mapiri. Mayotte wakakana kujipatura ku France mu 1974, ndipo wakulutilira kulamulirika na France. Boma la France likakanira ivyo wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukayowoya vyakuti Comoros ndiyo yili na mazaza pa cirwa ici.[5][6][7] Mayotte wakazgoka chigaŵa cha ku France mu 2011 pamanyuma pa referendum iyo yikapokeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi.[8]

Virwa vya Comoros vili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2. Mu 2019 ŵanthu ŵakukwana 850,886.[9][10]

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoros ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesian na Malagasy. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 pambere chindaŵe na wanangwa mu 1975. Mu caru ici muli maboma ghakujumpha 20 agho ghayezga kutimbanizga boma. Kweniso charu ichi chili na masuzgo ghakuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo chili pa chigaŵa chapasi chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2008, ŵanthu pafupifupi hafu ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu wa US$1.25 pa zuŵa.[11]

Zina

Zina lakuti Comoros lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti قمر qamar ("mwezi").[12]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of the Comoros

Settlement

 
A large dhow with lateen sail rigs
 
A vanilla plantation

Mwakuyana na vidokoni, jinni (mzimu) wakaponya libwe lakuzirwa, ilo likapangiska moto ukuru. Ici cikazgoka phiri la Karthala, ilo likapangiska cirwa ca Grande Comore. Ŵanyake ŵakuti Themba Solomoni nalo likaluta ku chirwa ichi.

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu virwa vya Comoro ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Austronesia awo ŵakendanga pa boti kufuma ku virwa vya ku Southeast Asia.[13][14] Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., apo pakaŵa malo ghakale chomene agho ŵakasanga ku Mayotte.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ku Arabia, ku Persian Gulf, ku Malaŵi, na ku Madagascar. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kukhazikika, ndipo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakiza na ŵazga.[15]

Vyaru vya Comoros vikupangika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Nyengo yakwambilira iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ni nyengo ya Dembeni (cha m'ma 700 C.E. m'paka 10 C.E.).[16] Kwambira mu nyengo ya 11 m'paka 15 C.E., malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar kweniso ŵamalonda ŵa ku Swahili Coast na Middle East ŵakakura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Comoros ŵali kufuma ku chirwa cha Arabia, chomenechomene ku Hadhramaut.

Medieval Comoros

Mbiri yikulongora kuti mu 632, ŵanthu ŵa pa chirwa ichi ŵakati ŵapulika vya cisopa ca Ciisilamu, ŵakatuma nthumi yawo, Mtswa-Mwindza, ku Mecca. Kweni apo iyo wakafikanga, nchimi ya Ciisilamu, Muhammad, yikaŵa kuti yafwa. Ndipouli, wakati wakhalako nyengo yicoko waka ku Mecca, wakawelera ku Ngazidja ndipo wakadangilira kuti ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵambe kusopa Cisilamu.[17]

Mu 933, ŵanthu ŵa ku Oman ŵakamba kuchema Comoros kuti Virwa vya Mafuta.

Mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha ku East Africa, mabuku gha Al-Masudi ghakulongosora nthowa zakwendamo malonda za chisopa cha Chisilamu, kweniso umo Ŵasilamu ŵakenderanga mumphepete mwa nyanja na virwa ivi. Ŵakapelekaso cisopa ca Ciislam ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zanj kusazgapo Comoros. Apo Comoros yikakuranga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, ŵakazenga visopo vikuru na vichoko wuwo. Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili ndipo vikaŵa malo ghakurughakuru ghakwendeskera malonda, kweniso ghakaŵa na misumba yinandi ya malonda nga ni Kilwa, ku Tanzania, Sofala (malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga golide ku Zimbabwe), Mozambique, na Mombasa ku Kenya.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza ku virwa vya ku Indian Ocean kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwiza ku virwa ivi na boti la Vasco da Gama mu 1503.[18] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., virwa ivi vikapeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ku Mozambique.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamba kuthereska Ŵachidachi na Ŵapwitikizi. Muhaliri wake Said bin Sultan wakasazgirako mazaza gha Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Oman mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo wakasamuskira boma lake ku Zanzibar. Ndipouli, Comoros ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo nangauli virwa vitatu vikuruvikuru vikaŵa vyakukolerana, kweni cirwa cikuru comene, Ngazidja, cikagaŵika mu maufumu ghanandi.[19]

Apo ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutemwa virwa vya Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa ivi ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito makora mwaŵi uwu, ndipo pakwamba ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agho ghakalutanga ku India, comene-comene gha Cingelezi, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga mu virwa vya ku Mascarenes.[20][19]

European contact and French colonisation

 
French map of the Comores, 1747
File:Camora.jpg
An 1808 map refers to the islands as "Camora".
 
A public square, Moroni, 1908

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Madagascar, comenecomene Betsimisaraka na Sakalava, ŵakamba kuwukira virwa vya Comoros kuti ŵasange ŵazga ndipo virwa ivi vikabwangandulika cifukwa vyakurya vikaparanyika ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakomeka, ŵakatolekera ku wuzga panji ŵakacimbilira ku Africa.[21] Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pa virwa ivi na ŵazga awo ŵakafuma ku virwa vikuruvikuru. Mu 1865, ku Comoros, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa ŵazga.

France yikamba kulamulira ku Comoros pakutora Mayotte mu 1841 apo Sakalava uyo wakaŵa sultan Andriantsoly [fr] (uyo wakamanyikwaso na zina lakuti Tsy Levalo) wakalemba phangano la April 1841, ilo likapeleka cirwa ku boma la France.

Nyengo yeneyiyo, Ndzwani (panji Johanna nga umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamumanyiranga) wakalutilira kuŵa malo ghakwenderako ŵamalonda ŵa ku England awo ŵakalutanga ku India na ku Far East, kweniso ŵalovi ŵa vikoko ŵa ku America. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikatoleka ku Comoros ni ŵazga, kokosoni, makuni, ng'ombe, na viŵiya vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France, makampani gha ku France, na ŵamalonda ŵasambazi ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kulima minda. Pamasinda pakuti Mayotte wapokeka na France, charu ichi chikazgoka malo ghakupandamo shuga. Virwa vinyake navyo vikasintha, ndipo vyakurya vikuruvikuru nga ni ylang-ylang, vanilla, cloves, vyakumera vyakununkhira, khofi, mbuto za koko, na sisal vikamba kulima.

