Wikipedia

Equatorial Guinea

charu cha ufumu mu Afilika
Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Western New Guinea, or Papua New Guinea.
"EQG" redirects here. For the vehicle, see Mercedes-Benz EQG. For the toyline, see My Little Pony: Equestria Girls.

Equatorial Guinea (Spanish: Guinea Ecuatorial;[lower-alpha 1] French: Guinée équatoriale; Portuguese: Guiné Equatorial), kweneso patali patali kumanyikwaso kuti Equatoguinea, mwalamulo Charu cha Equatorial Guinea (Spanish: República de Guinea Ecuatorial, French: République de Guinée équatoriale, Portuguese: República da Guiné Equatorial),[lower-alpha 2] ni chalo icho chili ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Central Africa, na malo ghakukwana 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi).

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea
  • República de Guinea Ecuatorial (Spanish)
  • République de Guinée équatoriale (French)
  • República da Guiné Equatorial (Portuguese)
Mbendela Coat of arms
Chiluso: Unidad, Paz, Justicia (Spanish)
"Unity, Peace, Justice"
Nyimbo: Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad (Spanish)
Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness
[[File:
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Msumba WabomaMalabo (current)
Ciudad de la Paz (under construction)
Msumba usani Malabo
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
Viyowoyelo vyakumanyikwa vyamuvigaŵa
List
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (1994[3])
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party presidential republic under a dictatorship[4][5]
 -  President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
 -  Vice President Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue
 -  Prime Minister Manuela Roka Botey
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house Chamber of Deputies
Independence from Spain
 -  Declared 12 October 1968 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 28,050 km2 (141st)
10,830 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) negligible
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 1,679,172[6] (154th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total $27.959 billion (148th)
 -  Per capita $18,127[7]
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total $16.012 billion (133rd)
 -  Per capita $8,462[8]
HDI (2021)Increase 0.596[9]
medium ·145th
Ndalama Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Mtundu Wanyengo WAT (UTC+1)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .gq
a. Including Equatoguinean Spanish (Español ecuatoguineano).

Malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa Spain, ndipo pamanyuma pake ghakazgoka Guinea. Mu 2021, chalo ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,468,777, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mba Fang.[10]

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na vigaŵa viŵiri, chirwa na charu chikuru. Charu ichi chili na virwa vya Bioko (ivyo kale vikachemekanga Fernando Pó) mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea na Annobón, chirwa chichoko icho chili na majigha. Chirwa cha Bioko chili kumpoto comene kwa Equatorial Guinea ndipo ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, Malabo. Chirwa cha São Tomé na Príncipe icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi chili pakati pa Bioko na Annobón.[11]

Chigaŵa cha Río Muni chili kumpoto na charu cha Cameroon, kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Gabon. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli Bata, msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Equatorial Guinea, na Ciudad de la Paz, msumba ukuru wa caru ici. Mu Rio Muni muli virwa vicoko comene nga ni Corisco, Elobey Grande, na Elobey Chico. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Francophonie, OPEC na CPLP.[12]

Pambere charu cha Equatorial Guinea chindafume ku Spain mu 1968, chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Francisco Macías Nguema. Ŵalongozgi wose ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakucemeka ŵamazaza ŵankhaza. Kwambira m'ma 1990, Equatorial Guinea njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.[13] Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pa charu chose chili pa nambara 43. Charu ichi chili pa nambala 144 pa 2019 Human Development Index, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana hafu ŵali na maji ghawemi ghakumwa ndipo ŵana 7.9% ŵakufwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi.[14][15][16]

Charu ichi chili na chiyowoyero cha Cisipanishi pamoza na Cifurenci na Ciphwitikizi.[17][18]Kweniso ni ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya (kanandi kuluska viyowoyero vinyake viŵiri vya boma).[19] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalipo 85 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa Bubi, awo ŵakukhala ku Bioko ndiwo ni gulu laciŵiri likuru comene pa ŵanthu wose pa caru ici.

Boma la Equatorial Guinea ndakuzomerezgeka yayi ndipo lili na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni chomene pa charu chose.[20] Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukuwona kuti Obiang ni yumoza wa ŵanthu awo "ŵakutinkha" wanangwa wa m'magazini. Kuguliska ŵanthu ni suzgo likuru ku U.S. Lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuguliska ŵanthu likuyowoya za Equatorial Guinea nga ni caru ico ŵanthu ŵakuguliskirako ŵanthu ŵankhongono na kugonana. Lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti charu cha Equatorial Guinea "chikufiska yayi ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliskika, kweni chikuyezgayezga kuti chileke".[21]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Equatorial Guinea

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga ku Equatorial Guinea, kweni mazuŵa ghano ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Río Muni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama cha m'ma 2000 B.C.E. kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Nigeria na kumpoto cha Cameroon. Ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhazikika ku Equatorial Guinea ca m'ma 500 B.C..[22][23] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kukhazikika pa cirwa ca Bioko ŵakaŵako mu 530. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Annobón awo ŵakukhala ku Angola, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska mu charu ichi.

 
Portuguese rule in Equatorial Guinea lasted from the arrival of Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) in 1472 until the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo

Kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (1472-1778)

Munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona cirwa ca Bioko wakaŵa Fernando Pó, wa ku Portugal, uyo wakaluta ku India mu 1472. Wakacicema kuti Formosa, kung'anamura kuti "Cikutowa", kweni mwaluŵiro cikacemeka na munthu munyake wa ku Europe. Fernando Pó na Annobón ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Portugal mu 1474. Vipinda vyakwambilira vikapangika pa virwa ivi ca m'ma 1500 apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamanya makora kuti virwa ivi vikaŵa na dongo la vimalibwe na malo gha mapiri agho ghakaŵa ghakukhora ku matenda. Nangauli ku Portugal kukaŵa vyandulo vinandi, kweni mu 1507 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵakhazikiske munda wa mkaka pafupi na Concepción pa Fernando Pó. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgika comene cifukwa ca vula izo zikalokwa pa cirwa cikuru ici, kweniso cifukwa ca kuthukira comene kwa maji.[24]

Kuwusa kwa ku Spain kwakwambilira na kulekera Britain (1778-1844)

Mu 1778, Fumukazi Maria I ya ku Portugal na Themba Charles III la ku Spain, ŵakasayina phangano la El Pardo ilo likapeleka Bioko, virwa vichokovichoko, na wanangwa wa malonda ku nyanja ya Biafra pakati pa milonga ya Niger na Ogoue ku Spain. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos wakapoka Bioko ku Portugal pa 21 Okutobala 1778. Mubali uyu wakafwa na nthenda iyo yikamukora pa nyanja ya Bioko. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhira pa cirwa ca São Tomé, uko ŵakakakika na boma la Portugal pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵawo ŵakujumpha 80 peresenti ŵakalwara. Cifukwa ca soka ili, Spain wakakayika usange wangagwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi pa malo agha. Ndipouli, nangauli ŵakasangana na masuzgo agha, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito cirwa ici kuti ŵaguliske ŵazga. Pakati pa 1778 na 1810, chigaŵa icho chikazgoka Equatorial Guinea chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Río de la Plata, uwo ukaŵa ku Buenos Aires.[25]

Pakukana kugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi kuti Fernando Pó walutilire kukura, kufuma mu 1827 m'paka 1843, ŵa ku Spain ŵakachita lenti msasa ku Malabo pa Bioko ku United Kingdom. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Fernando Pó mu 1827, ndipo mu 1843 ŵakawelera ku Sierra Leone. Cifukwa cakuti ku Spain kukaŵavya ŵazga mu 1817 cifukwa ca kukosera kwa ŵa ku Britain, boma la Spain likawona kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa. Phangano la Spain lakuti liguliske malo ghake ku Britain likamara mu 1841 cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain.[26]

M'ma 1800 (1844–1900)

 
Mapu gha vyaru vya Spain mu 1897, pambere ŵandafike ku Paris (1900)

Mu 1844, ŵa ku Britain ŵakawezgera chilumba ichi ku Spain ndipo malo agha ghakachemekanga kuti "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Cifukwa ca nthenda zakwambukira, Spain wakathera ndalama zinandi yayi mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1862 nthenda ya yellow fever yikakoma ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhazikika pa cirwa ici. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kupanga minda mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800.

Vipambi vya Fernando Pó vikendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mtundu wa Creole, awo pamasinda ŵakachemekanga Fernandinos. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Britain, ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵazga. Ŵazga ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola, ŵa ku Portugal, ŵa ku Africa, na awo ŵakafuma ku Nigeria na Liberia nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba, ku Philippines, ku Spain, na ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakatolekera ku Africa cifukwa ca milandu ya ndyali panji vinyake.

