Houari Boumédiène
Houari Boumédiène[lower-alpha 1] (Arabic: هواري بومدين ; ALA-LC: Hawwārī Būmadyan; Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukherouba wakababika ku Algeria pa 23 August 1932 ndipo wakafwa pa 27 December 1978. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chalo cha Algeria ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Revolutionary Council of Algeria kufuma pa 19 June 1965 mpaka 12 December 1976.
| Houari Boumédiène هواري بومدين | |
|---|---|
| |
| 2nd President of Algeria | |
| Nyengo: 10 December 1976 – 27 December 1978 | |
| Kupokela | Himself (as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council) |
| Kuwiska na | Chadli Bendjedid |
| Chairman of the Revolutionary Council | |
| Nyengo: 19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976 | |
| Kupokela | Ahmed Ben Bella (as President) |
| Kuwiska na | Himself (as President) |
| 4th Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement | |
| Nyengo: 5 September 1973 – 16 August 1976 | |
| Kupokela | Kenneth Kaunda |
| Kuwiska na | William Gopallawa |
| 6th Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity | |
| Nyengo: 13 September 1968 – 6 September 1969 | |
| Kupokela | Mobutu Sese Seko |
| Kuwiska na | Ahmadou Ahidjo |
| Umoyo wamunthu | |
| Kubabika | Mohamed Ben Brahim Boukherouba 23 August 1932 Guelma, Algeria |
| Kufwa | 27 December 1978 (vyaka vikaŵa 46) Algiers, Algeria |
| Chipani | National Liberation Front |
| Nthengwa | Anissa al-Mansali |
| Military service | |
| Zina lamilangwe | Houari Boumédiène |
| Allegiance | Algeria |
| Service/branch | |
| Vyaka mukugwila |
|
| Mndanda | Colonel |
| Battles/wars | Algerian War Sand War |
Wakababikira ku Guelma, ndipo wakasambira ku Islamic Institute ku Constantine. Mu 1955, wakajibatika ku gulu la National Liberation Front ndipo wakalemba zina lakuti Houari Boumediene. Wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo mu 1960 wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la FLN.
Mu 1961, pulezidenti Ahmed Ben Bella wakamwimika kuŵa nduna ya vya kuvikilira caru. Iyo wakakolerana yayi na ivyo Ben Bella wakacita, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakamuwuskapo mu Juni 1965 na kumuŵika mu jele. Wakalekeska malango gha boma na nyumba ya malango, ndipo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Revolutionary Council, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 27. Ŵabali ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi yayi, kweni mu 1967, ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakayezga kumugalukira. Mu 1971, makampani gha mafuta ghakaŵa gha boma. Kwambira mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likamba kuwezgerapo ndyali. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara mu 1976 apo ŵakazomera dango liphya la boma. Mubali Boumediene wakambaso kuwusa ndipo wakapokera mavoti 99.46 peresenti. Wakalondezganga fundo za wupu wa Socialist na Pan-Arabist. Wakasuskanga comene Israyeli ndipo wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Roma na awo ŵakalweranga wanangwa mu vyaru vya ku Arabia na ku Africa.
Kwamba mu 1978, Boumediene wakawonekanga pachanya pa ŵanthu bweka yayi. Wakafwa pa Disembala 27, 1978, wati watondeka kupokera munkhwala wa Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Pa nyifwa yake pakaŵa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghaŵiri.[1] Chadli Bendjedid ndiyo wakamusintha kuŵa pulezidenti, pakuŵa nthowa yakumazgira mphindano pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵakumanjiliro na kumalyero.