Mu 1886, Mwali wakaŵikika pasi pa kuvikilirika na Ŵafarisi. Mu chaka chenechicho, Sultan Said Ali wa ku Bambao, uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa mafumu gha Ngazidja, wakaŵika chilumba ichi mu mawoko gha Ŵafalansa. Mu 1908, virwa ivi vikaŵa na boma limoza (Colonie de Mayotte et dépendances) ndipo vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa kazembe mukuru wa ku Madagascar. Mu 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed wa ku Ndzwani wakaleka ufumu wake na kwamba kulamulira ku France. Mu 1912, boma la Madagascar likamara kulamulira virwa ivi.

Mu 1973, ŵakazomerezgana na France kuti Comoros yiŵe yakujiyimira paŵekha mu 1978, nangauli ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Mayotte ŵakazomerezga kuti charu ichi chiŵe pamoza na France. Pa virwa vyose vinayi, ŵakacita phangano la ŵanthu wose. Vyaru vitatu vikazomera kuti vijiyimire vyekha, kweni vyaru vinyake vitatu vikazomera yayi. Ndipouli, pa Julayi 6, 1975, nyumba ya malango ya Comoros yikapeleka dango lakuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira. Ahmed Abdallah wakapharazga wanangwa wa Comorian State (État comorien; دولة القمر) ndipo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Ŵacifurenci ŵakazomera boma liphya ili.

Kujilamulila (1975)

 
Flag of the Comoros (1963 to 1975)
 
Flag of the Comoros (1975 to 1978)
 
Ikililou Dhoinine, President of the Comoros from 2011 to 2016

Vyaka 30 vyakulondezgapo vikaŵa vyamahara. Pa 3 Ogasiti, 1975, mwezi umoza yayi kufuma apo boma likapokera wanangwa, pulezidenti Ahmed Abdallah wakawuskika pa udindo wake na kuwuskako munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa wa United National Front of the Comoros (FNUK) zina lake Said Mohamed Jaffar. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, mu Janyuwale 1976, Jaffar wakawuskika pa udindo na kwamba kuteŵetera nga nduna yake ya vya kuvikilira charu, Ali Soilih.

Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakavota katatu kuti ŵafumeko ku France. Pa ungano wakwamba uwo ukacitika pa virwa vyose pa 22 Disembala 1974, ŵanthu 63.8% ŵakakolerana kuti Mayotte walutilire kuŵa na ubwezi na France. Virwa vitatu ivyo vikakhalako, ivyo vikawusikanga na Pulezidenti Soilih, vikamba kulondezga fundo za wupu wakulongozga na wa kusama. Pa Meyi 13, 1978, Bob Denard, uyo wakapemphekaso na wupu wa French Intelligence Service (SDECE), wakawelera kuti wawuskemo pulezidenti Soilih na kuwezgerapo Abdallah na wovwiri wa maboma gha France, Rhodesia na South Africa. Ali Soilih ŵakamukora na kumukoma masabata ghacoko waka pamanyuma pake.

Mwakupambana na Soilih, muwuso wa Abdallah ukaŵa na muwuso wa wupu wakulongozga na kukolerana na Chisilamu cha maluso ndipo chalo ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (République Fédérale Islamique des Comores; République القمر الإتحادية الإسلامية). Bob Denard wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wakwamba wa Abdallah Abderamane; wakucemeka "Viceroy of the Comoros", ndipo nyengo zinyake wakawonekanga nga ni munthu wankhongono wa boma. Kufupi comene na South Africa, uko kukawovwiranga "ŵalinda ŵa pulezidenti", wakazomerezga kuti Paris wajumphe dango la pa caru cose lakukanizga boma la apartheid kwizira mwa Moroni. Kweniso wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugwilira nchito pa msonkho kufuma ku virwa ivi. Abdallah wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti mpaka mu 1989 apo wakawopa kuti boma lingamuwukira, ndipo wakalemba dango lakuti ŵapolisi ŵa boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Bob Denard, ŵaleke kuvikilira ŵasilikari. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Abdallah wakakomeka mu ofesi yake na mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakaŵa na citima, kweni pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakamuwukira na futi. Nangauli Denard nayo wakapwetekeka, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukayika usange uyo wakakoma Abdallah wakaŵa msilikari uyo wakaŵa pasi pake.

Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamutolera ku South Africa. Said Mohamed Djohar, mubali mulara wa Soilih, wakazgoka purezidenti, ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka Seputembala 1995, apo Bob Denard wakawelera na kuyezga kupoka boma. Pa nyengo iyi, caru ca France cikaŵawovwira na ŵasilikari ŵa parachute na kucicizga Denard kuti wajipeleke. Ŵacifurenci ŵakamufumiska Djohar na kuluta nayo ku Reunion, ndipo Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim, uyo wakawovwirika na boma la Paris, wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakalongozga caru kufuma mu 1996, mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ŵantchito, kukanizgika kwa boma, na nkhondo za kulekana, mpaka apo wakafwira mu Novembala 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Pulezidenti wa nyengo yichoko Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde.[22]

Virwa vya Ndzwani na Mwali vikajiyimira vyekha mu 1997, pakukhumba kuwezgerapo muwuso wa France. Kweni caru ca France cikakana, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵakugaluka ŵakumane. Mu Epulero 1999, Colonel Azali Assoumani, Chief of Staff wa Army, wakapoka mazaza mwa kuwukira boma kwambura kuthiska ndopa, na kuwuskapo Pulezidenti wa nyengo yeneyiyo Massounde, chifukwa cha kupeleŵera kwa ŵalongozgi mu suzgo. Uwu ukaŵa utimbanizgi wa 18 wa Comoros kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1975.

