Wikipedia

Confucius

For other uses, see Confucius (disambiguation).

Confucius (/kənˈfjuːʃəs/ kən-FEW-shəs; Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly 孔子; Kǒngzǐ; c. 551 – c. 479 BCE) wakaŵa wavinjeru na wandale wa ku China wa nyengo ya Chigumula na Chigumula uyo kanandi wakuwoneka nga ni munthu wakuzirwa chomene pa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵa ku China. Visambizgo vya Confucius na vinjeru vyake ndivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku East Asia ŵakhalenge makora.[24]

Confucius
孔子
Imaginary portrait by Wu Daozi (685–758), Tang dynasty
Kubabika
Kǒng Qiū

c. 551 BCE
Zou, State of Lu
(modern-day Nanxin [zh], Qufu, Shandong, China)
Kufwac. 479 BCE (aged 71–72)
Si River, State of Lu
Resting placeCemetery of Confucius, State of Lu
MbumbaLady Qiguan
ŴanaKong Li (son)
Kong Jiao (daughter)
BanjaShuliang He (father)
Yan Zhengzai (mother)
EraHundred Schools of Thought
(Ancient philosophy)
RegionChinese philosophy
SchoolConfucianism
Notable studentsYan Hui, Zengzi
Disciples of Confucius
Main interests
Ethics, education, music,[1] poetry,[2] political philosophy, Social philosophy
Notable ideas
Confucianism, Silver Rule
Influences
Influenced
Confucius
"Confucius (Kǒngzǐ)" in seal script (top) and regular (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Chinese孔子
Hanyu PinyinKǒngzǐ
Literal meaning"Master Kǒng"
Kong Qiu
Chinese孔丘
Hanyu PinyinKǒng Qiū

Confucius wakajiwonanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakachitanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu nyengo yakale, kweni wakati ŵanthu ŵakavileka. Visambizgo vyake vya vinjeru vya ŵanthu, ivyo vikumanyikwa kuti Confucianism, vikayowoyanga chomene za nkharo yiwemi ya munthu na ya boma, umo ŵanthu ŵakwenera kucitira vinthu, urunji, lusungu, na kugomezgeka. Ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakasuskananga na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi mu nyengo ya Masukulu Ghakukwana 100 gha Maghanoghano. Ufumu wa Qin ukati wabwangandulika, ndipo ufumu wa Han ukati watonda boma la Chu, fundo za Confucius zikazomerezgeka na boma liphya. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Tang na Song, chisopa cha Confucian chikamba kuwoneka ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chisopa cha Confucius chikaŵa chigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku China.

Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti Confucius ndiyo wakalemba panji kung'anamura mabuku ghanandi gha ku China, kusazgapo mabuku gha Classics ghankhondi. Vinyake ivyo wakasambizganga vikaŵa vyakale chomene.[25] Mu buku la Analects mukalembeka mazgu ghakukhwaskana na visambizgo vyake, kweni ghakalembeka pati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo wakafwira.

Fundo za Confucius zikuyana na za ŵanthu ŵa ku China. Cifukwa ca kutemwa comene Ciuta, wakaciska kuti mbumba yiŵe yakugomezgeka, ŵana ŵawo ŵacindikenge ŵapapi ŵawo, ndipo ŵawoli ŵawo ŵacindikenge ŵacekuru. Iyo wakazomera fundo yakuti: "Lekani kuchitira ŵanyinu ivyo mungatemwa yayi kuti ŵamuchitirani".

Zina

Zina lakuti "Confucius" lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti Kǒng Fūzǐ (孔夫子, "Master Kong"), ndipo likaŵako m'ma 1500. Zina la mbumba ya Confucius likaŵa Kong (孔, OC:*‍kʰˤoŋʔ) Zina lake lakwamba likaŵa Qiu(丘, OC:*‍[k]ʷʰə). Zina lake lakuti Zhongni, ilo likwenera kuti ndilo ŵanthu wose ŵakamumanyanga, likaŵa lakuti Zhongni (仲尼, OC:*‍N-‍truŋ-‍s nr[əj]), "Zhòng" wakulongora kuti wakaŵa mwana wachiŵiri mu mbumba yake.[26][27]

Umoyo

Umoyo wakwamba

 
Lu wakuwoneka kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa China.

Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Confucius wakababika pa Seputembala 28, 551 B.C.E., mu msumba wa Zou. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha mathemba gha ku Zhou, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Lu, awo ŵakalamuliranga kufuma ku msumba wa Qufu. Dada wake Kong He (panji Shuliang He) wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Lu. Mbumba yake yikamba kufuma ku fuko la Song m'paka ku fuko la Shang ilo likaŵako pambere fuko la Zhou lindaŵeko. Nkhani za umoyo wa Confucius zikulongora kuti sekuru wa Kong He wakasamuska mbumba yake kufuma ku Song kuya ku Lu. Ŵasambiri wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Confucius wakafuma mu mbumba ya Song.

Kong wakafwa apo Confucius wakaŵa na vilimika vitatu, ndipo Confucius wakalereka na anyina Yan Zhengzai (顏徵在) mu ukavu. Pamasinda, anyina ŵakafwa apo ŵakaŵa na vilimika 40. Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 19, wakatora mwanakazi munyake zina lake Qiguan, ndipo pakati pajumpha chaka, ŵakaŵa na mwana wawo wakwamba, Kong Li. Qiguan na Confucius ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵasungwana ŵaŵiri, yumoza wakafwa apo wakaŵa mwana ndipo munyake zina lake wakaŵa Kong Jiao.

Confucius wakasambira mu masukulu gha ŵanthu bweka, uko wakasambiranga maluso 6.