Kuzakafika mu 1870, ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ŵakamba kuwona makora kuti ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, ndipo mu 1884 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Basile. Henry Morton Stanley wakati Fernando Pó wakaŵa "munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo Spain wakaleka kumucindika" cifukwa ca kukana kucita nthena. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuponoska, kweni Mary Kingsley, uyo wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici, wakayowoya kuti Fernando Pó wakaŵa "nthowa yakusuzga comene yakukomera" ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain.

Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku virwa vya ku Portugal, ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira, na awo ŵakakhumbanga kulima minda. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Fernandino ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika ndipo ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi, kweni pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi 9 pa 10 ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti ndipo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhalanga makora pa malo ghakupandamo viŵeto apo ntchito ya kusanga ŵantchito yikalutilira pa nyanja ya Windward Coast, cifukwa ŵakakhalanga na mbumba zawo ndiposo ŵanyawo. Mbumba ya Fernandino yikaŵa yakovwira chomene pakuguliska vinthu pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na ŵa ku Europe. Muzga munyake zina lake William Pratt uyo wakafuma ku West Indies kwizira ku Sierra Leone, wakayamba kulima cacao pa Fernando Pó.[27]

Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900

Nkhani ikulu: Spanish Guinea
 
Malire pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 1900 pa malo agho ghakazgoka Guinea wa Spain, mpaka apo boma la Spain likapokera wanangwa mu 1968

Spain wakaŵa kuti wandatore malo ghakuru gha mu nyanja ya Biafra agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuyana na phangano, ndipo Ŵafarisi ŵakalutilira kuthereska malo agha. Madrid wakawovwira waka ŵanthu nga ni Manuel Iradier awo ŵakasazgapo phangano lakuti charu cha Gabon na Cameroon vileke kuŵa pasi pa ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga ntchito iyi. Vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni nkhondo ya ku Cuba na nkhondo ya ku Spain na America, vikawovwira kuti Madrid yiŵe yakutangwanika. Boma likapeleka wovwiri ucoko comene ku caru ca Spain cifukwa ca maghanoghano gha ŵanthu kweniso cifukwa ca kukhumba ŵantchito pa Fernando Pó.

Paumaliro, phangano la Paris mu 1900, likapangiska kuti charu cha Spain chiŵe na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Rio Muni. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 26,000 km2 pa malo 300,000 agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Ubangi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pakuyaniska na agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵangaŵa nagho mwakuyana na ivyo ŵakayowoya na phangano la El Pardo. Kuyuyulika kwa maungano gha ku France na Spain, pamoza na soka la ku Cuba, vikapangiska kuti Pedro Gover y Tovar, mulongozgi wa gulu la ku Spain, wajipaye pa ulendo wa ku nyumba pa Okutobala 21, 1901. Iradier wakafwa mu 1911, ndipo pakajumpha vyaka vinandi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵandamanye ivyo wakachita.

Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakiza ku malo agha. Mu 1904/1905, boma la Spain likapeleka malango ghakwendeskera malo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamba kulima minda yikuru ŵakizanga kufuma ku Spain. Mu 1914, pakaŵa phangano na charu cha Liberia lakuti ŵagulire ŵantchito ŵambura kukhumba ndalama zinandi. Kweni chifukwa cha viheni ivyo ŵakachita, boma la Liberia likamalizga phangano ili pamasinda pa ivyo vikavumbukwa pa nkhani ya ntchito izo ŵantchito ŵa ku Liberia ŵakachitanga pa Fernando Pó mu lipoti la Christy Report ilo likapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa charu ichi Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba mu 1930.

 
Corisco MU 1910

Cinthu cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu caru cikaŵa kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bubi ŵakakana kugwira nchito pa malo agha cifukwa cakuti ŵakasuzgikanga comene na uloŵevu, matenda gha kugonana, nthomba, na matenda gha mu tulo. Ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wakuchita vinthu paŵekha.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu charu ichi ŵakavikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bubi ku awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵapanda. Ŵasambiri ŵa Katolika ŵakamba kusopa chomene mu malo agha mu 1898 na 1910, ndipo ŵakachitanga viwukirano viŵiri. Mu 1917, mbumba ya Bubi yikaleka kuŵa na vilwero ndipo yikakhala na ŵamishonale. Kucepa kwa ŵantchito kukamara cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakacimbira ku Cameroon, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakakhala pa cirwa ici kwa vilimika vinandi.

Pakati pa 1926 na 1959, msumba wa Bioko na Rio Muni ukaŵa pamoza nga ni charu cha Spain. Chuma chawo chikajintha pa malo ghakurughakuru gha khofi na cacao, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku Liberia, Nigeria, na Cameroon. Pakati pa 1914 na 1930, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaluta ku Fernando Po kuyana na phangano la ntchito ilo likamara mu 1930.

Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵavya ŵantchito, ŵalimi ŵa mu Fernando Po ŵakaluta ku Rio Muni. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang. Kuzakafika mu 1926, mu chigaŵa chose ichi mukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo mu 1929 chigaŵa chose ichi chikaŵa kuti 'chali pa mtende'.[28]

 
Ndege yakwamba ya Iberia kufuma ku Madrid kuluta ku Bata, 1941

Nkhondo ya ku Spain yikakhwaska chomene malo agha. Ŵazungu 150 ŵa ku Spain, kusazgapo Kazembe Mukuru na Wachiŵiri wa Kazembe Mukuru wa Río Muni, ŵakambiska chipani cha Socialist icho chikachemekanga Popular Front mu chigaŵa ichi. Nkhondo yikati yamba, Francisco Franco wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa ku Canary Islands kuti ŵakawusire Equatorial Guinea. Mu Seputembala 1936 ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Spain ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Río Muni. Kuzakafika mu Novembala, gulu la Popular Front na awo ŵakalikolerana nalo ŵakathereskeka, ndipo Franco wakathereska Equatorial Guinea. Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, Juan Fontán Lobé, wakimikika kuŵa Kazembe Mukuru na Franco ndipo wakamba kulamulira makora malo agha.

Mu Rio Muni mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ŵakajumpha 100,000 mu ma 1930, ndipo cikaŵa cipusu comene kuti ŵanthu ŵacimbire ku Cameroon panji Gabon. Kweniso, makampani ghakuzenga makuni ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo para ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima khofi ŵakasanganga nthowa yinyake yakulipira misonkho. Ntheura Fernando Pó wakalutilira kusuzgika na suzgo la ŵantchito. Ŵafarani ŵakazomerezga waka kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge nchito mu Cameroon kwa nyengo yicoko waka. Fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti Fernando Pó waŵe chigaŵa cha vyakurya vyakunozga comene mu Africa pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.[29]

Vyaka vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa Spain (1945-1968)

 
Centro Cultural de España (Cultural Centre of Spain) in Malabo
 
Pa 12 Okutobala 1968, nduna ya ku Spain Manuel Fraga pamoza na pulezidenti muphya wa Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema ŵakasaina phangano lakuti Equatorial Guinea yilije mazaza

Mu ndyali, mdauko wa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Spain pamanyuma pa nkhondo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu: m'paka mu 1959, apo ufumu wa Portugal ukakhumba kuti charu ichi chiŵe pasi pa boma la Spain. Pakati pa 1960 na 1968, apo boma la Madrid likayezga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa boma la Spain. Nyengo yakwamba yikaŵa yakulondezgapo ya ndyali izo zikaŵako kale; ndyali izi zikaŵa zakuyana comene na za ku Portugal na France, comenecomene pakugaŵa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa viŵiri: ciŵelengero cikuru ico cikalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici panji awo ŵakaŵa ŵeneco yayi, na ciŵelengero cicoko comene (pamoza na ŵazungu) awo ŵakazomerezgekanga kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka.

Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa vyaru vyawo, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakabisama mu mawoko gha ŵawiskewo mu Cameroon na Gabon. Ŵakapanga magulu ghaŵiri: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), na Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana yayi pa ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi, kweni ndimo vikaŵira yayi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakumanya fundo iyi, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kulimbikira kunozgekera kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1965, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵanga madola 466, agho ghakaŵa ghapacanya comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ŵakacitapo kanthu kuti ŵamazge nthenda ya kugona na vyoni mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1967 unandi wa vipatala mu Equatorial Guinea ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska mu Spain, umo mukaŵa vipatala 167. Ndipouli, vinthu vikenda makora yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, ndipo nga umo vikaŵira mu Democratic Republic of Congo, paumaliro wa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapacanya ŵakaŵa waka na manambara ghaŵiri.