Azali wakatondeka kukhozga mazaza ghake na kwambaso kulamulira virwa ivi. Wupu wa African Union, pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki wa ku South Africa, ukaŵika vyeruzgo pa Ndzwani kuti wawovwirepo pa kudumbiskana na kupembuzga. Kuyana na fundo za Fomboni Accords, izo ŵalongozgi ŵa virwa vyose vitatu ŵakalemba mu Disembala 2001, zina la boma ili likasinthika kuŵa Union of the Comoros. Mulara wa wupu uwu, nangauli wakusankhika pa maungano gha pa caru cose, kweni wakusankhika kufuma pa cigaŵa cilicose ca virwa ivi.

Azali wakafumapo mu boma mu 2002 kuti wakaŵepo pa mavoti gha pulezidenti wa Comoros, ndipo wakathereska. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Comoros likaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose, Azali wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ndipo nyengo zose wakaŵanga wa demokilase yayi. Mu 2005, boma likapeleka dango lakuti wupu uliwose ukwenera kuchita mulimo wake. Mu 2006, Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi ndiyo wakathereska mavoti. Azali wakachindika ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti paŵe mtende na demokilase mu virwa ivi.

Colonel Mohammed Bacar, uyo wakasambizgika ku France ndipo wakaŵa kazembe wa Ndzwani mu 2001, wakakana kufumapo pa udindo wake. Wakachita voti mu Juni 2007 kuti wakhazikiske muwuso wake uwo ukazomerezgeka yayi na boma la Comoros na African Union. Pa 25 Malichi 2008 ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa African Union na Comoros ŵakakora Ndzwani uyo wakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuzomera.[23] Ŵalwani ŵanyake ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka, kweni palije maukaboni agho ghakulongora. Ŵanthu 11 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakakakika. Bacar wakacimbilira ku Mayotte na boti la matayala kuti wakapemphe cisungusungu. Ku Comoros kukachitika viwawa vyakwimikana na France (wonani Anjouan). Paumaliro, Bacar wakapika wanangwa wa kukhala ku Benin.

Kwambira apo Comoros yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku France, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20 awo ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma.

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Ikililou Dhoinine adaloledwa kukhala purezidenti pa 26 Meyi 2011. Munthu wa chipani chakulongozga, Dhoinine wakawovwirika na pulezidenti wa sono Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi. Dhoinine, uyo wakasambira vya munkhwala, ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa Comoros kufuma ku cirwa ca Mwali. Pambuyo pa zisankho za 2016, Azali Assoumani, kuchokera ku Ngazidja, adakhala purezidenti kwa nthawi yachitatu. Mu 2018 Azali wakachita referendum pa kusintha kwa malango agho ghangazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wateŵetere nyengo ziŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikapokelereka nangauli ŵakususkana navyo ndipo ŵakamukana. Mu April 2019, Azali wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti.[24]

Mu Januwale 2020, mavoti gha chalo cha Comoros ghakaŵa gha chipani cha President Azali Assoumani, Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros, CRC. Pakakhumbikwiranga kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ico cikang'anamuranga kuti nkhongono zake zikasazgikiranga. CRC yikapoka malo 17 pa malo 24 mu nyumba ya malango.

Mu 2021, Comoros yikalemba na kuzomerezga phangano lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.

Mu 2023, Comoros yikacemeka kuŵa mulendo wambura kunjira mu ungano wa G7 ku Hiroshima.[25]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of the Comoros
 
A map of the Comoros

Virwa vya Comoros ni Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) na Ndzwani (Anjouan), ivyo ni virwa vikuruvikuru vitatu mu Comoros. Virwa ivi vikumanyikwa na mazina ghawo mu ciyowoyero ca ku Comoros, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mazina ghawo gha Cifurenchi. Msumba ukuru wa Moroni uli pa Ngazidja. Chirwa ichi chili mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, pakati pa Africa (pafupi na Mozambique na Tanzania) na Madagascar.

Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,861 km2, ndipo ni chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko chomene pa charu chapasi. Comoros nayo wali na malo ghakukwana 320 km2 (120 sq mi) mu nyanja zake. Virwa ivi vili na mapiri ghatali kweniso tumapiri tuchokotuchoko.

Virwa vikuruvikuru ivi vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene nga ni ivi:[26]

Name Area
km2		 Population
Census 2017[26]
Mwali 290 51,567
Ngazidja 1,147 379,367
Ndzwani 424 327,382
Totals 1,861 758,316

Ngazidja ni msumba ukuru comene pa virwa vyose vya Comoros. Kweniso ni cirwa ciphya comene, ntheura pasi lake lili na malibwe. Cirwa ici chili na mapiri ghaŵiri, Karthala (ghakugolera) na La Grille (ghakugolera), ndipo palije dowoko liwemi. Mwali, uyo msumba wake ni Fomboni, ni cirwa cicoko comene pa virwa vikuruvikuru vinayi. Ndzwani, uwo msumba wake ukuru ni Mutsamudu, uli na kawonekero ka katatu ako kakupangika na mapiri ghatatu gha Shisiwani, Nioumakele na Jimilime agho ghakufuma pa Phiri la Ntingui.

 
Grande Comore landscape

Virwa vya Comoros vikaŵako cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikuphulika. Phiri la Karthala, ilo lili pa Ngazidja, ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi. Mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli nkhorongo yikuru comene ya ku Comoros. Kartala ni phiri ilo lili na vimalibwe vinandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Mu 2005 apo phiri ili likawa, ŵanthu 40,000 ŵakachimbira, ndipo chiziŵa icho chikaŵa mu phiri ili chikabwanganduka.

Virwa vya Comoros vikumanyikwaso kuti ni Îles Éparses panji Îles éparses de l'océan indien (Virwa Vyakupambanapambana mu Nyanja ya Indian). Virwa vya Glorioso vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Comoros pambere chaka cha 1975 chindafike. Banc du Geyser, ni cirwa ico kale cikaŵa mu Comoros Archipelago, kweni sono cili pasi pa maji. Virwa vya Comoros na France vicali kuwona kuti Banc du Geyser ni cigaŵa ca Glorioso Islands, ntheura ni cigaŵa ca cigaŵa cake ca cuma.