Umoyo wake na Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira
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Tikumanya vinandi yayi vya umoyo wa Boumédiène. Malo agho wakababikira ghakalembeka kuti Guelma, mu muzi wa Clauzel kufupi na Guelma, panji Héliopolis, ndipo wakababika pa Ogasiti 16, 1925, Ogasiti 23, 1927, panji mu 1932. Adada ŵake ŵakayowoya mu 1965 kuti wakababika pa 23 August 1932. Zina lake la kubabikira likaŵa Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukherouba, ndipo awiske ŵakaŵa mulimi wa tirigu wambura ndalama ndipo ŵakaŵa Musulumani uyo wakayowoyanga Cifurenchi yayi. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopaedia of Islam, mbumba yake yikuyowoya Ciarabu. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Quranic ku Guelma mpaka apo wakaŵa na vilimika 14, pamanyuma pake ku sukulu ya Arabic ku Constantine.[2][3][4]
Mu 1952, apo caru ca France cikaciskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria kuti ŵarwe nkhondo ya ku Indochina, Boumédiène wakaluta ku Cairo, uko wakasambira pa yunivesite ya Al-Azhar. Apa ndipo wakakumana na Ahmed Ben Bella. Wakaluta ku gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) mu Nkhondo ya ku Algeria mu 1955, wakatora Houari Boumédiène kuŵa zina lake la nkhondo (kufumira ku Sidi Boumediène, zina la mutuŵa wa tawuni ya Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Algeria, uko wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari mu nyengo ya nkhondo, na Sidi El Houari, mutuŵa wa tawuni ya Oran iyo yikaŵa pafupi). Wakafika pa udindo wa colonel, uyo wakaŵa wapachanya chomene mu gulu la FLN, ndipo kwamba mu 1960 wakaŵa mulara wa ALN, gulu la ŵasilikari la FLN.
Wakaŵa wakutengwa kwa Anissa al-Mansali.
Pamanyuma pa ufulu
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Mu 1961, Algeria yikati yapokera wanangwa wa kujisankhira, yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha. Boumédiène na Ahmed Ben Bella ŵakawuskapo boma la Benyoucef Benkhedda na wovwiri wa ALN mu 1962. Boumédiène wakalongozganga gulu lankhongono la ŵasilikari mukati mwa boma ndipo wakapika udindo wa nduna ya vya kuvikilira na pulezidenti wa Algeria Ahmed Ben Bella, uyo wakamovwira kuti wafike pa mazaza nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. Boumédiène wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Algeria mu Seputembala 1963. Wakaleka kugomezga muwuso wa Ben Bella na maghanoghano ghake, ndipo mu Juni 1965, Boumédiène wakathereska boma.
Dango la caru na mabungwe gha ndyali vikalekeka, ndipo wakawusa kwizira mu wupu wa Revolutionary Council uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nayo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵake mu nyengo ya nkhondo, apo wakaŵa kufupi na tawuni ya Oujda ku mphaka na Morocco. Munthu munyake wakuzirwa mu gulu ili wakaŵa Abdelaziz Bouteflika, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake ya Boumédiène kufuma mu 1999 m'paka mu 2019.
Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi wambura nkhongono. Wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa caru ca Algeria mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1978. Pakaŵavya masuzgo ghakuru agho ghakambira mu boma pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma mu 1967. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵawusange.[5]
Ndondomeko ya mukati
lembaPa nkhani ya vyachuma, Boumédiène wakaleka kughanaghanira chomene vya vyalo vya ku Algeria na ivyo Ben Bella wakachitanga. M'malo mwake, wakasankha pulogiramu yakwendeskeka na boma. Pa nyengo iyo, caru ca Algeria cikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu 1971, Boumédiène wakawoneseska kuti mafuta gha mu Algeria ghafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kufuma apo, wakawoneseska kuti mafuta na gasi ivyo vikaŵa mu charu ichi, ivyo vikakwera comene cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta mu 1973 vikwambiska vyakumera vikuruvikuru. Mu vyaka ivyo wakaŵa na mazaza, vinthu vikenda makora comene, kweni wakati wafwa mu ma 1980, mafuta ghakakhira chomene ndipo makampani gha boma ghakaleka kugwira makora ntchito. Boumédiène wakaŵika cisopa ca ciarabu kuŵa cisopa ca boma ndipo wakapharazga kuti cisopa caciarabu ni cisopa ca boma.[6] Wakaŵa wakugomezgeka chomene pa nkhani ya kuzgora charu cha Algeria kuŵa chiarabu, chomenechomene pakati pa 1970 na 1977.
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa vyamalonda vya boma na kukanizga mafuta, Boumédiène wakapharazga vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo wakakhwimiska gulu la ŵamazere mu boma lake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na gulu la Algeria Communist Party (PAGS), ilo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakakhalanga mu boma. Ku Algeria kukaŵa chipani chimoza pera.
Ndipouli, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Pakuŵa mulaŵiliri wa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakalongozganga mwa dango. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, boma likambaso kulamulira ŵanthu mwakuyana na malango gha boma. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵambeso kugwira ntchito mu FLN, ndipo maofesi gha boma ghakambaso kwambaso, kwambira ku maungano gha mu vigaŵa na kuluta ku maungano gha chigaŵa na ku maungano gha pa caru cose. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara na kukhazikiska dango la ndyali (1976) ilo likalongosora umo charu cha Algeria chiliri. Pambere ivi vindachitike, pakaŵa kudumbiskana mwakufwatuka pa fundo iyo boma likakhazikiska. Dango ili likakhazikiskaso udindo wa pulezidenti, uwo Boumédiène wakachita pamanyuma pa kuvota mu 1978.
Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, mu caka ici, ndyali na malango gha mu Algeria vikaŵa vya FLN. Ndondomeko iyi yikasintha yayi m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1980, apo ŵandyali ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu ndipo FLN yikaleka kuŵa chipani chimoza. (Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa mu ndondomeko iyi na mu dango la Boumédiène vichalipo.) Ndipouli, mu nyengo yose ya Boumédiène, ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa ndyali, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakakhwaskanga maboma nga ni FLN, nyumba ya malango na boma. Ŵasilikari na ŵandyali ŵakalutilira kulimbana pa nkhani ya ndalama, ndipo Boumédiène wakaŵavikilira kuti ŵaleke kunanga boma.
Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Algeria chikamba kukura chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Pakati pa 1962 na 1982, ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakwera kufuma pa 10 kufika pa 20 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu 45 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni. Pa munthu yumoza, ndalama izo munthu wakapokeranga pa cilimika zikajumpha 2,000 FRF mu 1962, ndipo pasono ni 11,000 FRF. Ndipouli, likulutilira kuŵa na chipani cimoza ndipo likuŵikapo mtima comene pa vyakumera.[7]
Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake
lembaBoumédiène wakacitanga vinthu mwakuyana waka, wakalutilira kuŵa paubwezi uwemi na maboma gha Cikomyunizimu na vyaru vya ŵandyali. Mu wupu wa United Nations, wakacema kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana cifukwa ca umoza uwo ulipo pakati pa vyaru vya ku mafumiro gha dazi na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma ghakulongozgeka na ŵasilikari. Wakakhumbanga kuzenga caru cacitatu ca nkhongono kwizira mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. Wakakhozgera awo ŵakalweranga wanangwa, urunji, na kuyana. Wakapeleka wovwiri ku maboma gha ku Africa na vyaru vya ma Arab, kusazgapo PLO, ANC, SWAPO na vyaru vinyake.[8]
Charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kulimbana na Israyeli ndipo chikaŵa na mtima wa kukhumba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Palestina. Kukwambilira kwa ma 1970, Boumédiène wakayowoya kuti: "Tili na Ŵapalestina, kwali mbakutambuzgika panji ŵakusuzga. Algeria yikakhozga ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vya ma Arab na ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo kwimikana na Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa 6 mu 1967, ndipo yikatumizga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 150 mu Nkhondo ya Yom Kippur mu 1973, apo ndege za nkhondo za ku Algeria zikagwirako nchito pamoza na Ŵaegupto na Ŵairaqi. Kweniso likapeleka madola 200 miliyoni ku Soviet Union kuti lipeleke ndalama zakugulira vilwero ku Eguputo na Siriya. Pakuzgora wovwiri wa United States ku Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Mazuŵa Ghatatu, Algeria wakadumura ubwezi wake na United States. Likatora cigaŵa mu kulekeska mafuta mu 1973 pamanyuma pakuti US yikovwira Israyeli mu Nkhondo ya Yom Kippur. Pakuzgora kuyana na umo Eguputo wakacitira na Israyeli, Algeria pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya Ŵaarabu ŵakasuska Anwar Sadat na kumazga ubwezi wawo na Eguputo mu 1977.
Charu cha Algeria chikaguranga vilwero vinandi ku Soviet Union.
Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikacitika mu caru ici cikaŵa phangano lake la mu 1975 lakuti wawovwirenge ŵanthu ŵa ku Western Sahara kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha, ndipo wakazomerezga ŵanthu ŵakucimbira ku Sahara na gulu la Polisario kuti ŵanjire mu caru ca Algeria. Ici cikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora na Morocco, nangauli pa nyengo yakwamba iyo wakaŵa na mazaza, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. Nkhondo ya pakati pa Morocco na Algeria na nkhani ya ku Western Sahara iyo yindamalizgike, yikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu ndyali ya Algeria.[9]
-
Boumédiène mu 1972 -
Phangano la ku Algiers la mu 1975 likasainika na Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, muwusi wa Iran, Boumédiène, na Saddam Hussein, muwusi wa Iraq -
Mulongozgi wa ku Libya Muammar Gaddafi, Boumediene na Pulezidenti wa ku Syria Hafez al-Assad ku Tripoli, 1977
Kufwa
lembaMu 1978, wakawonekeranga viŵi yayi. Wakati wakhala mazuŵa 39, wakafwa ku Algiers cifukwa ca nthenda ya ndopa yakucemeka Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Nyengo zinyake mu ndyali za ku Algeria mukaŵa mphindano za umo ŵakamukomera panji kumutimba, comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakacitako vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu 1975 ku Algiers, Shah na nduna yake Asadollah Alam, nawo ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi. Nyifwa ya Boumédiène yikapangiska kuti mu Algeria muŵe mphepo ya nkhongono iyo yikaŵa yakusuzga kuyizura.
Boumédiène wakasungika mu msumba wa Algiers pa Disembala 29, 1978. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakiza, ndipo ŵakajara misewu. Boma la Algeria likalayizga kuti lizamulutizga kusinthiska vinthu ndipo likapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵenge na citima kwa mazuŵa 90. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani ya ivyo ŵakakolerana ku Camp David, kweni pulezidenti wa ku Eguputo, Anwar Sadat, wakawonga Boumédiène ndipo wakati wakapokera makani gha nyifwa yake "na citima cikuru" ndipo wakatuma ŵimiliri kuti ŵize ku nyifwa yake. Mulongozgi wa PLO Yasser Arafat wakaluta ku dindi pamoza na mulongozgi waciŵiri wa gulu lake la Fatah, Abu Iyad, uyo wakaŵa na ubwezi wakukhora na Boumédiène. Pulezidenti wa ku United States, Jimmy Carter, wakayowoya kuti Boumédiène "wakacita mulimo wakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo ya kujithemba ya ku Algeria. Munthu waliyose wakumanya kuti wakaŵa wakujipeleka pa mulimo wake ndiposo kuti wakacitanga vinthu vinandi pakuŵa munthu wa boma. Kweni ŵanthu ŵazamumukumbuka comene cifukwa ca kufwilirapo kwake kuti waŵe na caru ca ku Algeria ico nchakujiyimira paco". Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku United States, kusazgapo Muhammad Ali. Ŵapharazgi ŵa Soviet ŵakalumba Boumédiène kuti ni "mubwezi wa Soviet Union" ndipo "wakawovwira comene kuti vinthu vyende makora mu caru ca Algeria".[1][10][11][12]
Wonaniso
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- Houari Boumediene Airport, an airport near Algiers named after him.
- Houari Boumédienne District, a district in his native Guelma Province named after him.
- El Mouradia Palace
Malongosolelo gha vyakulemba vinyake
lemba- ↑ Also transcribed Boumediene and Boumedienne
Mazgo ghakuyowoyeka
lemba- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene". Washington Post (in American English). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ↑ Smith, J. Y. (28 December 1978). "Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist". The Washington Post.
- ↑ Alistair Horne (9 August 2012). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Pan Macmillan. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4472-3343-5.
- ↑ Thomas M. Leonard (18 October 2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-135-20515-7.
- ↑ John, Peter St. (1968). "Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences". The World Today. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 24 (7): 290–296. JSTOR 40394141.
- ↑ Salih, M. (2009-09-28). Interpreting Islamic Political Parties (in English). Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-10077-0.
- ↑ L'Algérie, Claudine Rulleau and Paul Balta, 2000
- ↑ Howe, Marvine (1977-12-06). "Hard‐Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
- ↑ Karakira, Ahmad (2022-07-04). "Algeria: 60 years of endless support for the Palestinian cause". Al Mayadeen English (in English). Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ↑ Times, James M. Markham Special to The New York (1978-12-29). "Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ↑ "ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE". British Pathé (in British English). Retrieved 2023-03-28.
- ↑ "New Leader" Time, February 12, 1979
Mabuku
lemba- Balta, Paul, and Claudine Roulleau, La Stratégie de Boumédiène, Simbad, 1978
- Francos, Ania, and Jean-Pierre Séréni, Un Algérien nommé Boumédiène, Stock, coll. Les Grands Leaders, 1976
- Minces, Juliette, L'Algérie de Boumediène, Presses de la Cité, 1978
Vigaŵa vya kuwalo
lemba
- (In French) Le règne de Houari Boumediène, El Watan, 27 décembre 2008
- (In Arabic) Video clip of a speech by Houari Boumédiène