Confucius wakababikira mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka shi (士). Ŵakayowoya kuti wakagwiranga nchito zinandi za boma apo wakaŵa na vyaka vya m'ma 20, kweniso wakaŵa wakulemba mabuku na kupwelelera mberere na mahachi. Para anyina ŵafwa, Confucius (wa vilimika 23) wakayowoyeka kuti wakalira kwa vilimika vitatu, nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga kale.[28]

Ndale

Mu nyengo ya Confucius, ufumu wa Lu ukalongozgekanga na mbumba ya mafumu. Mu nyumba ya kazembe mukaŵa mbumba zitatu za ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika. Mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa na udindo wa "Nduna ya Ŵanthu", iyo yikaŵaso "Nduna Yikuru". Mbumba ya Meng yikaŵa na udindo wa "Nduna ya Ntchito". Mu cihanya ca 505 BCE, Muwukirano munyake, zina lake Yang Hu, wakawukira mbumba ya Ji na kupoka mazaza. Ndipouli, mu cihanya ca 501 BCE, Mbumba zitatu izi zikaŵa kuti zafumiska Yang Hu mu Lu. Pa nyengo iyi, Confucius wakaŵa kuti wamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake, ndipo mbumba zikamanya kuzirwa kwa nkharo yiwemi na urunji, mwakuti zileke kugomezgeka ku boma. Ntheura, mu caka ici, Confucius wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wa msumba. Pamanyuma, wakazgoka nduna yakuwona vya vigeŵenga.

Confucius wakakhumbanga kuwezgera mazaza gha boma kwa fumu mwa kuwuskapo vigongwe vya msumba ivyo vikaŵa vya mbumba zitatu. Mu nthowa iyi, wangakhazikiska boma lakuŵa na mazaza. Ndipouli, Confucius wakagomezganga waka pa ndyali cifukwa wakaŵa na mazaza yayi pa nkhani ya nkhondo. Mu 500 BCE, Hou Fan, kazembe wa Hou, wakagalukira fumu yake ya mbumba ya Shu. Nangauli mbumba za Meng na Shu zikatondeka kuzingilizga Hou, kweni munthu munyake wakugomezgeka wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa Hou na kuchichizga Hou Fan kuti wachimbilire ku chigaŵa cha Qi. Vinthu vikwenera kuti vikamwendera makora Confucius cifukwa ici cikapangiska kuti Confucius na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakhorweske ŵanthu ŵacindami kuti ŵaparanyenge mizi yawo. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa cilimika cimoza na hafu, Confucius na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakakhorweska mbumba ya Shu kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Hou, mbumba ya Ji kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Bi, ndipo mbumba ya Meng kuti yiparanye viliŵa vya Cheng. Cakwamba, mbumba ya Shu yikalongozga ŵasilikari kuluta ku msumba wawo wa Hou na kubwangandura viliŵa vyake. mu 498 BCE.[29]

 
 
Fresco ya kumadzulo kwa Han (BCE 202) yojambula Confucius (ndi Laozi), kuchokera ku manda a Dongping County, chigawo cha Shandong, China

SPamanyuma pake, Gongshan Furao (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Gongshan Buniu), uyo wakaŵa wa mbumba ya Ji, wakawukira na kuwusa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Bi. Nyengo yeneyiyo wakawukira msumba wa Lu. Kumanyuma uku, Gongshan wakaluta kwa Confucius kuti waŵe nayo lumoza, ndipo Confucius wakawona kuti ni mwaŵi wakwendeskera fundo zake, kweni paumaliro wakaleka. Confucius wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵachitenge viwawa, nangauli mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa na mazaza pa boma la Lu kwa vyaka vinandi. Creel (1949) wakayowoya kuti, mwakupambana na muwukirano Yang Hu, Gongshan wakwenera kuti wakakhumbanga kuparanya mbumba zitatu zakuthupi na kuwezgerapo mazaza gha fumu. Ndipouli, Dubs (1946) wakayowoya kuti Viscount Ji Huan ndiyo wakachiska Gongshan kuti waparanyenge linga la Bi. Mulimose umo vinthu vikaŵira, Gongshan wakawonekanga kuti ni munthu wakunyoloka uyo wakalutilira kuvikilira boma la Lu, nangauli wakacimbira.

Pa nyengo ya kugaluka kwa Gongshan, Zhong You wakasunga kazembe na ma Viscount ghatatu pamoza pa nyumba ya ufumu. Zhong You wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius ndipo Confucius wakanozga vyakuti waŵe kazembe wa mbumba ya Ji. Confucius wakati wapulika za ciwukirano ici, wakapempha Viscount Ji Huan kuti wazomerezge kuti kazembe na nyumba yake yacifumu ŵafumemo mu nyumba yake. Pamanyuma, ŵalongozgi ŵa mbumba zitatu na fumu ŵakawelera ku nyumba ya fumu ya ku Ji na kukwelera ku Wuzi Terrace. Confucius wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri kuti ŵadangilire kuwukira ŵakugaluka. Pa ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa, yumoza wakaŵa muteŵeti wa mbumba ya Ji, kweni ŵakatondeka kukana ulongozgi uwu apo ŵakaŵapo na Duke, Viscounts, na khoti. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵalondezga na kuŵathereska pa nkhondo ya ku Gu. Nyengo yeneyiyo, mbumba ya Ji yikaparanya viliŵa vya msumba wa Bi.

Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera nyuma ŵakati ŵamanya kuti ŵagalukirenge boma na fumu yawo. Kwizira mu ivyo Confucius wakacita, ŵalara ŵa boma la Bi ŵakagalukira fumu yawo, ntheura vikapangiska Viscount Ji Huan kuti waparanye viliŵa vya Bi (pakuti mphanyi vikaŵa na ŵakugaluka aŵa) panji kuzomera kuti ndiyo wakacitiska suzgo ili. Dubs (1949) wakayowoya kuti cakucitika ici cikavumbura umo Confucius wakawoneranga vinthu, maluso ghake gha ndyali, ndiposo umo wakawoneranga mikhaliro ya ŵanthu.

Apo nyengo yikakwana yakuti ŵabwangandure viliŵa vya msumba wa Meng, kazembe wakakhumbanga yayi kuti viliŵa vya msumba wake vibwanganduke. Zuozhuan wakukumbuka kuti kazembe wakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kubwangandura viliŵa vya msumba uwu, cifukwa wakati ichi chingapangiska kuti Cheng waŵe wambura kuvikilirika na boma la Qi. Nangauli Viscount Meng Yi wakalayizga kuti waleke kunjilirapo pa nkhondo, kweni wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga.