Climate

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of the Comoros
 
Comoros diver with fish

Nyengo iyi njakuthukira ndipo nyengo zikupambana. Mu mwezi wa Malichi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene pa nyengo ya vula (iyo yikuchemeka kuti kashkazi/kaskazi, kung'anamura chivula cha kumpoto, icho chikamba mu Novembala m'paka Epulero), ndipo mu nyengo yakuzizima chomene, nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala, kuzing'anamura chivula cha kumwera. Virwa ivi vikusuzgika na chimphepo.[27]

Biodiversity

Nkhani ikulu: Comoros forests, Comoro Islands, and Wildlife of the Comoros

Virwa vya Comoros ni malo agho ghali na nkhorongo. Mu 2018, charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambara 33 pa vyaru 172.

Mu Disembala 1952, cisomba cinyake cakucemeka coelacanth cikasangikaso mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Comoros. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti mtundu uwu wa viyuni uli na vyaka 66 ndipo ukafwa kale chomene m'paka mu 1938, apo ukawonekera pa nyanja ya South Africa. Pakati pa 1938 na 1975, vikoko 84 vikakoleka na kulembeka.[28]

Protected areas

Mu Comoros muli malo ghakukwana 6 ghakusungirako vyamoyo nga ni Karthala, Coelacanth, na Mitsamiouli Ndroudi pa Grande Comore, Phiri la Ntringui na Shisiwani pa Anjouan, na Mohéli National Park pa Mohéli. Virwa vya Karthala na Phiri la Ntrigui ni vyakumera vyapacanya comene pa virwa ivi. Virwa vya Coelacanth, Mitsamiouli Ndroudi, na Shisiwani ni vyakumera vya mu nyanja ivyo vikuvikilira virwa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mohéli ghakusazgapo malo gha pa mtunda na gha mu nyanja.[29]

Boma

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of the Comoros
Wonaniso: List of rulers of Comoros
 
Moroni, capital of the Comoros, with the port and Badjanani Mosque

Boma la Comoros lili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo pulezidenti wa Comoros ni mutu wa boma na wa boma. Pa Disembala 23, 2001, boma la Comoros likakolerana na dango ili. Boma la Comoros likaŵa la ŵasilikari, ndipo apo Azali Assoumani wakapelekanga mazaza kwa Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi mu Meyi 2006, likaŵa lakukondweska chomene.

Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na pharalamende ndivyo vili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Mu ndime yakwamba ya dango ili muli fundo yakuti boma likwenera kulongozgeka na chisopa cha Cisilamu, kweniso kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Comoros ŵakwenera kuŵa na wanangwa wakusankha. Chirwa chilichose (kuyana na mutu waciŵiri wa Dango) cili na wanangwa ukuru wa kujilongozga mu wupu wa European Union, kusazgapo kuŵa na malango ghaco ( panji Dango lakwamba), pulezidenti, na Nyumba ya Malamulo. Ngazidja ndiyo wali na udindo uwu, ndipo Azali ndiyo ni purezidenti wa wupu uwu.[30]

Boma la Comoros lili na malango gha Chisilamu, malango gha ku France (Napoleonic Code), na malango gha mu charu (mila na ntsi). Ŵalara ŵa mu muzi, panji makhoti ghakurughakuru, ndiwo ghakumazga mphindano zinandi. Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Khoti Likuru Chomene likuŵa nga ni wupu wakuwona vya malango, ndipo likovwira pa nkhani za malango na kulaŵilira vyakusankha vya pulezidenti. Pakuti ni Khoti Likuru Chomene, likweruzgaso milandu iyo boma likususka. Khoti Likuru Chomene lili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusankhika na pulezidenti, ŵaŵiri awo ŵakusankhika na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na yumoza uyo wakusankhika na boma la chilumba chilichose.[31]

Political culture

Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya bajeti ya boma lapakati pa caru yikugwiliskirika nchito pa ndondomeko ya boma iyo yikupanga boma lakujiyimira palekha na pulezidenti wa virwa vitatu ivi. Pa Meyi 16, 2009, pakachitika ungano wa ŵanthu wose kuti ŵamanye usange ŵangamazga maburoko gha boma. Ŵanthu 52.7% awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota ŵakavota, ndipo 93.8% ŵakazomera. Pakugwiliskira nchito kusintha uku, pulezidenti wa cirwa cilicose wakaŵa kazembe ndipo ŵalaŵiliri ŵakaŵa ŵa pharazgi.[32]

Foreign relations

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of the Comoros

Mu Novembala 1975, Comoros yikaŵa cigaŵa ca nambara 143 ca wupu wa United Nations. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe ŵenekaya ŵa ku France, kweni charu ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha France.

Virwa vya Comoros vikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti vikukhumba Mayotte ku wupu wa United Nations General Assembly, ndipo wupu uwu ukazomerezga fundo zinandi za mutu wakuti "Fumbo la Cirwa ca Mayotte ku Comoros". Ndipouli, mu vyakucitika vyakucitika, fundo izi zilije nkhongono ndipo palije cilindizga cakuti Mayotte waŵe cigaŵa ca Comoros kwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵake. Sonosono apa, ungano uwu wasungilira fundo iyi pa ndondomeko yake, kweni ukuyilekeska caka na caka kwambura kuchitapo kanthu. Wupu unyake, nga ni wupu wa African Unity, Movement of Non-Aligned Countries na Organization of Islamic Cooperation, nawo ŵakususka mazaza gha France pa Mayotte.[5][33] Kuti ŵamalizge kudumbiskana nkhani iyi na kugega kunjira mu wupu wa Comoros, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mayotte ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe chigaŵa cha France mu 2009. Malo ghaphya agha ghakamba kugwira ntchito pa 31 Malichi 2011 ndipo Mayotte wakazomerezgeka na European Union kuŵa chigaŵa chakutali chomene pa 1 Janyuwale 2014. Pa cifukwa ici, Mayotte wali ku cigaŵa ca France.