Pa 9 Ogasiti, 1963, boma la Georgia likapeleka wanangwa ku chigaŵa ichi kweniso likakhozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura. Ici cikaŵa cakovwira cara, ndipo cifukwa ca kukhuŵara kwa UN, Madrid wakacicizgika kuti wasinthe vinthu. Mu 1965, wupu wa UN ukazomerezga kuti Spain wapokere wanangwa uwu. Mu 1966, wupu unyake wa UN ukendera charu ichi. Pakuzgora, ŵa ku Spain ŵakapharazga kuti pa Okutobala 27, 1967, ŵazamucita ungano wa malango kuti ŵadumbiskane za dango liphya la Equatorial Guinea. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa ŵalendo 41 ŵa ku malo agha na ŵa ku Spain 25. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana pakati pa Fernandinos na Bubi, awo ŵakawopanga kuti ŵanandi ŵa Ŵafang ŵazamuleka kuŵa na wanangwa wawo, na Río Muni Fang, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasopenge. Pa ungano uwu, mulongozgi wa gulu la Fang, uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba, Francisco Macías Nguema wakayowoya nkhani yakukwesana iyo wakati Adolf Hitler "wakaponoska Africa". Pamanyuma pa maungano ghankhondi na ghatatu, ungano uwu ukamara cifukwa ca suzgo pakati pa "ŵakukolerana" na "ŵakupatukana" awo ŵakakhumbanga Fernando Pó. Macías wakakhumbanga kuluta ku UN kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora nkhani iyi, ndipo nkhani zake izo wakayowoya ku New York zikawovwira kuti Spain yisankhe zuŵa lakuti lipokere wanangwa kweniso kuti paŵe maungano gha chigaŵa. Mu Julayi 1968, ŵalongozgi wose ŵa cigaŵa ca Bubi ŵakaluta ku UN ku New York kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu vya caru cawo, kweni caru cose cikakhumba yayi kudumbiskana za umo caru cawo cikapambanirana. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga chomene vyamunthazi mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Africa.[30]

Independence under Macías (1968–1979)

 
Francisco Macías Nguema, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Equatorial Guinea mu 1968, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza m'paka apo wakathereskekera na boma mu 1979.

Ŵakapokera wanangwa uwu pa October 12, 1968, mu Malabo. Charu chiphya ichi chikazgoka Republic of Equatorial Guinea (pakaŵa pa Zuŵa la Wanangwa wa Charu ichi). Macías wakazgoka pulezidenti mu caru ici mu nyengo ya maungano ghacoko waka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain (awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Franco) ŵakamovwira Macías pa vipharazgo cifukwa ca kugomezgeka kwake, kweni apo wakaŵa pa kampeni wakalongora kuti wakaŵa wambura kupusa kuluska umo ŵakaghanaghaniranga. Mu upharazgi wake wakaluta ku mizi ya ku Río Muni na kulayizga Fang kuti waŵapenge nyumba na ŵawoli ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain usange ŵamuvotera. Mu matawuni, wakajiwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi uyo wakaluska ŵa ku Spain pa UN, ndipo wakathereska pa cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti.

Nyengo yichoko waka, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha Nkhondo ya ku Nigeria ghakabisama pa chimwemwe icho ŵakaŵa nacho. Mu tawuni ya Fernando Pó mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Ibo awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu charu ichi. Wupu wa International Committee of the Red Cross ukamba kwendeska ndege zakuwovwira ŵanthu ku Equatorial Guinea, kweni Macías wakawopa comene ndipo wakaleka kwendeska ndege izi. Mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Biafra ŵakafwa na njara kwambura wovwiri wa ŵamitundu yose.

Pamanyuma pakuti loya wa boma wakadandawura kuti ŵalara ŵa boma "ŵakuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera na kuŵacitira nkhaza", Macías wakalangura kuti ŵanthu 150 awo ŵakatenge ŵakukhumba kuwukira boma ŵakomeke pa Khisimasi 1969. Macias Nguema wakalutilira kukhozga mazaza ghake mwa kukanizga vyaru vinyake mu Julayi 1970 na kujizgora yekha pulezidenti mu 1972.[31][32] Wakaleka kukolerana na Spain na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nangauli wakakananga visambizgo vya Marx, kweni Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa na ubwezi wapadera na vyaru vya Communist, chomenechomene China, Cuba, East Germany na USSR. Macias Nguema wakalemba phangano la malonda na Soviet Union. Ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakapelekaso ngongoli ku Equatorial Guinea.

Phangano ili likapeleka mwaŵi ku Soviet Union kuti uŵe na pulogiramu yakuzenga misika ya somba kweniso kuti uŵe na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ku Luba. Paumaliro, boma la USSR likapeleka somba ku Equatorial Guinea. Kweniso charu cha China na Cuba vikawovwiranga Equatorial Guinea pa nkhani za ndalama, usilikari, na luso. Pa nkhondo ya ku Angola, USSR yikaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuluta ku luŵaza lwa ku Luba na Malabo International Airport.

Mu 1974, wupu wa World Council of Churches ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeka kwambira mu 1968. Iwo ŵakati, cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu wose ŵakacimbilira ku caru cinyake, uku "ŵakayidi ŵakuzura comene ndipo ŵakuŵa nga ni misasa yikuru ya ŵakayidi". Pa ŵanthu 300,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵakafwa. Padera pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Bubi, Macias Nguema wakalangura kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezgekanga kuti ŵakususka boma ŵakomeke.[33]

Obiang (1979–present)

 
Obiang and U.S. president Obama with their wives in 2014

Mwana wa mukuru wa Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang wakathereska amalume ŵake pa 3 Ogasiti, 1979, mu boma la ndopa; nkhondo ya mukati mwa chalo yikatora masabata ghaŵiri m'paka Macías Nguema wakatoleka. Wakeruzgika na kukomeka mwaluŵiro, ndipo Obiang ndiyo wakamusankhira kuŵa pulezidenti muwemi.

Mu 1995, kampani yinyake ya ku America yakuchemeka Mobil, yikasanga mafuta mu Equatorial Guinea. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma ku mafuta gha mu charu ichi zikufika yayi ku ŵanthu, ndipo charu ichi chili pa nambara yichoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya UN. Ŵana 7.9% ŵakufwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 5, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50% ŵalije maji ghawemi ghakumwa. Pulezidenti Teodoro Obiang wakukayikirika kuti wakugwiliskira nchito cuma ca mafuta ca mu caru ici kuti wasange usambazi na ŵabwezi ŵake. Mu 2006, magazini ya Forbes yikati chuma chake chikaŵa madola 600 miliyoni.

Mu 2011, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kuzenga msumba ukuru wa Oyala. Mu 2017, msumba uwu ukachemeka Ciudad de la Paz ("Mzinda wa Mtende").

Kufikira February 2016, Obiang ndiye wolamulira wachiwiri wautali kwambiri ku Africa pambuyo pa Paul Biya waku Cameroon.

Equatorial Guinea yikasankhika kuŵa chiŵaro chambura kukhazikika mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu chaka cha 2018.

Pa 7 March 2021, pakaŵa kuphulika kwa mabomba pa msasa wa ŵasilikari kufupi na msumba wa Bata ndipo ŵanthu 98 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanthu 600 ŵakapwetekeka na kupokera wovwiri ku chipatala.

Mu Novembala 2022 Obiang wakasankhikaso mu 2022 Equatorial Guinea general election na 99.7% ya mavoti pakati pa milandu ya upusikizgi na opposition.[34][35]

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Equatorial Guinea
 
Highway construction in Ciudad de la Paz in 2010. Ciudad de la Paz will be the future capital of Equatorial Guinea.
 
Presidential palace of Teodoro Obiang in Malabo

Pulezidenti wa ku Equatorial Guinea ni Teodoro Obiang. Dango la Equatorial Guinea la mu 1982 likumupa mazaza ghakuru, kusazgapo kwimika na kufumiska mamembara gha boma, kupanga malango na dango, kusisita Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, kuyowoyeskana na kuzomerezga mapangano na kuteŵetera nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. Nduna Nkuru Francisco Pascual Obama Asue wakasankhika na Obiang ndipo wakugwira ntchito mwakuyana na mazaza agho wapurezidenti wali kumupa.