Pamanyuma, Duke Ding wakalongozgana na ŵasilikari ŵake kukaka msumba wa Cheng, kweni wakatondeka. Ntheura, Confucius wakatondeka kufiska ivyo wakakhumbanga, kusazgapo kuwezgerapo muwuso wa fumu. Wakaŵa na ŵalwani ŵankhongono mu boma, comenecomene Viscount Ji Huan, cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita. Kuyana na buku la Zuozhuan na Shiji, Confucius wakafumako ku caru cake mu 497 BCE after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families.[30] He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.[31]

Kuchimbizgika mu uzga

 
Mapu agho ghakulongora ulendo wa Confucius pakati pa 497 BCE na 484 BCE

Shiji wakayowoya kuti boma la Qi ilo likaŵa pafupi nalo likafipanga mtima kuti Lu waŵenge wankhongono chomene apo Confucius wakaŵa mu boma la Lu. Kuyana na nkhani iyi, Qi wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga ndondomeko ya Lu mwa kutuma mahachi 100 na ŵasungwana 80 ŵakutowa kuti ŵakambe kuvina. Duke wakacitanga waka vyakusanguluska ndipo wakagwira nchito yayi kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Confucius wakakhuŵara comene ndipo wakakhumbanga kuleka Lu na kupenja mwaŵi uwemi, kweni para wangafumapo mwaluŵiro mbwenu nkharo yiheni ya fumu yingavumbukwa. Ntheura Confucius wakalindilira kuti kazembe uyu wapange ubudi ucoko. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, kazembe uyu wakaleka kutuma kwa Confucius cigaŵa ca nyama iyo wakeneranga kupeleka sembe mwakuyana na kaluso, ndipo Confucius wakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu kuti waleke nchito yake na caru ca Lu.

Confucius wakati wafumapo, wakamba ulendo utali kuzingilira vyaru vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa China. Ku makhoti gha mu vyaru ivi, wakalongosoranga vigomezgo vyake vya ndyali kweni wakaviwona yayi kuti vikufiskika.[32]

Kuwelerani ku nyumba

 
Dindi la Confucius mu dindi la Kong Lin, Qufu, chigaŵa cha Shandong

Buku la Zuozhuan likuti Confucius wakawelera kukwake ku Lu apo wakaŵa na vyaka 68, wati wachemeka na Ji Kangzi, nduna yikuru ya ku Lu. Buku la Analects likulongosora kuti mu vyaka vyake vyaumaliro wakasambizganga ŵasambiri 72 panji 77 na kuŵasambizga vinjeru vyakale. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa]

Apo wakaweranga, Confucius wakawovwiranga ŵalara ŵa boma ku Lu, kusazgapo Ji Kangzi, pa nkhani za muwuso na kuswa malango.

Wakaŵa na citima comene cifukwa ca nyifwa ya mwana wake na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo wakafwa na nthenda iyi apo wakaŵa na vilimika 71 panji 72. Confucius wakasungika mu dindi la Kong Lin ilo lili mu chigaŵa cha Qufu mu chigaŵa cha Shandong. Manda ghakwambilira agho ghakazengeka pa Mlonga wa Sishui, ghakaŵa ghakuyana na nkhwantha. Kweniso kunthazi kwa cikumbusko pali malo gha njerwa agho ŵanthu ŵakupelekerapo vyakununkhira na vipasi.

Filosofi

Template:Confucianism

Nkhani ikulu: Confucianism

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakulondezga cisopa ca Confucianism, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuti cisambizgo ici nchambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵantu. Ndipouli, awo ŵakukhozgera cisambizgo ici ŵakuti nangauli cisambizgo ca Confucian cikuyowoya vya caru, kweni cikujintha pa cisambizgo ca cisopa.[33] Chisopa cha Confucian chikudumbiskana vya umoyo wa munthazi na ivyo vikuchitika kuchanya, kweni chikuyowoyapo yayi vya vinthu vyauzimu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya chisopa.

Mu buku lake la Analects, Confucius wakujiyowoya kuti ni "munthu uyo wakapharazga kwambura kupanga cinthu". Iyo wakuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya kusambira, ndipo cilembo ca ku China ico cikung'anamura kusambira (學) ndico cikujura nkhani iyi. M'malo mwa kughanaghana vya kuzenga fundo za mu Baibolo, iyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambiri ŵake ŵamanye makora mabuku ghakale chomene mwakuti ŵamanye umo ŵangalongosolera masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakukumana nagho mazuŵa ghano.

Makhaliro

Nkhani ikulu: Confucian ethics
 
Buku la Analects

Cimoza mwa visambizgo vikuru comene vya Confucius cingaŵa cakuti ciyelezgero ca munthu yumoza nchakuzirwa comene kuluska malango ghakudunjika. Visambizgo vyake vya makhaliro vikayowoyanga comene za kujisambizga, kuyezga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na makhaliro ghawemi, ndiposo kumanya umo munthu wangacitira vinthu m'malo mwa kumanya malango. Ntheura, fundo za Confucius zingawoneka nga ni za nkharo yiwemi. Visambizgo vyake vikuthemba pa fundo zakupulikikwa yayi, ndipo fundo zaurunji na nthowa zake zikuyowoyeka mwakudunjika yayi. Kuti tipulikiske ivyo wakasambizganga, tikwenera kusanda nkhani yose. Cakuwonerapo ciwemi nchakuti:

廄焚。子退朝，曰：傷人乎？不問馬。 Apo viŵaya vikawotcheka, Confucius wakati wawerako ku nyumba yacifumu, wakati: "Kasi walipo uyo wapwetekeka?" Wakafumbapo yayi za mahachi.

— Analects X.11 (tr. Waley), 10–13 (tr. Legge), or X-17 (tr. Lau)

Para Confucius wakuleka kufumba za mahachi, wakulongora kuti munthu wavinjeru wakuzirwiska chomene ŵanthu kuluska katundu.

Yimoza mwa visambizgo vyake yikaŵa fundo yinyake ya mu Baibolo iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Golden Rule.

子貢問曰：有一言而可以終身行之者乎？子曰：其恕乎！己所不欲、勿施於人。 Zi Gong [musambiri] wakafumba kuti: "Kasi pali lizgu limoza ilo lingalongozga munthu mu umoyo wake wose?" Fumu yikazgora kuti: "Wuli pakuyowoya za 'kuwezgera'? Lekani kuphalira ŵanyinu vinthu ivyo imwe mungatemwa yayi".

— Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton

Kanandi ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga fundo za Confucius ŵakuzirwiska yayi vinthu viwemi ivyo munthu wakuchita. Kucita vinthu viwemi na ŵanji kukwamba na kughanaghana vinthu viwemi na vyaunenesko. Munthu uyo wali na nkharo yiwemi kwambura kumanya vinthu, wangasuzgika, ndipo kucita nkharo yiwemi kwambura mtima wose ni urunji waunenesko yayi. Kuŵa na umanyi ndiposo mtima wakufikapo nkhwakuzirwa cifukwa ca munthu; munthu muwemi wakutemwa kusambira cifukwa ca kusambira ndiposo urunji cifukwa ca urunji.

Fundo ya Confucius yakukhwaskana na nkharo, nga umo yiliri mu nkhani ya lǐ (禮), yikukolerana na fundo zitatu zakuzirwa za umoyo: (a) viphikiro vyakukhwaskana na kupeleka sembe ku ŵasekuru na ŵachiuta ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana, (b) vinthu vya ndyali na vya ndyali, na (c) nkharo ya zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti liyi likafuma kuchanya, kweni Confucius wakadidimizga kuti liyi likapangika na ŵanthu ŵavinjeru. Ivyo wakayowoya pa nkhani ya lǐ vikulongora kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura vinthu vyose ivyo munthu wakuchita kuti waŵe na umoyo uwemi.

Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Chikonfyushasi, lǐ wakachitanga vinthu vyakwenelera pa nyengo yakwenelera; wakayezganga kusungilira fundo izo zilipo kuti vinthu viŵe makora, na kuziphwanya kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Para munthu wakusambira mu Baibolo, wakuŵa na mikhaliro yiwemi iyo yikovwira kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi.

Mu cisopa ca Confucian, lizgu lakuti li likuyana comene na lizgu lakuti yì (義), ilo likujintha pa fundo yakuti munthu wakuŵa wakuyana na munyake. Yì lingang'anamulika kuti urunji, nangauli lingang'anamura ico nchakwenelera kucita mu nyengo yinyake. Lizgu ili likupambana na ivyo munthu wakucita cifukwa ca kujighanaghanira yekha. Nangauli munthu wangaŵa muheni yayi usange wakulondezga vyakukhumba vyake pera, kweni wangaŵa muwemi ndiposo murunji usange wakulondezga nthowa iyo yikovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ntheura chilato cha yì nkhucita ico nchiwemi cifukwa ca cifukwa ciwemi.

Nga umo kachitiro ka vinthu kuyana na lǐ kakwenera kukolerana na khumbo la kulondezga yì, ntheura yì wakukolerana na fundo yikuru ya rén (仁). Rén wali na mikhaliro yinkhondi yakuzirwa: kucita vinthu mwamahara, kuŵa na mtima wakupa, kuŵa wakugomezgeka, kulimbikira, na lusungu. Lizgu lakuti Rén likung'anamura kuti munthu wakucita makora milimo yake ku ŵanji, ndipo kanandi likung'anamulika kuti "lusungu", "mtima wacitemwa", panji "mtima wacitemwa". Fundo za Confucius zikukolerana na lusungu na kupulikiska ŵanji, m'malo mwa kulondezga malango gha Ciuta. Kuti munthu waŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera pa nkhani ya "rén" mwakuti wachitengepo kanthu mwamahara, chikaŵa chiwemi chomene kuluska kuŵa na nkharo ya "yi". Confucius wakati nkharo yiwemi njakwenelera. Mwachiyelezgero, munthu uyo ngwakupa wakupeleka mwakuyana na ndalama izo wakukhumbikwira, kweni wakupeleka zinandi yayi panji zichoko.[34]

Vya ndale

Fundo za Confucius za ndyali zikujintha pa fundo zaurunji. Wakayowoya kuti boma liwemi ni ilo likulongozga kwizira mu "maluso" (lǐ) na nkharo yiwemi ya ŵanthu. Wakalongosora kuti ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vyakuzirwa comene: "Usange ŵanthu ŵakulongozgeka na malango, ndipo ŵakukhumba kuti ŵalangike mwakuyana waka, ŵayezgenge kuti ŵaleke kulangika, kweni ŵakucita soni yayi. Usange ŵakulongozgeka na nkharo yiwemi, ndiposo usange ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu viŵayenderenge umo ŵakukhumbira, ŵazamukhozgeka soni yayi, kweniso ŵazamuŵa ŵarunji". (Ŵerengani 2.3, tr. M'malo mwake, ŵakasuzgikanga. "Mtima wa soni" uwu ni mulimo uwo munthu wakuchita, apo cilango cikulondezgapo yayi para wacita cinthu ciheni, kweni para wacita mwakuyana na dango. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa]

Confucius wakalaŵiska ku mazuŵa ghakwambilira, ndipo wakaciska Ŵachinayi, comenecomene awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza gha ndyali, kuti ŵacitenge nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga kale. Mu nyengo iyo kukaŵa kugaŵikana, vivulupi, na nkhondo pakati pa ŵamazaza, iyo wakakhumbanga kuwezgerapo Ufumu wa Kuchanya (天命) uwo ukakolerananga "charu" (天下, "chose icho chili kusi ku kuchanya") na kupeleka mtende na usambazi ku ŵanthu. Chifukwa chakuti kawonero kake ka vinthu viwemi na vyakukondweska ŵanthu kakaŵa ka kuwuskako ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale, kanandi Confucius wakuwoneka kuti wakutemwa chomene vinthu vyachikale, kweni para tingawona mwakupwelelera ivyo wakuyowoya, tingamanya kuti wakagwiliskiranga ntchito malango na maluso gha mu nyengo yakale kuti waŵike maghanoghano ghake pa ndyali. Ŵazamuŵa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakujipeleka ku ŵanthu ŵawo, ŵakuyezgayezga kuti vinthu viŵayenderenge makora, ndipo ŵazamupharazga mikhaliro yiwemi m'malo mwa kuŵika malango na malango ghakwenelera.