Comoros njumoza wa mawupu gha United Nations, African Union, Arab League, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Indian Ocean Commission na African Development Bank. Pa Epulero 10, 2008, Comoros yikaŵa caru ca nambara 179 kuzomera phangano la Kyoto la United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Comoros yikasayina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.[34]

Mu Meyi 2013, wupu wa Comoros ukamanyikwa chifukwa cha kupeleka chikalata ku ofesi ya wupu wa International Criminal Court (ICC) pa nkhani ya ivyo vikachitika pa "May 31, 2010 apo Israyeli wakawukira gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku Gaza". Mu Novembala 2014, wapolisi wa ICC wakadumura kuti ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vya mulandu wa nkhondo, kweni vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi kuti mulandu uwu uŵikike ku ICC.[35]

Mu 2000, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafumanga mu caru cawo cikaŵa 21.2%.[36]

Military

Nkhani ikulu: Military of the Comoros

Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵachoko waka na ŵapolisi 500 kweniso ŵasilikari ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu 500. Phangano la kuvikilira caru na caru ca France likovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros ŵavikilire malo ghawo, kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Comoros, na kulaŵilira vinthu vya mu mlengalenga. Pa cifukwa ico boma la France likapempha, caru ca Comoros cili na ŵasilikari ŵakuzirwa, kweniso cikukhala na msasa ucoko wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake (Foreign Legion Detachment) ku Mayotte.

Boma liphya likati lakhazikiskika mu Meyi/Juni 2011, wupu wa UNREC (Lomé) ukaluta ku Comoros ndipo ukalemba ulongozgi wakukhwaskana na ndondomeko ya kuvikilira chalo. Paumaliro wa ndondomeko iyi, ku umaliro wa Malichi 2012, ndondomeko ya malango iyo yikukolerana na mabungwe ghose agho ghakucitako mulimo wa SSR yizamuŵa kuti yakhazikika. Pa nyengo iyi, boma likwenera kuzomerezga fundo iyi na kuyilondezga.[37]

Human rights

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in the Comoros

Ku Comoros, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo mbambura kuzomerezgeka. Para munthu wacita nthena, wakujalirika mu jele vyaka vinkhondi.[38]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of the Comoros
 
GDP per capita development, since 1950
 
A proportional representation of Comoros' economy, 2019

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Comoros mbakavu, kweni "para tikuwona kuti pa caru cose pali ukavu wakukwana madola 1.90 pa zuŵa, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera pa ŵanthu 10 ŵa ku Comoros ndiwo mbakavu. Ukavu ukakhira na 10 peresenti pakati pa 2014 na 2018, ndipo vinthu vikamba kwenda makora. Kuyana yayi pa vya ndalama kukulutilira, ndipo pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa vikaya na misumba. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵakutumira ku vyaru vinyake ni zinandi chomene pa GDP ya charu ichi.

Kuyana na ILO's ILOSTAT statistical database, pakati pa 1991 na 2019 chiŵelengero cha ŵambura nchito nga ni peresenti ya ŵantchito wose chikaŵa pakati pa 4.38% na 4.3%. Kweni mu Okutobala 2005, ofesi ya Comoros Ministry of Planning and Regional Development yikati: "Ŵanthu awo ŵalije nchito ŵalipo 14.3 peresenti.[39]

Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 56% ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyalo vya ulimi, ndipo 29% ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafakitale na 14% mu maofesi. Virwa ivi vikuthemba pa vyakurya vyakunowa nga ni vanilla, sinamoni, na cloves. Virwa vya Comoros ndivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene gha ylang-ylang, agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pakupanga mafuta ghakununkhira.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vya vigaŵa vinandi. Mu 2004, GDP ya ku Comoros yikakura na 1.9% ndipo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikalutilira kuchepa. Kuchepa kwa vinthu ivi kukulongosoreka na vinthu vinyake, nga nkhuchepa kwa ndalama zakugwilira nchito, kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama, na kusazgikira kwa malonda cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, comenecomene vanilla.[39]

Ndondomeko ya ndalama yikukanizgika cifukwa ca ndalama zambura kuwoneka makora, malipiro gha ŵantchito ŵa boma agho ghali kukwera comene, na ngongoli ya caru cose iyo yili kujumpha comene mphaka ya HIPC. Ndipouli, kuŵa mu cigaŵa ca franc, ico nchakovwira comene kuti vinthu viŵe makora, kwanovwira kuti mitengo ya mu caru yileke kunangika.

Virwa vya Comoros vili na nthowa zakwendakwenda zambura kwenelera, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndipo ŵakusazgikira luŵiro, kweniso vyakuthupi vichoko waka. Ŵanthu awo ŵali na masambiro ghachoko chomene ndiwo ŵakupangiska kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora pa umoyo wawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke ntchito, kweniso ŵakuthemba chomene ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vikupanga 40% ya GDP ndipo vikupanga vyakurya vinandi.

Boma likufwilirapo comene kuti likhozge masambiro na masambiro gha ŵanthu, kuti likanizgire malonda na mafakitale, kuti likhozge umoyo wa ŵanthu, kuti lipelekenge ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, kuti likhozge vyakusanguluska, na kuchepeska unandi wa ŵanthu.

Charu cha Comoros chili mu wupu wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[40]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of the Comoros
 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Comoros
Source:[41]
Mndandanda Island Ŵanthu
 
Moroni
 
Mutsamudu 		1 Moroni Grande Comore 111,329  
Ouani
2 Mutsamudu Anjouan 30,000
3 Ouani Anjouan 22,501
4 Mandza Grande Comore 21,000
5 Fomboni Mohéli 18,277
6 Domoni Anjouan 16,276
7 Adda-Douéni Anjouan 10,858
8 Kourani Grande Comore 10,000
9 Bazimini Anjouan 8,952
10 Mkazi Grande Comore 8,438
 
A mosque in Moroni

Virwa vya Comoros vili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 850,000, ndipo ni vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2001, ŵanthu 34% ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni, kweni kufuma nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu matawuni chikukura.

Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15. Malo ghakurughakuru gha misumba ni Moroni, Mitsamihuli, Fumbuni, Mutsamudu, Domoni, na Fomboni. Ku France kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 na 350,000 ŵa ku Comoros.[42]

Ethnic groups

Virwa vya Comoros vili na ŵanthu 97.1% ŵa fuko la Comorian, awo ŵakupambana mitundu. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Makua na Ŵaindiya. Ku Grande Comore kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kusamira ku caru cinyake kufuma ku China. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku France ŵakafumako ku Comoros mu 1975, kweni ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Creole awo ŵakafuma ku France, Madagascar, na Réunion, ndiwo ŵakukhala mu Comoros.[43]

Languages

Wonani vinandi: Languages of the Comoros

Viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka chomene ku Comoros ni viyowoyero vya ku Comoros, ivyo vikutchemeka Shikomori. Chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana na Chiswahili, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi pa virwa vyose vinayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba vilembo vya Chiarabic na Chilatini, ndipo sonosono apa ŵalemba vilembo vya Chilatini.[44]

Chiarabic na Cifurenci ni viyowoyero vinyake vya boma pamoza na Cikomoro. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Ciarabu cifukwa ndiyo ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri. Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma ndiposo ciyowoyero ca masambiro ghanandi agho ghakukolerana na Baibolo yayi.

Religion

Wonani vinandi: Religion in the Comoros
 
A view of Domoni, Anjouan including mosque

Chisopa chikuru ni Chisilamu cha Sunni, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 99% ndiwo ŵakumusopa. Charu cha Comoros ndicho chili na Ŵasilamu ŵanandi chomene ku Southern Africa ndipo chili kumwera chomene kwa Mayotte na Cocos Islands. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Comoros Mbakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Madagascar Mbakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku France mba Katolika.[45]

Health

Wonani vinandi: Health in the Comoros

Pa ŵanthu 100,000, pali ŵadokotala 15. Mu 2004, mwanakazi waliyose wakaba ŵana 4.7. Ŵanakazi ŵakukhala vyaka 67 ndipo ŵanalume 62.[46]

Education

Wonani vinandi: Education in the Comoros

Pafupifupi ŵana wose ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha Quranic, kanandi pambere ŵandambe kusambira. Ŵana ŵakusambizgika Baibolo, kuŵazga pamtima, na kulemba vilembo vya Chiarabu. Ŵapapi ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵasambirenge mu masukulu gha Koran pambere ŵandalute ku masukulu gha ku France. Nangauli boma likuŵavya ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵakupokera malipiro ghanandi yayi, kweni pali masukulu ghanandi ghapadera na gha ŵanthu wose agho ghali na masambiro ghawemi. Mapulani gha masambiro gha ku Comoros, padera pa vilimika vicoko waka mu nyengo ya kuzgoka kwa boma, ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ku France. Sonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵamba kusambizga mu sukulu za ku Comoros na kusazga masukulu ghaŵiri agha, masukulu ghakusambizgira ŵanthu Baibolo na gha Koran.[47]

Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Comoros chikaŵa pambere chindambe kuwusa, masambiro ghakaŵa ghakukhwaskana na ulimi, kuliska viŵeto, na ntchito za pa nyumba. Ŵana ŵakasambizgikaso makhaliro ghawemi gha cisopa ca Ciisilamu. Mu ma 1900, vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Ici cikacitikanga comene na ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Comores yikati yapokera wanangwa mu 1975, masambiro ghakasintha. Ŵasambizgi ŵakasoŵa ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakamba kunyenyenkha ntchito. Ntheura pakati pa 1997 na 2001, masambiro gha boma ghakamara. Kufuma waka apo boma likambira kujiyimira palekha, masambiro ghakamba kuwoneka makora chomene ndipo pali nthowa zinyake izo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Kweniso chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakulembeska sukulu chikukura.

Mu 2000, ŵana 44.2% ŵa vyaka 5 m'paka 14 ŵakasambiranga sukulu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusoŵa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa sukulu, vinthu vinyake, ŵasambizgi ŵakwenelera, mabuku, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kusanga malipiro mwakuti ŵakukana kugwira nchito.

Pambere chaka cha 2000 chindafike, ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakakhumbanga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ŵakeneranga kuluta ku charu chinyake. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mu caru ici mukaŵa yunivesite. Ivi vikawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa caru na kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira comene ŵaleke kuwelera ku virwa ivi kukagwira nchito.

Chiyowoyero cha ku Comoros chilije vilembo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vilembo vya Chiarabu na Chilatini. Mu 2004, ŵanthu pafupifupi 57 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba vilembo vya Chilatini, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba vilembo vya Chiarabu.[48]

Mwambo

Wonaniso: Public holidays in the Comoros

Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵa ku Ndzwani ŵakuvwara malaya ghaswesi na ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka shiromani, apo ku Ngazidja na Mwali ŵakuvwara masilafu ghakununkhira ghakuchemeka leso. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuvwara nkhule ya sandalwood na korali yakuchemeka msinzano. Ŵanalume ŵakuvwara malaya ghatali ghatuŵa ghakuchemeka nkandu, ndipo ŵakughavwalika kofia.[49]

Marriage

Mu Comoros muli mitundu yiŵiri ya nthengwa, nthengwa yichoko (iyo yikuchemeka Mna daho pa Ngazidja) na nthengwa ya kaluso (iyo yikuchemeka ada pa Ngazidja, harusi pa virwa vinyake). Nthengwa yichoko iyi njambura kukhumba vinandi. Cikaŵa cipusu, cakukhora, ndiposo cakudura yayi, ndipo mukwati wakapelekanga ndalama zicoko waka. Mwanalume wangatorana na mwanakazi yumoza pera, kweni kanandi ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuŵa na nthengwa yimoza pera mu muzi. Cimanyikwiro ca nthengwa iyi ni vyakuvwara vyagolide, viphikiro vya masabata ghaŵiri, na vyawanangwa vikuru. Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakwendeskera nthengwa zikugaŵikana pakati pa mbumba zose ziŵiri kweniso na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni ukwati wa ada pa Ngazidja ungaŵa wakudura pafupifupi mapaundi 5,000. Ŵakutorana ŵanandi ŵakumalira nyengo yawo yinandi kuti ŵasunge ndalama zakovwilira mbumba yawo, ndipo kanandi pa nthengwa pakusangika ŵana awo mbalara.[50][note 3]

Para mwanalume wafwa, wakwamba kuŵa na vyaka vinandi. Malo ghake ghakukwera comene, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi waŵenge na wanangwa wa kuyowoya pa wumba na kunjilirapo pa ndyali, mu muzi wake na mu caru cose. Waŵenge na wanangwa wa kulongora udindo wake mwa kuvwara mharuma, mtundu unyake wa chisoti, pa viŵegha vyake, ndipo wanganjira mu mzikiti pa mulyango wa ŵalara, na kukhala kunthazi. Kweniso mwanakazi wakusintha para waŵa "mama" na kukhala mu nyumba yake. Pa virwa vinyake, nthengwa yikucitika mwakuyana na dango yayi, kweni yikuŵa yakuzirwa comene kweniso njakudura.