 
Map of Equatorial Guinea made by CIA in 1992

Mu vilimika 40 ivyo wali na mazaza, Obiang wakulekelera yayi ŵanthu ŵakususka. Nangauli charu ichi ntcha demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maungano agha ngautesi. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch, boma la President Obiang likagwiliskira nchito mafuta kuti likhozge na kusazgirako usambazi wake. Kwambira mu Ogasiti 1979, ŵanthu 12 ŵayezga kutimbanizga boma.[36]

Kuyana na ivyo BBC yikayowoya mu Malichi 2004, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikaŵa na mphindano pakati pa mwana wa Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, na ŵabali ŵake ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu mawupu ghakuvikilira chalo. Nkharo iyi yikwenera kuti yikupangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa mazaza chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa mafuta kufuma mu 1997.

Mu 2004, ndege iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbalwani ŵakuguliskika yikakoreka ku Zimbabwe apo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo Obiang. Lipoti la mu Novembala 2004 likati Mark Thatcher ndiyo wakawovwira ndalama za boma la Equatorial Guinea mu 2004, ilo likachitika na Simon Mann. Mabuku ghanyake ghakulongosora kuti wupu wa MI6 wa ku United Kingdom, wa CIA wa ku United States, na wa Spain ndiwo ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Ndipouli, lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International ilo likafuma mu Juni 2005 lakukhwaskana na mulandu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵakakhwaskika, likalongora kuti boma likutondeka kupeleka ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma. Simon Mann wakafumiskika mu jere pa Novembala 3, 2009 cifukwa ca vinthu vyacitemwa.

Kwambira mu 2005, kampani yinyake ya vya usilikari yakucemeka Military Professional Resources Inc., yakufuma ku United States, yikugwira nchito mu Equatorial Guinea kusambizga ŵapolisi milimo yakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, Secretary of State wa United States Condoleezza Rice wakamuchema Obiang kuti "mubwezi muwemi" nangauli ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga comene cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wupu wa United States wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Charu Chose ukachita phangano na Obiang, mu Epulero 2006, kuti uŵike thumba la vya umoyo mu charu ichi, ilo likufiska mapulojekiti mu vigaŵa vya umoyo, masambiro, nkhani za ŵanakazi, na vyalo.

Mu 2006, Obiang wakasayina dango lakukanizga nthambuzgo ilo likakanizga mtundu uliwose wa nkhaza na nkharo yiheni mu Equatorial Guinea, ndipo mu 2007 wakalangura kuti ŵakayidi ŵasinthe na kuzenga jele la Black Beach. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuswa wanangwa wawo. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa Amnesty International, pamoza na mawupu ghanyake ghambura kwendera boma, ŵali kulembamo kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa chomene wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu jele, kusazgapo kutambuzgika, kutambuzgika, kufwa kwambura cifukwa ndiposo kukakika kwambura dango.[37][38]

Mu kafukufuku wawo waumaliro (2020), Transparency International yikapa Equatorial Guinea ma score 16 pa CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index). CPI yikupima vyaru kuyana na unandi wa vimbundi ivyo vikuchitika. Pa vyaru 180, Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa pa nambara 174. Freedom House, wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ukati Obiang njumoza wa "ŵakaronga ŵankhongono chomene pa charu chose", ndipo wakadandawura kuti boma la United States likupokelera boma lake na kugura mafuta kwa ilo.

Obiang wakasankhikaso kuti wateŵetere nyengo yinyakeso mu 2009 mu mavoti agho wupu wa African Union ukawona kuti "ghakukolerana na malango gha mavoti". Obiang wakasankhaso Nduna Nkuru Ignacio Milam Tang mu 2010.[39]

 
According to the BBC, President Obiang Nguema "has been described by rights organisations as one of Africa's most brutal dictators."[40]

Mu Novembala 2011, ŵakazomerezga dango liphya. Ŵanthu ŵakavota pa fundo iyi nangauli ŵakamanya yayi umo yikalembekera. Kuyana na dango liphya la boma, pulezidenti wakeneranga kuŵa na vyaka 7 pa nyengo yiŵiri. Dango liphya likayowoyangaso kuti paŵe wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndipo likati paŵe ŵanthu 70 mu wupu wa Senate. Cakuzizika nchakuti, pa kusintha kwa nduna za boma, ŵakapharazga kuti paŵenge ŵaŵiri awo ŵazamuteŵetera nga mbapharazgi.

Mu Okutobala 2012, pa nyengo ya kuyankhulana na Christiane Amanpour pa CNN, Obiang wakafumbika usange wafumengepo pa umaliro wa nyengo ya sono (2009~2016) pakuti dango liphya likukanizga unandi wa nyengo ku viŵiri ndipo wasankhika kanayi. Obiang wakazgora kuti wakana kufumapo chifukwa dango liphya ili likugwira ntchito yayi ndipo nyengo ya ma mandamu ghaŵiri yikwamba kugwira ntchito mu 2016.

Pa May 26, 2013, ŵakachita mavoti gha mu nyumba ya mafumu, nyumba ya mafumu, na nyumba ya ŵalara ŵa boma. Nga umo vikaŵira na mavoti ghose ghakale, mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakukanizgika na ŵakususka ndipo nawo ŵakathereskeka na chipani cha Obiang. Pa nyengo ya visankho, chipani icho chili na mazaza chikachitiska mavoti gha mukati mwa boma agho pamasinda ghakalekeka cifukwa palije yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakutemweka na pulezidenti uyo wakalongozganga pa mavoti gha mukati. Paumaliro, chipani icho chili na mazaza na ŵabwezi ŵa boma ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵacitepo kanthu cifukwa ca ŵanthu yayi kweni cifukwa ca cipani. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pa nyengo ya maungano gha chipani icho chili na mazaza gha kuwusa chileke kupeleka mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi.

Chisankho cha mwezi wa Mailo chaka cha 2013 chikaŵa na viphikiro vinandi, kusazgapo chiphokwero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na chipani cha MPP (Movement of Popular Protest). MPP yikapempha kuti pa Meyi 15 paŵe ungano wa mtende ku Plaza de la Mujer. Mubali Enrique Nsolo Nzo, uyo wakulongozga gulu la MPP, wakakakika ndipo ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵakamuphalira kuti wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga vinthu mu charu na kuwuskapo pulezidenti. Ndipouli, nangauli wakayowoya mwakuchichizgika ndiposo na vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵakamuyuzga, Nsolo wakati ŵakanozga vyakususka mwamtendere ndipo ŵakasanga vizomerezgo vyose vyakukhumbikwa kuti ŵachitire nthena. Kweniso wakayowoya kuti wali ku chigaŵa cha chipani chilichose yayi. Malo gha Plaza de la Mujer mu Malabo ghakaŵa na ŵapolisi kwambira pa Meyi 13 ndipo kufuma nyengo iyo ŵakughakora chomene. Boma la Equatorial Guinea likambiska ndondomeko ya censorship iyo yikatimbanizga mawebusayiti gha Facebook na mawebusayiti ghanyake agho ghakususka boma. Ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi wa kuchepeska pa Intaneti pa webusayiti ya boma.

Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, chipani ca CPDS cikatumizga uthenga wakuti ŵalutilirenge kususka ivyo vikucitika pa June 25. Nduna ya vya mukati Clemente Engonga wakakana kuzomerezga chiphikiro ichi chifukwa chakuti chingapangiska kuti charu chileke kukhazikika ndipo CPDS yikadumura kuti yilute panthazi, yikuyowoya kuti ni wanangwa wawo. Pa usiku wa Juni 24, ofesi yikuru ya CPDS ku Malabo yikazingilizgika na ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuru kuti ŵaleke kufumiska awo ŵakaŵa mukati. Ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa CPDS ŵakakakika mu Malabo ndipo ŵanji mu Bata ŵakakanizgika kukwera ndege zinandi zakuya ku Malabo.

Mu 2016 Obiang wakasankhika kwa nyengo yinyake ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, mu mavoti agho, kuyana na Freedom House, ghakaŵa na nkhaza za ŵapolisi, kukakika na kutambuzgika kwa magulu gha ŵakususka.