Nangauli Confucius wakakhozgera fundo yakuti fumu yiwemi ndiyo yilongozgenge boma, kweni fundo zake zikaŵa na fundo zinandi zakukanizgira ŵamazaza mazaza ghawo. Wakayowoya kuti unenesko ukwenera kulongosoreka mu kayowoyero, ndipo kugomezgeka nkhwakuzirwa comene. Nanga ni para munthu wakuyowoya, nyengo zose wakwenera kuyowoya unenesko. Confucius wakagomezganga kuti usange muwusi wakukhumba kulongozga makora, ntheura ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kuŵika malango. Pakuyowoya za ubwezi uwo ukaŵanga pakati pa fumu na ŵanthu ŵake (panji pakati pa dada na mwana wake), wakalongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kucindika ŵamazaza. Ici cikang'anamuranga kuti awo ŵali pasi ŵakwenera kuphalira awo ŵakuŵalongozga usange ŵakuwona kuti ŵakucita cinthu ciheni. Confucius wakagomezganga kuti munthu wakwenera kulongora ciyelezgero ciwemi. Usange munthu wakulongozga makora, ntchakukhumbikwa yayi kumukanizga panji kumulanga.[35]

Sumu na ndakatulo

Nkhani ikulu: Ritual and music system
 
Shijing, panji Buku la Sumu

Confucius wakaciska comene sumu kuti ziŵe zakovwira pakusopa. Nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Li Zehou, yikati cisopa ca Confucian cikujintha pa maluso. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti maluso agha ndigho ghakovwira munthu waliyose kuti waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Cifukwa ca fundo iyi, Confucius wakagomezganga kuti "nyimbo zikukolerana pakati pa kucanya na caru capasi; maluso ni ndondomeko ya kucanya na caru capasi". Mwantheura, kwimba sumu mu maluso kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora.

Buku la Shijing na la Classic of Music ndilo likawovwira chomene ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye sumu za Confucius. Buku la Shijing ndimoza mwa mabuku ghakale chomene gha Chikonfyushasi. Ŵanthu ŵakuti Confucius ndiyo wakalemba mabuku agha. Mu buku lake la Analects, Confucius wakalongosora kuzirwa kwa luso pa umo ŵanthu ŵangakulira:[36]

The Master said, "My children, why do you not study the Book of Poetry?
"The Odes serve to stimulate the mind.
"They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation.
"They teach the art of sociability.
"They show how to regulate feelings of resentment.
"From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince.
"From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants."[36]

Chiharo

 
Confucius pamoza na Mozesi na Muhammad pakati pa ŵalembi ŵa malango ŵakumanyikwa comene, na Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse (1827), Louvre Palace

Pamanyuma ŵasambiri na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgora visambizgo vya Confucius kuŵa malango na vyakucita. Ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius na muzukuru wake yumoza pera, Zisi, ŵakalutilira kusambira vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Ivi vikawovwira kuti visambizgo vya Confucius vifike na ku ŵasambiri awo ŵakazgoka ŵantchito mu nyumba zacifumu ku China.

Ŵalondezgi ŵaŵiri ŵa Confucius awo ŵakamanyikwa comene ŵakayowoya fundo zakupambana comene. Mu vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, Mencius (孟子) na Xunzi (??子) wose ŵakalemba visambizgo vyakuzirwa ivyo vikulongosora fundo izo Confucius wakasambizga. Mencius (4th century BCE) Wakalongosora uwemi uwo uli mu ŵanthu nga ni umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira pa nkhani ya nkharo (3rd century BCE) Buku la Confucius likavumbura fundo zaunenesko na zakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mabuku ghawo pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa nga ni Analects.[37]

Kusintha uku mu kaghanaghaniro ka Confucius kukaŵa kwakuyana waka na kusanduka kwa Legalism, uko kukawonanga kuti kusopa kwa mwana ni kupenja vyakukhumba vya iyomwene, ndipo kukaŵa kwakovwira yayi kuti muwusi wapange boma lakwenelera. Kuyana yayi pakati pa visambizgo viŵiri ivi kukakura comene mu 223 BCE apo boma la Qin likapoka caru cose ca China. Li Si, nduna yikuru ya muwuso wa Qin, wakapangiska Qin Shi Huang kuti waleke kughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵa Confucius ŵapelekenge malo ghakuyana waka na gha muwuso wa Zhou. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Confucius ŵakati ŵafika pa fundo yawo, Li Si wakakoma ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa Confucius na kotcha mabuku ghawo.

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han na Tang, fundo za Confucius zikamba kumanyikwa chomene. Mu muwuso wa Wudi, mabuku gha Confucius ghakazgoka visambizgo vya ufumu ndipo ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuŵazgika pa viyezgelero vya uteŵeti wa boma. 140 BCE ndipo ivi vikalutilira mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Apo chisopa cha Mohism chikapulikikwanga yayi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han, ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chisopa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa Legalism, awo Confucian wakati ŵali kuchigwiliskira ntchito, visambizgo vya Laozi, awo ŵakaŵikapo mtima pa vinthu vyauzimu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga chomene fundo za Confucius kweniso ŵamazaza awo ŵakasambizgika na Confucius mu muwuso wa Ming na Yuan, nangauli Kublai Khan wakakananga kuŵapa mazaza gha vigaŵa.

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Song, nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Zhu Xi (1130–1200 CE) wakasazgirapo fundo za cisopa ca Dao na ca Chibuda mu cisopa ca Confucian. Mu umoyo wake wose, ŵanthu ŵakamupulikiskanga yayi Zhu Xi, kweni pamanyuma pakuti wafwa, maghanoghano ghake ghakazgoka maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake pa nkhani ya ng'anamuro la mabuku gha Confucius. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda mdauko mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti Zhu Xi wali kulenga chinthu chinyake chakupambana na ichi. Chikhulupiriro cha Neo-Confucian chikalutilira mu China, Japan, Korea, na Vietnam m'paka mu ma 1800.

 
Buku la Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, likalembeka na ŵamishonale ŵa Yesuit ku Paris mu 1687

Ŵamishonale ŵa Yesuit ndiwo ŵakang'anamura mabuku gha Confucius mu viyowoyero vya ku Europe. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakang'anamura Baibolo ili wakaŵa Michele Ruggieri, uyo wakawelera ku Italy mu 1588 ndipo wakalutilira kung'anamura apo wakakhalanga ku Salerno. Matteo Ricci wakamba kulemba ivyo Confucius wakaghanaghananga, ndipo gulu la ŵa Jesuit - Prospero Intorcetta, Philippe Couplet, na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri - ŵakafumiska mabuku ghakung'anamura mabuku gha Confucius mu 1687. François Noël, wakati watondeka kukhorweska Clement XI kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakusopa ŵasekuru ŵawo na Confucius yayi, wakamalizga kulemba buku la Confucius ku Prague mu 1711, ndipo wakalemba mabuku ghanyake na kung'anamura mabuku gha Mencius. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti mabuku agha ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, chomenechomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta waliko kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasambizgenge vinthu vyaunenesko.