Kanandi ŵakususka ndondomeko iyi cifukwa cakuti njakudura comene, kweni yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakwamba kupeleka msonkho pa nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama zakwendeskera vikaya.[51]

Kinship and social structure

 
Villagers in Bangwa Kuuni, Ngazidja

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Comoros ŵali na mbumba ziŵiri. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba ya Bantu ŵakuyana waka na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mbumba ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵanalume. Ndipouli, pa virwa ivi pali mphambano yikuru comene, cifukwa pa Ngazidja, ŵanthu awo ŵali mu mbumba za ŵanyinawo ndiwo ŵali na nkhongono comene.[52]

Music

Wonani vinandi: Music of the Comoros

Sumu za Twarab, izo zikafuma ku Zanzibar kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, zikulutilira kuŵa zakumanyikwa comene pa virwa ivi ndipo zikumanyikwa comene pa maukwati.[53]

Media

Wonani vinandi: Mass media in the Comoros

Ku Comoros kuli manyuzipepara ghaŵiri gha zuŵa na zuŵa, la boma la Al-Watwan, na la boma la La Gazette des Comores. Paliso manyuzipepara ghanyake agho ghakulembeka mwambura kwenelera kweniso mawebusayiti ghanyake. Wupu wa boma wa ORTC (Office de Radio et Télévision des Comores) ndiwo ukupeleka mauthenga gha pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi. Pa virwa vya Grande Comore na Anjouan pali TV iyo yikwendeskeka na boma la chigaŵa cha Anjouan. Paliso mawayilesi ghacoko waka gha wayilesi gha ku Grande Comore na Mohéli, ndipo pa virwa ivi pali wayilesi ya Mayotte Radio na French TV.[54]

Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

  1. ↑ Mixture of Bantu, Malagasy, and Arab people
  1. ↑ /ˈkɒməroʊz/ ( pulikizgani machemelo); Comorian: Komori, pronounced [ko.mo.ri]; Arabic: جزر القمر, Juzur al-Qumur / Qamar; French: Comores
  2. ↑ Comorian: Udzima wa Komori; French: Union des Comores; Arabic: الاتحاد القمري al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī / Qamarī
  3. ↑ According to the [English] "Extract" at Shepherd, Gillian M. (23 Janyuwale 2012). "Two Marriage Forms in the Comoro Islands: An Investigation". Africa. Cambridge University Press. 47 (4): 344–359. doi:10.2307/1158341. JSTOR 1158341. S2CID 145156752. Archived from the original on 27 Disembala 2021. Retrieved 27 Disembala 2021. Extract
    Comorian marriage must strike anyone with even the most passing knowledge of the Islands as surprising. All men strive for the lavish, expensive and lengthy marriage form known as ndola nkuu (great marriage) or harusi ya ada (customary marriage) even though a perfectly respectable simple form, mna daho (little house), is all that moslem customary law requires. Mna daho marriages cost almost nothing: ada marriages may cost as much as £5000. Why invest such a large sum in this way? What, in plain anthropological language, are the functions of ada marriage?