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2022, chipani cha Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea cha President Obiang chili ndi mipando yonse 100 mu Chamber of Deputies ndi onse omwe ali mu Senate. Ŵalwani ŵalipo yayi mu caru ici ndipo ŵakufuma ku Spain ndipo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Social Democratic Convergence for Social Democracy. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakuŵa pasi pa boma; mawayilesi gha palekha gha Asonga, nga mbumba ya pulezidenti.[41]

Armed forces

 
An Antonov An-72P of the Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea on lift off

Ŵasilikari ŵa Equatorial Guinea ŵalipo pafupifupi 2,500. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵalipo pafupifupi 1,400, ŵapolisi ŵalipo 400, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵalipo 200, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵalipo pafupifupi 120. Paliso gulu la ŵasilikari, kweni unandi wawo ukumanyikwa yayi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ni gulu liphya la ŵasilikari awo ŵakusambizgika na kucitiska masambiro agho ghakovwira ŵasilikari ŵa France ku Equatorial Guinea.

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Equatorial Guinea

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Central Africa. Charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Río Muni, icho chili kumpoto na Cameroon, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera na Gabon. Bioko, msumba ukuru wa Malabo, uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 40 kufuma ku Cameroon. Chirwa cha Annobón chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 350 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cape Lopez ku Gabon. Cirwa ca Corisco na virwa viŵiri vya Elobey vili mu nyanja ya Corisco Bay, pa mphaka ya Río Muni na Gabon.

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili pakati pa latitude 4°N na 2°S, ndipo longitude 5° na 12°E. Nangauli lili na zina lakuti Annobón, kweni charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu.

Climate

 
Köppen climate classification of Equatorial Guinea

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na mphepo zakotcha chomene. Kufuma mu Juni m'paka Ogasiti, mu Río Muni maji ghakututuka ndipo mu Bioko maji ghakututuka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, vinthu vikusintha. Zuŵa lililose pa Annobón kukuŵa vula panji chibuwu, ndipo zuŵa ili kulije mabingu. Ku Malabo, ku Bioko, kutenthera kwake kukufuma pa 16 °C kufika pa 33 °C, kweni ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Moka, kutenthera kwapachanya nkhufika pa 21 °C pera. Ku Río Muni, muhanya wose kukuzizima chomene. Ku Malabo kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 1,930 mm (76 inchi) kufika pa 10,920 mm (430 inchi) ku Ureka, Bioko, kweni ku Río Muni kukomira chomene.[42]

Ecology

Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli vyaru vinandi. Chigaŵa cha Río Muni chili mukati mwa Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion padera pa malo gha mangrove gha ku Central Africa agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja, comenecomene mu mlonga wa Muni. Chigaŵa cha makuni gha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cross-Sanaga-Bioko chikusazgapo chigaŵa chikuru cha Bioko na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Cameroon na Nigeria. Charu chose cha São Tomé, Príncipe, na Annobón chili na nkhorongo.[43]

Charu ichi chikaŵa na chiŵerengero cha 7.99/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa malo 30 pa vyaru 172.[44]

Wildlife

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Equatorial Guinea

Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli ŵabulumembe, viyuni vyakupambanapambana nga ni chimpanzees, minkhwe, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, antilope, zovu, mphoyo, ng'ona, na njoka zinandi, kusazgapo viyuni vya pythons.[45]

Administrative divisions

 Bioko Norte ProvinceBioko Sur ProvinceLitoral Province (Equatorial Guinea)Kié-Ntem ProvinceKié-Ntem ProvinceCentro Sur ProvinceCentro Sur ProvinceCentro Sur ProvinceCentro Sur ProvinceDjibloho ProvinceDjibloho ProvinceDjibloho ProvinceWele-Nzas ProvinceWele-Nzas ProvinceWele-Nzas ProvinceWele-Nzas ProvinceAnnobón Province
A clickable map of Equatorial Guinea exhibiting its two regions and eight provinces. The island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is not part of Equatorial Guinea.
Nkhani ikulu: Subdivisions of Equatorial Guinea

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na vigaŵa 8.[46][47] Chigaŵa chiphya chomene ni Djibloho, icho chikapangika mu 2017 ndipo chili na likuru lake ku Ciudad de la Paz, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi.[48][49] Vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivi ni ivi: (Nambara zikuyana na izo zili pa mapu; misumba yikuru ya vigaŵa ivi yili mu mizere):[46]

  1. Annobón (San Antonio de Palé)
  2. Bioko Norte (Malabo)
  3. Bioko Sur (Luba)
  4. Centro Sur (Evinayong)
  5. Djibloho (Ciudad de la Paz)
  6. Kié-Ntem (Ebebiyín)
  7. Litoral (Bata)
  8. Wele-Nzas (Mongomo)

Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 19 na matawuni 37.[50]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Equatorial Guinea
 
A proportional representation of Equatorial Guinea exports, 2019

Pambere charu cha Equatorial Guinea chindaŵe na wanangwa, chikaguliskanga makoko, khofi, na makuni, chomenechomene ku Spain, kweniso ku Germany na Britain. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1985, caru ici cikaŵa caciŵiri mu Africa kuleka kuyowoya Cifurenchi, ndipo cikaŵa na ndalama ya CFA. Ndalama ya ku Spain, iyo ni ekwele, yikaŵa peseta.[51]

 
Gepetrol Tower in Malabo, 2013

Mu 1996, boma likasanga mafuta ghanandi ndipo pamasinda likagwiliskira nchito mafuta agha. Mu 2004, Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa yacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ici cikupanga mafuta gha mathondi na ghatatu pa zuŵa. Makampani gha mafuta agho ghakucita nchito mu Equatorial Guinea ni ExxonMobil, Marathon Oil, Kosmos Energy na Chevron.

Makuni, kulima, na somba ni vyakuzirwa comene pa GDP. Ku malo agha kulimilira vyakurya. Vyaru vikamba kunangika cifukwa ca muwuso uheni wa ŵamazaza. Vyaru ni vyaru ivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga nchito, ndipo 57% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakugwirako nchito.

Mu Julayi 2004, ŵa United States Senate ŵakalemba lipoti lakuyowoya za banki ya Riggs Bank, iyo yikaŵa ku Washington ndipo yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi izo Equatorial Guinea yikasanganga kufuma ku mafuta. Lipoti la Senate likulongora kuti ndalama zakukwana 35 miliyoni zafuma kwa Obiang, mbumba yake, na ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Pulezidenti wakukana kuti wali na mulandu. Riggs Bank mu February 2005 wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $9 million pa banki ya Pinochet, kweni ku Equatorial Guinea kukaŵavya ndalama zakukwana.

Kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2010, Equatorial Guinea ndiyo yikakura comene pa caka pa GDP (Gross Domestic Product), na 17%.[52]

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili mu wupu wa Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea nayo njumoza wa vyaru vya Central African Monetary and Economic Union (CEMAC). Boma la Equatorial Guinea likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na wanangwa wakupulikira fundo ya EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), ndipo likuyezgayezga kuti liŵe na wanangwa wakuyowoya vya ndalama izo likusanga kufuma ku mafuta. Charu ichi chikaŵa na wanangwa uwu pa Febuluwale 22, 2008. Ndipouli, apo Equatorial Guinea yikapempha kuti yikhozge nyengo yakumalizgira EITI, Komiti ya EITI yikakolerana nayo yayi.[53]

Wupu wa World Bank ukati mu charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndimo muli ndalama zinandi chomene izo munthu waliyose wakusangirapo.

Nangauli charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na ndalama zinandi chomene, kweni pali ukavu ukuru chifukwa cha kupambana kwa usambazi. Chiŵelengero chake cha 65.0 ndicho ntchapacanya comene pa caru cose.

Chuma cha Equatorial Guinea chikwenera kukura pafupifupi 2.6% mu 2021, kughanaghana uku kuli kufuma pa kumalizgika kwa projekiti yikuru ya gasi na kuwuka kwa chuma cha pa charu chose mu hafu yachiŵiri ya chaka. Kweni boma likulindizga kuti mu 2022 lizamuweleraso ku suzgo la ndalama.

Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2016, charu cha Equatorial Guinea chikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 21,517. Ndipouli, ni cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵambura kuyana comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama yimoza pa zuŵa. Charu ichi chili pa nambara 145 pa nambara 189 pa United Nations Human Development Index mu 2019.

Ma hydrocarbons ghakukwana 97% ya vyakurya ivyo boma likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2020, charu ichi chili mu suzgo la kunangika kwa vinthu kwa chaka cha nambara 8.[41]

Transportation

 
Malabo International Airport (Aeropuerto de Malabo in Spanish), in Punta Europa, island of Bioko
Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Equatorial Guinea

Chifukwa chakuti mu charu ichi muli makampani ghanandi gha mafuta, ndege izo zikwenda pa charu chose zikuwuluka ku Malabo International Airport. Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli ma eyapoti ghatatu, Malabo International Airport, Bata Airport na Annobón Airport yiphya pa cirwa ca Annobón. Malabo International Airport ndiyo ni malo ghekha ghakukwelera ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake.