Mu nyengo yithu yino, visambizgo vya Confucianism, nga ni New Confucianism, vichalipo, kweni mu nyengo ya Cultural Revolution, visambizgo vya Confucianism kanandi vikasuzgikanga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa mu chipani cha Communist Party cha China. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵavinjeru na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵambe kususka chisopa cha Confucian m'ma 1900.

Ŵasambiri ŵa mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia ŵakusambira mabuku gha Confucius, chomenechomene ŵa ku China nga ni Korea, Japan, na Vietnam. Vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici vicali kucita ciphikiro ici caka cilicose.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tibet ŵakutemwa kusopa Confucius, uyo ni themba lituŵa kweniso wakumanya vya masalamusi, kuwukwa, na vya nyenyezi. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chibuda ŵakumuwona kuti wakusambira kuwukwa kwa Buddha Manjushri (ndipo vinjeru ivi vikaluta ku Tibet kwizira mwa Mfumukazi Wencheng), apo ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Bon ŵakumuwona kuti ni Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, uyo wakambiska chisopa ichi.

Ŵa Ahmadiyya ŵakugomezga kuti Confucius wakaŵa nchimi ya Ciuta, nga umo vikaŵira na Lao-Tzu na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuzirwa ŵa ku China.

Mu nyengo yithu yino, cinthu cinyake cakucemeka Asteroid 7853, "Confucius", cikacemeka na zina la munthu munyake wa ku China.[38]

Walondezgi

Nkhani ikulu: Disciples of Confucius
 
Zengzi (kumalyero) wakujikama panthazi pa Confucius (pakati), nga ni umo viliri pa cithuzithuzi ca mu buku la Chiyelezgero Cakuyowoya za Kujipeleka kwa Ŵana, la muwuso wa Song

Confucius wakamba kusambizga ŵanthu apo wakaŵa na vilimika 30, ndipo wakasambizga ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 3,000, ndipo 70 ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene. Ŵasambiri ŵake na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga chisambizgo cha Confucius ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono chomene mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe na America. Munthu munyake wakulemba mdauko zina lake Sima Qian, wakalemba vya ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius. Sima Qian wakalemba mazina gha ŵasambiri 77 mu buku lake, apo Kongzi Jiayu wakalemba mazina 76. Mabuku ghaŵiri agha ghakuzunura mazina gha ŵasambiri 96. Mabuku gha Analects ghakuzunura mabuku 22 ndipo Mencius wakulemba 24.

Confucius wakatoranga ndalama yayi, ndipo wakapemphanga waka kuti waliyose uyo wakukhumba kuŵa msambiri wake wamupenge nyama yakomira. Zigong, msambiri wake, wakati msambizgi wake wakacitiranga ŵasambiri ŵake vinthu nga umo ŵadokotala ŵakucitira na ŵalwari. Ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Lu, uko kukaŵa kwawo kwa Confucius, ndipo pakaŵa ŵasambiri 43, kweni wakazomera ŵasambiri kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku China. Confucius wakawonanga kuti ivyo ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakasambiranga ni vyakuzirwa yayi, ndipo wakazomerezganga ŵanthu ŵakuchindikika, ŵanthu bweka, na ŵakugaluka nga ni Yan Zhuoju na Gongye Chang. Ŵasambiri ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi ŵakeneranga kupeleka ndalama zakukwana na usambazi wawo.

Msambiri uyo Confucius wakatemwanga comene wakaŵa Yan Hui, uyo wakwenera kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakavu comene. Mwakupambana na Yan Hui, Sima Niu wakafuma ku mbumba ya fuko la Song. Mu visambizgo vya Confucius, ŵasambiri ŵakamanya makora fundo na nthowa za boma. Kanandi wakadumbiskananga na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo wakazirwiskanga chomene nkhani za mdauko, sumu, na maluso. Confucius wakasambizganga kuti tikwenera kugomezgeka ku fundo za mu Baibolo m'malo mwa kugomezgeka ku vinjeru vithu. Nangauli Confucius wakaŵasuska cifukwa ca nkharo zawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakakondwa comene na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe na ŵamazaza ŵakugomezgeka awo ŵakasambizgika makhaliro ghawemi. Nakuti msambiri wake zina lake Zilu wakafwa apo wakavikiliranga fumu yake ku Wey.

Yang Hu, uyo wakaŵa pasi pa fuko la Ji, ndiyo wakawusa boma la Lu kwambira mu 505 m'paka mu 502. Cifukwa ca ici, ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Confucius ŵakimikika mu mauteŵeti gha boma. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa Confucius ŵakamba kuŵa na maudindo ghapacanya, ndipo ŵanyake Confucius ndiyo wakaŵapa. Apo Confucius wakaŵa na vilimika 50, mbumba ya Ji yikaŵa kuti yakhozga mazaza ghawo mu caru ca Lu. Nangauli mbumba ya Ji yikacitanga vinthu ivyo Confucius wakakolerana navyo yayi, kweni ŵasambiri ŵa Confucius ŵakasanganga nchito zinandi. Confucius wakalutilira kukumbuska ŵasambiri ŵake kuti ŵalutilire kugomezgeka ku fundo zawo ndipo wakakananga awo ŵakachitanga nthena yayi..[39]

Visual portraits

 
Chithunzi cha Qiu Ying (1494-1552), Ming dynasty

Palije vithuzithuzi vya Confucius ivyo vilipo mazuŵa ghano, ndipo vikulongora waka umo wakawonekeranga mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Han. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi ivyo vikulongora umo wakakumaniranga na Laozi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulongora kuti Confucius wakaŵa munthu muwemi chomene. Mu mutu wakuti "Vinthu Vyakuwaro" muli mazgu ghakwambilira gha Confucius (外物; Wàiwù) mu buku la Zhuangzi (莊子; Zhuāngzǐ), Wakamalizga kuzingilira mu 3 C.E., pati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo Confucius wakafwira. Cithuzithuzi cakale comene ca Confucius cavumbukwa mu dindi la fumu ya Han, Marquis of Haihun (kufwa 59 BCE). Chithuzithuzi ichi ŵakachijambura pa khuni ilo likaŵa pa gilasi la mkuŵa.

Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵakachitanga kuŵika vithuzithuzi mu tempile la Confucius. Kweni mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) wa muwuso wa Ming, ŵakawona kuti chithuzithuzi cha Confucius chikwenera kuŵa mu tempile la ku tawuni yake ya Qufu mu Shandong. Mu visopa vinyake, Confucius wakuzunulika pa libwe. Mu 2006, China Confucius Foundation yikapempha kuti paŵe chithuzithuzi cha Confucius chakuyana na cha Wu Daozi.

Cikhuni ca ku South Wall mu khoti la Supreme Court of the United States cikulongora Confucius nga ni msambizgi wa mtende, kusambira, na nkharo yiwemi.[40]

Vinthu vyautesi

Pali mafilimu ghaŵiri agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa Confucius: la Confucius la mu 1940 ilo Tang Huaiqiu ndiyo wakalilemba, na la Confucius la mu 2010 ilo Chow Yun-fat ndiyo wakalilemba.[41]

Malo ghakukumbukirako

 
Chipata chakwamba cha tempile la Confucius ku Zhenhai
 
Tempile la Confucius ku Jiading, sono ni tawuni ya ku Shanghai. Sono mu tempile la Confucius ku Jiading muli nyumba yakusungiramo vinthu vyakale iyo yikulongosora ivyo vikachitikanga pa maungano gha ufumu.

Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Confucius wakafwira, msumba wa Qufu, uwo ukaŵa kukwake, ukazgoka malo ghakusoperako na kukumbuka ŵanthu. Mu buku la Han Dynasty Records of the Grand Historian muli nkhani izo zikulongora kuti msumba uwu ukaŵa kale malo ghakusoperapo ŵasembe. Ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta kukawona visopa. Mu visopa vya Cinic, muli visopa vinandi ivyo vili na vikozgo vya Buddha, Laozi, na Confucius. Paliso matempile ghanandi agho ghakazunulika kwa iyo.

Awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Confucian ŵakutemwa kuchita viphikiro vya kukumbukira Confucius chaka chilichose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kaluso aka kakamara kwa vyaka vinandi mu charu cha China, uko chipani cha Communist na boma vikazomerezganga kuti ivyo Confucius na Confucianism ŵakagomezganga vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga. Ntheura, viphikiro vyose ivi vikakanizgika. Mu ma 1990, ŵakaŵaso na ciphikiro ici. Pakuti pasono ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti ntchakuzirwa kusopa mbiri na mitheto ya ku China, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵapo nanga ŵangaŵa ŵa chipani cha Communist.

Ku Taiwan, uko chipani cha Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) chikakhozgeranga chomene vigomezgo vya Confucius pa nkhani ya makhaliro na nkharo, boma likukhozgera kaluso ka kukumbukira Confucius (祭孔). Nangauli ni holide ya caru cara, kweni yikuwoneka pa kalendara yiliyose, nga ni umo viliri na Zuŵa la Ŵadada panji Khisimasi ku vyaru vya ku Western.

Ku South Korea, pa zuŵa la kubabika kwa Confucius na pa zuŵa la nyifwa yake, ŵakuchita viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya Seokjeon Daeje.[42]

Ŵana

Wonaniso: Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent

Ŵana ŵa Confucius ŵakamanyikwanga kanandi waka na kucindikwa na maboma ghacifumu. Ŵakapika udindo wa marquis maulendo 35 kufuma apo ŵakacitira Gaozu mu muwuso wa Han, ndipo ŵakakwezgeka kuŵa duke maulendo 42 kufuma mu muwuso wa Tang mpaka mu muwuso wa Qing. Themba Xuanzong la ku Tang ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kumupa zina lakuti "Duke Wenxuan" Kong Suizhi wa muwiro wa 35. Mu 1055, Themba Renzong la ku Song likapeleka zina lakuti "Duke Yansheng" kwa Kong Zongyuan wa muwiro wa 46.

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa muwuso wa Southern Song, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou wakachimbilira kumwera pamoza na Emperor Song ku Quzhou ku Zhejiang, apo muwuso wa Jin (1115-1234) uwo ukakhazikiskika mwasonosono kumpoto ukimika Kong Duanyou mubali wake Kong Duancao uyo wakakhala ku Qufu kuŵa Duke Yansheng. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi m'paka mu muwuso wa Yuan, kukaŵa mafumu ghaŵiri gha Yansheng, limoza kumpoto ku Qufu ndipo linyake kumwera ku Quzhou. Themba Kublai Khan la muwuso wa Yuan likamuchema kuti wawelere ku Qufu. Mbumba ya kumwera yikaleka kuŵa na zina ili chifukwa chakuti Kong Zhu wakakana, ntheura mbumba ya kumpoto yikalutilira kuŵa na zina lakuti Duke Yansheng. Munthavi wa kumwera ukakhala mu msumba wa Quzhou, uko ŵakukhala m'paka lero. Ŵana ŵa Confucius mu Quzhou pera ŵalipo 30,000. Muwuso wa Hanlin Academy wa Wujing boshi 五經博士 ukapelekeka ku munthavi wa kumwera ku Quzhou na Fumu ya Ming apo munthavi wa kumpoto ku Qufu ukaŵa na zina lakuti Duke Yansheng. Mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ca kumwera ni 孔祥 Kong Xiangkai.

Mu 1351, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Fumu Toghon Temür wa muwuso wa Yuan, mwana waciŵiri wa muwuso wa Kong Huan (孔??) Kong Shao (孔昭) wakasama kufuma ku China kuya ku Korea mu muwuso wa Goryeo, ndipo wakapokelereka makora na Mfumukazi Noguk (muwoli wa Themba Gongmin uyo wakababika ku Mongolia). Wakati waŵa mwenekaya wa charu cha Korea, wakasintha zina lake kufuma pa "昭" kuŵa "紹" (Korean: 공여; Hanja: 孔帤), 1329–1397), ntheura wakambiska mbumba ya Changwon Gong (Korean: 창원 공씨; Hanja: 昌原 孔氏), malo agho ŵakakhalanga ghakaŵa ku Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province. Kufuma apo, mbumba iyi yikamba kuŵa na maudindo ghapachanya mu muwuso wa Joseon.[43] Mu 1794, mu nyengo ya Themba Jeongjo, mbumba iyi yikasintha zina kuŵa Gokbu Gong (Korean: 곡부 공씨; Hanja: 曲阜 孔氏) Ku Qufu uko kukababikira Confucius (Korean: 곡부; Hanja: 曲阜; RR: Gokbu).[44]

Ŵana ŵake ŵakumanyikwa ni Gong Yoo (zina lake leneko Gong Ji-cheol (공지철)) na Gong Hyo-jin (공효진); na ŵanthu nga ni Gongchan (zina lake leneko Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), Minzy (zina lake leneko Gong Min-ji (공민지)), kweniso ŵadadavyara, awo ŵakwimba ŵanthu. Gong Ok-jin [ko] (공옥진).