Ukaboni

Citations

  1. ↑ "Comoros Constitution of October 1, 1978". Digithèque MJP. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 Okutobala 2020. Retrieved 24 Okutobala 2020. (in French)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Comoros". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 6 Febuluwale 2020. Retrieved 17 Epulelo 2012.
  3. ↑ "GINI index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 30 Epulelo 2014. Retrieved 26 Julayi 2013.
  4. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 Disembala 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 16 Disembala 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The first UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte (PDF)", United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/31/4, (21 October 1976) states "the occupation by France of the Comorian island of Mayotte constitutes a flagrant encroachment on the national unity of the Comorian State, a Member of the United Nations," rejecting the French-administered referendums and condemning French presence in Mayotte.
  6. ↑ As defined by the Organization of African Unity, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the United Nations General Assembly: the most recent UN General Assembly Resolution regarding the matter, "Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte," United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/49/18, (6 December 1994) states "the results of the referendum of 22 December 1974 were to be considered on a global basis and not island by island,...Reaffirms the sovereignty of the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros over the island of Mayotte". Several resolutions expressing similar sentiments were passed between 1977 (31/4) and 1994 (49/18).
  7. ↑ "Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes". Global Policy Forum. Archived from the original on 17 Malichi 2008. Retrieved 27 Malichi 2008.
  8. ↑ "Article 33, Repertory, Supplement 5, vol. II (1970–1978)" (PDF). United Nations, Office of Legal Affairs (OLA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 Okutobala 2014.
  9. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  10. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  11. ↑ Human Development Indices Archived 19 Disembala 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009
  12. ↑ "The Islands of the Moon". Aramco World. 47 (4): 40. Julayi–Ogasiti 1996. Archived from the original on 13 Okutobala 2007. Retrieved 20 Sekutembala 2007.
  13. ↑ Alison Crowther; Leilani Lucas; Richard Helm; Mark Horton; Ceri Shipton; Henry T. Wright; et al. (2016). "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6635C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522714113. PMC 4914162. PMID 27247383.
  14. ↑ Nicolas Brucato; Veronica Fernandes; Stéphane Mazières; Pradiptajati Kusuma; Murray P. Cox; et al. (2018). "The Comoros show the earliest Austronesian gene flow into the Swahili Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 102 (1): 58–68. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.11.011. PMC 5777450. PMID 29304377.
  15. ↑ Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019.
  16. ↑ Thomas Spear (2000). "Early Swahili History Reconsidered". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 33 (2): 257–290. doi:10.2307/220649. JSTOR 220649.
  17. ↑ Pierre Vérin (1982). "Mtswa Muyindza et l'introduction de l'Islam à Ngazidja; au sujet de la tradition et du texte de Pechmarty". Études Océan Indien. 2: 95–100.
  18. ↑ Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 49-50.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Thomas Spear (1984). "The Shirazi in Swahili Traditions, Culture, and History". History in Africa. African Studies Association. 11: 291–305. doi:10.2307/3171638. JSTOR 3171638. S2CID 162212370.
  20. ↑ Prestholdt, Jeremy (2007). "Similitude and empire: on Comorian strategies of Englishness". Journal of World History. 18 (2): 113–138. doi:10.1353/jwh.2007.0015. S2CID 145310983.
  21. ↑ Walker, Iain. "Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros." Hurst Publishers. 2019, p 254.
  22. ↑ Kamal Eddine Saindou (6 Novembala 1998). "Comoros president dies from heart attack". Associated Press. pp. International News. Archived from the original on 28 Malichi 2015.
  23. ↑ "COMOROS: The legacy of a Big Man on a small island". IRIN. 10 Disembala 2008. Archived from the original on 20 Disembala 2008. Retrieved 25 Malichi 2009.
  24. ↑ "Comoros president named winner in election rejected by opposition". Reuters. 26 Malichi 2019. Archived from the original on 15 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 23 Malichi 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  25. ↑ "G7 Summit 2023: Scrutinizing the Guest List". thediplomat.com.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Institut Nationale de la Statistique et Études Économiques et Démographiques, Comoros (web).
  27. ↑ Ottenheimer, pp. 20, 72
  28. ↑ "70-million-year-old fish dissected – Coaelacanth (1975)". Redlands Daily Facts. 28 Meyi 1975. p. 6. Archived from the original on 1 Epulelo 2019. Retrieved 18 Juni 2017.
  29. ↑ UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Comoros from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 31 August 2021. [1] Archived 31 Ogasiti 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ AFRICAN ELECTIONS DATABASE Archived 9 Julayi 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Elections in the Comoros.
  31. ↑ "Fundamental Law of the Union of Comoros (English excerpts)". Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, South Africa. 23 Disembala 2001. Archived from the original (DOC) on 9 Okutobala 2006. Retrieved 25 Epulelo 2021.
  32. ↑ "Comoros: Referendum Approves Downscaling of Government". AllAfrica Global Media. 19 Meyi 2009. Archived from the original on 25 Meyi 2009. Retrieved 20 Meyi 2009.
  33. ↑ "Forty-ninth session: Agenda item 36: 49/18. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte" (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. 6 Disembala 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 Meyi 2008.
  34. ↑ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 Julayi 2017. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2019. Retrieved 16 Ogasiti 2019.
  35. ↑ Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, on concluding the preliminary examination of the situation referred by the Union of the Comoros: "Rome Statute legal requirements have not been met","Statement of 6th November 2014" Archived 2 Juni 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ Ratha, Dilip; Sanket Mohapatra; Ani Silwal (2011). "The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011: Comoros" (PDF). Worldbank.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 29 Novembala 2016.
  37. ↑ FINAL EVALUATION, Peace Building Fund Programme in the Comoros 2008–2011, 19 October 2011 – 8 November 2011
  38. ↑ "State-Sponsored Homophobia". International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. 20 Malichi 2019. Archived from the original on 8 Febuluwale 2020. Retrieved 16 Ogasiti 2019.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy Paper (Updated Interim Paper)" (PDF). Office of the General Commissioner for Planning, Ministry of Planning and Regional Development. Okutobala 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 Disembala 2006.
  40. ↑ "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa". Archived from the original on 26 Malichi 2009. Retrieved 22 Malichi 2009.
  41. ↑ "Comoros Cities by Population, 2022". {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  42. ↑ "FACTBOX-Relations between France and Comoros Archived 12 Okutobala 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Reuters. 27 March 2008.
  43. ↑ "Comoros country profile". BBC News (in British English). 20 Julayi 2018. Archived from the original on 16 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2021.
  44. ↑ Mohamed Ahmed-Chamanga (2010). Introduction à la grammaire structurale du comorien. Moroni: Komedit.
  45. ↑ "CIA World Factbook: Comoros". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 Janyuwale 2021. Retrieved 15 Janyuwale 2011.
  46. ↑ "WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region – WHO Regional Office for Africa" (PDF). Afro.who.int. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 Janyuwale 2010. Retrieved 1 Juni 2010.
  47. ↑ Damir Ben Ali & Iain Walker. 2017 "Attempts at fusion of the Comorian educational systems: religious education in Comorian and Arabic and secular education in French". In I. Walker. ed., Contemporary issues in Swahili ethnography. London, New York: Routledge.
  48. ↑ UNESCO Institute for Statistics, country profile of Comoros; 2004 Archived 31 Disembala 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ "Comoros Islands: Islands & Beyond". comoros-islands.com. Archived from the original on 15 Novembala 2016. Retrieved 29 Novembala 2016.
  50. ↑ Walker, Iain (2002). "Les aspects économiques du grand mariage de Ngazidja". Autrepart. 23: 157–171. doi:10.3917/autr.023.0157.
  51. ↑ Shepherd, Gillian M. (1 Janyuwale 1977). "Two Marriage Forms in the Comoro Islands: An Investigation". Africa. 47 (4): 344–359. doi:10.2307/1158341. JSTOR 1158341. S2CID 145156752. ProQuest 1298706914.
  52. ↑ Walker, Iain. "Becoming the Other, Being Oneself: Constructing Identities in a Connected World." Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2010.
  53. ↑ Graebner, Werner (2001). "Twarab ya shingazidja: a first approach". Swahili Forum. 8: 129–143.
  54. ↑   This article incorporates public domain material from "Comoros: Communications". World Factbook. CIA.

Sources

  • Martin Ottenheimer; Harriet Ottenheimer (1994). Historical Dictionary of the Comoro Islands. African Historical Dictionaries; No. 59. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-585-07021-6.
  • Iain Walker (2019). Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros. London, England: Hurst Publishers. ISBN 9781787381469.
  • This article incorporates text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which is in the public domain.

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