Gulu lililose la ndege ilo lili kulembeka mu Equatorial Guinea lili pa chigaŵa cha awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakwendeska magalimoto ŵakufumako ku misumba ya ku Europe kuluta ku msumba uwu.[54]

Ŵanthu

 
Evolution of the Equatoguinean population between 1960 and 2017. Population in thousands of inhabitants.
Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Equatorial Guinea
Population in Equatorial Guinea[55][56][57]
Year Million
1950 0.2
2000 0.6
2020 1.4

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea mba fuko la Bantu.[58] Mtundu ukuru chomene wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Ŵafang, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku chirwa cha Bioko kwambira m'ma 1900, ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang ŵalipo 80 peresenti ndipo ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 67. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Río Muni ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fang-Ntumu, ndipo awo ŵakukhala kumwera ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fang-Okah. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu cha Cameroon na Gabon. Nangauli viyowoyero ivi vikupulikikwa makora, kweni vikupambana chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bubi, awo ŵalipo 15 pa 100 pa caru cose, ndiwo ŵakukhala pa cirwa ca Bioko. Mzere wakupatula pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang na ŵa mtundu wa "Beach" (m'nthaka) ukaŵa muzi wa Niefang (m'paka wa Fang), kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Bata.

Mtundu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakuchemeka Ndowe panji "Playeros" (Ŵanthu ŵa pa Mlonga wa Nyanja mu Cisipanishi): Combes, Bujebas, Balengues, na Bengas awo ŵakukhala mu virwa vikuruvikuru na vichokovichoko, na Fernandinos, ŵa mtundu wa Krio awo ŵakukhala pa chirwa cha Bioko, wose pamoza ŵakukwana 5 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain panji Portugal, ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa) nawo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi.

 
Equatorial Guinean children of Bubi descent

Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Cameroon, Nigeria, na Gabon ŵiza mu caru ici. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002), ŵanthu 7% ŵa pa chirwa cha Bioko ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Igbo.[59] Mu Equatorial Guinea mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya koko na kofi. Ŵafrika ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakafuma ku Liberia, Angola, na Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia mba ku China, kweni ku India kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka.

Ku Equatorial Guinea nako ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Britain, France, na Germany ŵakuluta ku caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Israel na Morocco nawo ŵakukhala na kugwira nchito kuno. Kufumiska mafuta kufuma mu ma 1990 kwakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Malabo ŵaŵe ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakati ŵafumako ku Spain. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 100,000 ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakaluta ku Cameroon, Gabon, na Nigeria cifukwa ca muwuso wa ucigeŵenga wa Francisco Macías Nguema. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakukhala ku Latin America, United States, Portugal, na France.

Languages

 
Floral inscription with the name of the country in Spanish in Malabo
Nkhani ikulu: Equatoguinean Spanish and Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española

Kufuma waka apo charu cha Equatorial Guinea chikapokera wanangwa mu 1968, chiyowoyero chikuru cha ku Equatorial Guinea ni Chisipanishi. Mu 1970, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Macías, Cisipanishi cikasinthika na ciyowoyero ca Fang, ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kweni mu 1979, Macías wakati waleka kuwusa, ŵakamulekeska. Cisipanishi cikaŵa ciyowoyero cimoza pera mpaka mu 1998, apo Cifurenci cikasazgikaso, cifukwa pakwamba cikaŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Central Africa (CEMAC).[60][3] Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chachitatu mu charu ichi mu 2010. Chisipanishi ndicho ntchiyowoyero cha boma kwambira mu 1844. Likuyowoyeka pa sukulu na mu maofesi gha boma. Ŵanthu 67.6% ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi, comenecomene awo ŵakukhala mu Malabo, msumba ukuru wa charu ici. Cifurenci cikaŵa cipharazgo ca boma cifukwa cakuti cikaŵa cigaŵa ca caru ca France, ndipo cikayowoyeka pa malo ghanyake yayi, kweni mu matawuni ghapafupi.

Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira vikumanyikwa kuti ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya "vikaya vyawo". 1/1998 (Janyuwale 21). Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ni Fang, Bube, Benga, Ndowe, Balengue, Bujeba, Bissio, Gumu, Igbo, Pichinglis, Fa d'Ambô na Baseke. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu.[61]

 
African languages of Equatorial Guinea and its environment.

Chiyowoyero cha Chiphwitikizi cha Fa d'Ambô chikuyowoyeka chomene mu chigaŵa cha Annobón, Malabo (likulu la charu ichi), kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Equatorial Guinea. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Bioko ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi, comenecomene mu msumba wa Bioko. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Annobón ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cisipanishi. Ŵanthu ŵa Katolika ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Annobonese ŵakayezga kuti ŵaŵe mu wupu wa CPLP. Boma likapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku wa Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) mu Annobón. Buku ili likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku São Tomé na Príncipe, Cape Verde, na Guinea-Bissau ŵakayowoyanga Chiphwitikizi.

Chifukwa cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea, mu 2010 boma likasintha ndime 4 ya Dango la Equatorial Guinea. Boma ili likakhumbanga kuti liŵe na mawupu ghakwendakwenda, malonda, na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.[62][63][64] Kweniso likuzomerezga kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa charu cha Portugal na ŵanthu ŵa ku Brazil, São Tomé na Príncipe, na Cape Verde awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.

Vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti Equatorial Guinea yiŵe mu wupu wa CPLP ni umo yingachitira na mapulogiramu gha visambizgo na kusinthana na ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Kuti munthu waŵe na CPLP wakwenera kusambira Ciphwitikizi. Kweniso, caru ici cikaphalirika kuti cikwenera kusintha vinthu vya ndyali kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vinthu mwaurunji ndiposo mwamahara. Nyumba ya malango yikadumbiskana za dango ili mu Okutobala 2011.

Mu Febuluwale 2012, nduna ya vyalo ya Equatorial Guinea yikasayina phangano na IILP lakukhwaskana na kukhozga Ciphwitikizi mu caru ici.[65][66]

Mu Julayi 2012, CPLP yikakana kuti Equatorial Guinea yiŵe mu wupu uwu, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti yikulutilira kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Boma likazomerezga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali, likakanizga ŵanthu kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa, ndipo likamba kudumbiskana na ŵandyali wose.[67][68] AKweniso, IILP yikasanga malo kufuma ku boma gha kuzenga malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Ciphwitikizi mu Bata na Malabo. Pa ungano wake wa nambara 10 uwo ukacitikira ku Dili mu Julayi 2014, Equatorial Guinea yikazomerezgeka kuŵa ciŵaro ca CPLP. Kuwuskako cilango ca nyifwa na kukhozga Ciphwitikizi kuŵa ciyowoyero ca boma vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa pakutolera dango ili.[69]

Religion

Religion in Equatorial Guinea
Religion percent
Roman Catholic
 
 88%
Other (indigenous beliefs / Baháʼí)
 
 5%
Protestant
 
 5%
Muslim
 
 2%
 
Santa Isabel Cathedral in Malabo

Chisopa cikuru comene mu Equatorial Guinea ni Cikhristu, ico cikupharazgika na ŵanthu 93 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Katolika (88%), ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵali mu chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti (5%). Ŵanyake 5 peresenti ŵakulondezga cisopa ca Animism, Bahá'í, na visopa vinyake, ndipo cisopa ca Animism kanandi cikusazgikana na Cikatolika.[70][71]

Health

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Equatorial Guinea

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma la Equatorial Guinea likawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵaleke kulwara maleriya. Ŵakucita ndondomeko ya kupopera viŵeto mu nyumba kaŵiri pa caka, kuŵika munkhwala wakusazgapo artemisinin (ACTs), kuŵika munkhwala wakovwira ŵanakazi ŵanthumbo (IPTp), na kuŵika vyakumera vinandi mu nyumba zawo ivyo vikuŵa na minkhwala yakukoma viŵeto. Ŵakachepeska chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa pa vifukwa vyose, kufuma pa 152 kufika pa 55 pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo.