Nangauli mu China mukaŵa kusintha kwa muwuso, kweni zina lakuti Duke Yansheng likapelekeka ku miwiro yakulondezgapo ya mphapu yake m'paka apo likamara kulembekera mu 1935. Munthu waumaliro uyo wakaŵa na zina ili, Kung Te-cheng wa mu muwiro wa 77, ndiyo wakasankhika kuŵa Mulara wa Kupeleka Sembe kwa Confucius. Kung Te-cheng wakafwa mu Okutobala 2008, ndipo mwana wake, Kung Wei-yi, uyo wakaŵa wa nambara 78, wakafwa mu 1989. Muzukuru wa Kung Te-cheng, Kung Tsui-chang, uyo wakaŵa wa mu mzere wa 79, wakababika mu 1975. Mudumbu wa Te-cheng, Kong Demao, wakukhala ku China ndipo wali kulemba buku lakulongosora ivyo vikamucitikira apo wakakuranga mu nyumba ya mbumba yake ku Qufu. Mudumbu munyake, Kong Deqi, wakafwa wacali mwana mucoko. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa Confucius ŵachali kukhala mu msumba wa Qufu.

H. wakaŵa wa mphapu ya Confucius. H. Kung, wakaŵa Mulara wa Boma la China. Yumoza wa ŵana ŵake, Kong Lingjie [zh](孔令傑), wakatora Debra Paget uyo wakababa Gregory Kung (孔德基).

Mbumba ya Confucius, ya Kong, ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru capasi. Mbumba iyi yili mu muwiro wake wa nambara 83, ndipo yili kufuma kwa Confucius. Wupu wakuwona vya miwiro ya ŵanthu (Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, CGCC) ukati Confucius wali na ŵana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni ghatatu. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, masauzandi ghanandi ghakukhala kuwaro kwa China. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1400, munthu munyake wa fuko la Kong wakaluta ku Korea, uko mazuŵa ghano kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 34,000 awo mbana ŵa Confucius. Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa wakachimbira ku Qufu mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakukhora ya ku China mu 1940, ndipo paumaliro wakakhazikika ku Taiwan. Paliso minthavi yinyake ya mbumba ya Kong iyo yikang'anamukira ku Cisilamu pamanyuma pa kutengwa ku ŵanakazi ŵa Cisilamu, mu Dachuan mu cigaŵa ca Gansu mu ma 1800, ndiposo mu 1715 mu Xuanwei mu cigaŵa ca Yunnan. Ŵanandi mwa Ŵasilamu awo ŵali kufuma kwa Confucius ŵali kufuma ku nthengwa ya Ma Jiaga (馬甲??), mwanakazi Musulumani, na Kong Yanrong (孔??), muwiro wa 59 wa Confucius mu chaka cha 1480, ndipo ŵakusangika pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Hui na Dongxiang. Mu mdauko uphya uwu muli Ŵasilamu. Kong Dejun (孔德軍) ni nkhwantha ya Chisilamu yakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Qinghai.

Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mbumba ya Confucius, ku China kukaŵa pulogiramu ya kuyezga DNA ya ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵali mu mbumba za Confucius. Ivi vingawovwira kuti ŵasayansi ŵamanye kuti ŵana ŵanalume ŵa Confucius ŵali na chikhomozomu chakuchemeka Y. Usange mphapu ya munthu yikufuma ku dada kuya ku mwana, kufuma mu nyengo ya Confucius, ŵanalume wose mu mbumba iyi ŵaŵenge na chikhomozomu chakuyana waka na cha munthu uyo ŵali kufuma kwa iyo. Chilato cha kuyezgelera majini chikaŵa chakuti kovwire ŵanthu awo ŵali ku chigaŵa chinyake mu charu cha China awo ŵali kutaya mbiri yawo kuti ŵalongore kuti mbanthu ŵa mu mbumba yawo. Ndipouli, mu 2009, maofesi ghanandi ghakazomera yayi kuyezga DNA. Bryan Sykes, pulofesa wa sayansi ya majini pa Yunivesite ya Oxford, wakapulikiska fundo iyi. Ni fumbo la sayansi pera yayi". Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasazgireko ŵanthu ŵaphya mu mbumba ya Confucius. Ŵabali awo ŵakachimbilira ku Taiwan ŵakakhwaskika yayi na DNA.

Mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yinyake ŵakachita kafukufuku wa DNA ndipo ŵakasanga kuti wose ŵakaŵa na chikhomozomu chakuyana na cha Y.

Buku la Confucius genealogy la nambara 5 na laumaliro likasindikizgika na CGCC. Chikavumbukwa pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Qufu pa Seputembala 24, 2009. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanakazi nawo ŵalipo..[45]

Ukaboni


Maghu ghakulembeka

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Mabuku ghanyake

Mabuku

See Richey 2018 and Hutton 2019 for extensive bibliographies

  • Clements, Jonathan (2008). Confucius: A Biography. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4775-6.
  • Confucius (1997). Lun yu, (in English The Analects of Confucius). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04019-4.
  • Confucius (2003). Confucius: Analects – With Selections from Traditional Commentaries. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BCE) ISBN 0-87220-635-1.
  • Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1949). Confucius and the Chinese Way. New York: Harper.
  • Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1953). Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia of Religion (Vol. C, pp. 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference
  • Dawson, Raymond (1982). Confucius. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-287536-5.
  • Fingarette, Hebert (1998). Confucius : the secular as sacred. Long Grove, Ill.: Waveland Press. ISBN 978-1-57766-010-1.
  • Kaizuka, Shigeki (1956). Confucius. His life and thought. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
  • Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1974). Records of the Historian. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
  • Sterckx, Roel. Chinese Thought. From Confucius to Cook Ding. London: Penguin, 2019.
  • Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). Confucius and the Analects: New Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513396-X.

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