Mu Juni 2014, ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵakakoleka na nthenda ya poliyo.[72][73]

Education

Wonani vinandi: Education in Equatorial Guinea
 
Ministry of Education, Science and Sports (Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes in Spanish)

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 95.3% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakaŵa ŵalembi. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Francisco Macias, sukulu zikapokelereka yayi, ndipo ŵana ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Obiang, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikakhira kufuma pa 73% kufika pa 13%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira chikakwera kufuma pa 65,000 mu 1986 kufika pa 100,000 mu 1994. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 14 ŵakusambira kwambura kulipira.[51][74][74][3]

Boma la Equatorial Guinea lakolerana na Hess Corporation na The Academy for Educational Development (AED) kukhazikiska pulogiramu ya ndalama zakukwana madola 20 miliyoni kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za pulayimale ŵasambizge ŵana nthowa zamasono zakulera.[75] Pasono pali masukulu 51 agho ghakusambizga makora ŵana.

Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu vya cuma na ndyali ndiposo ndondomeko za boma, mabungwe ghanandi ghakovwira ŵanthu kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ghakaŵako. Charu ichi chili na yunivesite yimoza yakuchemeka Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), iyo yili ku Malabo, ndipo ku Bata, ku charu chikuru kuli sukulu ya vyachipatala. Mu 2009, yunivesite iyi yikapanga ŵadokotala ŵakwamba 110. Sukulu ya Bata Medical School yikovwirika na boma la Cuba ndipo pali ŵasambizgi na ŵadokotala ŵa ku Cuba.[76]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Equatorial Guinea
 
The port of Malabo

Mu Juni 1984, ŵakachita ungano wakwamba wa Hispanic-African Cultural Congress kuti ŵamanye umo charu cha Equatorial Guinea chiliri. Ungano uwu ndiwo ukaŵa malo ghakukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na ŵa ku Africa.[51]

Tourism

 
Hotel in Sipopo

Pasono Equatorial Guinea yilije malo agho ghali kulembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage List. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinyake ivyo vili kulembeka mu buku la Memory of the World Programme la UNESCO panji vinthu vinyake vyambura kuwoneka ivyo vili mu UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List.[77][78][79]

Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ŵalendo ni malo ghakusoperapo gha Malabo, chigaŵa chakumwera kwa chirwa cha Bioko uko mungakwera maji gha Iladyi na kuluta ku malo ghakutali kuti mukawonenge visomba ivyo vikubisamamo.

Media and communications

Nkhani ikulu: Media in Equatorial Guinea and Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea
 
Edition of the television magazine Malabeando at the Cultural Centre of Spain in Malabo

Vipharazgi vikuru comene mu Equatorial Guinea ni mawayilesi ghatatu gha FM. BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale na Africa No. 1 ku Malabo. Paliso wayilesi yinyake yakuchemeka Radio Macuto, mazgu gha ŵanthu ŵambura mazgu. Radio Macuto ni wayilesi ya pa intaneti ndipo yikumanyikwa cifukwa ca kulemba nkhani izo zikususka boma la Obiang na kuchiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Equatoguinea kuti ŵayowoyenge mwakufwatuka na kucita ndyali. Paliso mawayilesi ghanyake ghankhondi agho ghakupharazga pa wayilesi. TV Nacional, ndiyo yikwendeskeka na boma.[3][80]Mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha pa caru cose gha RTVGE ghakwendeskeka na mapulaneti gha pa mlengalenga mu Africa, Europe, na America, kweniso pa caru cose capasi pa Intaneti. Pali manyuzipepara ghaŵiri na magazini ghaŵiri.

Pa vyaru 179, charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili pa nambara 161 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka na wupu wa Reporters Without Borders. Wupu uwu ukuti TV iyi yikulondezga malango gha unduna wa vya makani. Makampani ghanandi ghakupharazga ghakujighanaghanira ŵekha, ndipo dango likukanizga ŵanthu kususka ŵanthu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa boma na wayilesi yikuru ya boma ŵakuwusika na mwana wa pulezidenti, Teodor Obiang.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yayi mafoni gha pa foni, ndipo pa ŵanthu 100, pali mafoni ghaŵiri pera.[3] [81]Pali telefoni yimoza ya GSM iyo yikugwira ntchito mu Malabo, Bata, na misumba yinyake ya ku Japan.[82]Kufumira mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa na foni.[3] Kamupani ya foni yekha mu Equatorial Guinea ni Orange.

Mu Disembala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 42,000 ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti.

Music

Wonani vinandi: Music of Equatorial Guinea

Mu Equatorial Guinea muli sumu zinandi yayi zakutchuka. Mitundu yinyake ya mu Africa nga ni soukous na makossa njakutchuka, kweniso reggae na rock and roll. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba gitala la ku Spain ndilo ndakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi.

Cinema

Mu 2014, filimu ya South Africa-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ya Where the Road Runs Out yikapangika mu charu ichi. Paliso filimu ya The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores, iyo yindawonekere pa caru cose. Buku ili likulongosora vya Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel, uyo ni mulembi wa ku Equatorial Guinea. Iyi ni filimu yakwamba kususka boma la Obiang.[83]

Sports

See also: Category:Sport in Equatorial Guinea
 
Estadio de Bata in Bata

Equatorial Guinea ndiyo yikasoleka kuti yichitenge nawo Africa Cup of Nations mu 2012 pamoza na Gabon, ndipo yikamba kuchitako mu 2015. Charu ichi chikasoleka kuti chichitenge maseŵero gha mpira wa ku Africa gha ŵanakazi mu 2008, ndipo ŵakathereska. Ŵanakazi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakachita maseŵera gha ku Germany mu 2011.

Mu Juni 2016, Equatorial Guinea yikasoleka kuti ndiyo yizakachitenge maseŵera gha 12 gha Africa mu 2019.

Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na ŵanthu ŵakutchova njuga, nga ni Eric Moussambani, uyo wakuchemeka "Eric the Eel", na Paula Barila Bolopa, uyo wakuchemeka "Paula the Crawler".

Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha basketball.[84][85][86]

Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

  1. ↑ Spanish: [giˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal] ( pulikizgani machemelo)
  2. ↑ Local pronunciation:

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ "History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea".
  2. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language". 14 Okutobala 2011. Retrieved 26 Sekutembala 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Equatorial Guinea. Cia World Factbook.
  4. ↑ "Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process". Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report (PDF). U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea (Report). 2020. p. 15. Retrieved 8 Ogasiti 2021.
  5. ↑ "Democracy Index 2020". Economist Intelligence Unit (in British English). Retrieved 17 Disembala 2021.
  6. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  7. ↑ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Equatorial Guinea". data.worldbank.org. The World Bank. Retrieved 26 Epulelo 2022.
  8. ↑ "GDP per capita (current US$) - Equatorial Guinea". data.worldbank.org. The World Bank. Retrieved 26 Epulelo 2022.
  9. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 16 Okutobala 2022.
  10. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea Population".
  11. ↑ Appel, Hannah (13 Disembala 2019). The Licit Life of Capitalism. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9781478004578. ISBN 978-1-4780-0457-8. S2CID 242248625.
  12. ↑ GDP – per capita (PPP) – Country Comparison. Indexmundi.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  13. ↑ "2019 Human Development Index Ranking | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Archived from the original on 23 Meyi 2020. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2020.
  14. ↑ "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org.
  15. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea profile". BBC. 21 Malichi 2014. Archived from the original on 21 Sekutembala 2014. Retrieved 23 Sekutembala 2020.
  16. ↑ GDP – per capita (PPP) Archived 24 Epulelo 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
  17. ↑ "Guiné Equatorial oficializa português – Portugal – DN". 19 Ogasiti 2011. Archived from the original on 19 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 11 Novembala 2020 – via web.archive.org.
  18. ↑ "Guinea Ecuatorial se convierte en el valedor del español en África". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 11 Novembala 2020.
  19. ↑ "Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes" (PDF).
  20. ↑ Worst of the Worst 2010. The World's Most Repressive Societies. freedomhouse.org
  21. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea". Trafficking in Persons Report 2020. U.S. Department of State (16 June 2020). This source is in the public domain.
  22. ↑ Clist (B.). 1990, Des derniers chasseurs aux premiers métallurgistes : sédentarisation et débuts de la métallurgie du fer (Cameroun, Gabon, Guinée-Equatoriale). In Lanfranchi (R.) & Schwartz (D.) éds. Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale Atlantique. Paris : ORSTOM, Collection didactiques : 458–478
  23. ↑ Clist (B.). 1998. Nouvelles données archéologiques sur l'histoire ancienne de la Guinée-Equatoriale. L'Anthropologie 102 (2) : 213–217
  24. ↑ Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 5. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0820409774
  25. ↑ Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 6–7. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0820409774
  26. ↑ Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 7–8. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0820409774
  27. ↑ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2 Sekutembala 2003). Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765-1914 (in English). Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-134-60778-5.
  28. ↑ Castillo-Rodríguez, S. (2012). "La última selva de España: Antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 13 (3): 315. doi:10.1080/14636204.2013.790703. S2CID 145077430.
  29. ↑ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1986) "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898–1940" in The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940 Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Archived 20 Febuluwale 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ Fegley, Randall (1989). Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy, p. 55. Peter Lang, New York. ISBN 0820409774
  31. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea – EG Justice". www.egjustice.org. Archived from the original on 17 Epulelo 2019. Retrieved 17 Epulelo 2019.
  32. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea's President Said to Be Retired, Not Ousted". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 Disembala 2019.
  33. ↑ Daniels, Anthony (29 Ogasiti 2004). "If you think this one's bad you should have seen his uncle". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 Janyuwale 2022. Retrieved 22 Meyi 2014.
  34. ↑ Obiang obtiene el 99,7% de los votos en las elecciones de Guinea Ecuatorial entre denuncias de fraude masivo El País (21/11/2022)
  35. ↑ Primeros resultados dan a Obiang casi el 100 % de votos en Guinea Ecuatorial Heraldo (21/11/2022)
  36. ↑ Vines, Alex (9 Julayi 2009). "Well Oiled". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2011.
  37. ↑ Equatorial Guinea | Amnesty International. Amnesty.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013. Archived 1 Novembala 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ↑ Equatorial Guinea | Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  39. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Tang renamed as Equatorial Guinea PM | News by Country | Reuters". Af.reuters.com. 12 Janyuwale 2010. Archived from the original on 23 Malichi 2010. Retrieved 3 Meyi 2010.
  40. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea country profile". BBC News. 8 May 2018.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Equatorial Guinea, one dictatorship to the next". Novembala 2021.
  42. ↑ Nations Encyclopedia. Nations Encyclopedia (10 April 2011). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  43. ↑ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  44. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  45. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea – Plant and animal life". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Law, Gwillim (22 Malichi 2016). "Provinces of Equatorial Guinea". Statoids. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2017.
  47. ↑ "El Gobierno inicia sus actividades en Djibloho" (in Spanish). PDGE. 7 Febuluwale 2017. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2017.
  48. ↑ "La Presidencia de la República sanciona dos nuevas leyes" (in Spanish). Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office. 23 Juni 2017. Archived from the original on 25 Juni 2017. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2017.
  49. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea government moves to new city in rainforest". BBC News. 8 Febuluwale 2017. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2017.
  50. ↑ Law, Gwillim (22 Epulelo 2016). "Districts of Equatorial Guinea". Statoids. Retrieved 25 Sekutembala 2017.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "Equatorial Guinea". equatorialguinea.org. Archived from the original on 3 Okutobala 1999. Retrieved 3 Meyi 2010.
  52. ↑ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book of Records 2014. p. [1]. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
  53. ↑ Equatorial Guinea | EITI Archived 13 Meyi 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Eitransparency.org (27 September 2007). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  54. ↑ (source?)
  55. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  56. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  57. ↑ "UNData app: Ecuatorial Guinea population 2020". UN Data. Archived from the original on 11 Ogasiti 2021. Retrieved 23 Sekutembala 2021.
  58. ↑ Vines, Alex (2009). Well Oiled: Oil and Human Rights in Equatorial Guinea. Human Rights Watch. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-56432-516-7. Retrieved 19 Disembala 2012.
  59. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 330. ISBN 0-313-32109-4.
  60. ↑ "5. Guinea Ecuatorial - Centro Virtual Cervantes" (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 Janyuwale 2022.
  61. ↑ Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo. Guineaecuatorialpress.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  62. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language". PRNewsWire. 14 Okutobala 2011. Retrieved 15 Novembala 2010.
  63. ↑ "El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial" (in Spanish). Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria. Archived from the original on 3 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 15 Novembala 2010.
  64. ↑ "Proyecto de Ley Constitucional" (PDF). Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial. 14 Okutobala 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 Janyuwale 2012. Retrieved 15 Novembala 2010.
  65. ↑ "Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial" [Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial] (in Portuguese). Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa. 7 Febuluwale 2012. Retrieved 27 Malichi 2012.
  66. ↑ "Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP" [Protocol on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial] (in Portuguese). CPLP. 7 Febuluwale 2012. Retrieved 27 Malichi 2012. This note contains a link to the text of the protocol in PDF format.
  67. ↑ "Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial" [Teacher formation and television programs introduce Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea] (in Portuguese). Sol. 5 Febuluwale 2014.
  68. ↑ "CPLP vai ajudar Guiné-Equatorial a "assimilar valores"" (in Portuguese). Expresso. 20 Sekutembala 2014. Archived from the original on 10 Okutobala 2017. Retrieved 24 Novembala 2012.
  69. ↑ "Nota informativa: Missão da CPLP à Guiné Equatorial" (in Portuguese). CPLP. 3 Meyi 2011. Retrieved 27 Malichi 2012.
  70. ↑ Matt, Phillips; Andrew, David; Bainbridge, James; Bewer, Tim; Bindloss, Joe; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Clammer, Paul; Cornwell, Jane; Crossan, Rob; et al. (Authors) (Sekutembala 2007). The Africa Book: A Journey Through Every Country in the Continent. Coordinated by Matt Phillips. Footscray, Australia: Lonely Planet. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-74104-602-1. OCLC 144596621.
  71. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2017". Archived from the original on 26 Febuluwale 2020. Retrieved 22 Meyi 2019.
  72. ↑ "Detection of poliovirus in São Paulo airport sewage: WHO". Brazil News.Net. Archived from the original on 10 Julayi 2014. Retrieved 23 Juni 2014.
  73. ↑ Marked Increase in Child Survival after Four Years of Intensive Malaria Control. Ajtmh.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Literacy - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov.
  75. ↑ HESS and AED Partner to Improve Education in Equatorial Guinea. AED.org
  76. ↑ Equatorial Guinea Minister Seeks Strong Ties With U.S Archived 11 Meyi 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Voanews.com (4 April 2010). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.
  77. ↑ Equatorial Guinea – intangible heritage – Culture Sector. UNESCO. Retrieved on 19 January 2017.
  78. ↑ Memory of the World | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Unesco.org. Retrieved on 19 January 2017.
  79. ↑ Tentative Lists. unesco.org
  80. ↑ "Country Profile: Equatorial Guinea: Media". BBC News. 26 Janyuwale 2008.
  81. ↑ "TVGE Internacional". LyngSat. Retrieved 28 Malichi 2012.
  82. ↑ "GSMWorld Providers: Equatorial Guinea". GSM World. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 Epulelo 2008.
  83. ↑ "The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores". elescritordeunpais.com.
  84. ↑ Scafidi, Oscar (1 Novembala 2015). Equatorial Guinea. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-78477-136-2. Retrieved 10 Sekutembala 2021.
  85. ↑ "'Paula the Crawler' sets record". BBC News. 22 Sekutembala 2000. Retrieved 18 Disembala 2012.
  86. ↑ O'Mahony, Jennifer (27 Julayi 2012). "London 2012 Olympics: how Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani inspired a generation in swimming pool at Sydney Games". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 Epulelo 2005. Retrieved 18 Disembala 2012.

Vinandi

  • Robert Klitgaard. 1990. Tropical Gangsters. New York: Basic Books. (World Bank economist tries to assist pre-oil Equatorial Guinea) ISBN 0-465-08760-4.
  • D.L. Claret. Cien años de evangelización en Guinea Ecuatorial (1883–1983) / One Hundred Years of Evangelism in Equatorial Guinea (1983, Barcelona: Claretian Missionaries).
  • Adam Roberts, The Wonga Coup: Guns, Thugs and a Ruthless Determination to Create Mayhem in an Oil-Rich Corner of Africa (2006, PublicAffairs) ISBN 1-58648-371-4.

Further reading

  • Lewis, Marvin. An Introduction to the Literature of Equatorial Guinea: Between Colonialism and Dictatorship. (2007). online
  • McSherry, Brendan. "The Political Economy of Oil in Equatorial Guinea." African Studies Quarterly 8.3 (2006). online[permanent dead link]
  • Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability (Routledge, 2019). online
  • Ugarte, Michael. Africans in Europe: The culture of exile and emigration from Equatorial Guinea to Spain (University of Illinois Press, 2010) online.
  • Yolanda Aixelà-Cabré. Spain's African Colonial Legacies: Morocco and Equatorial Guinea Compared (Brill, 2022) online review

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