Wikipedia

Le Corbusier

Mulembi wa vinthu vya ku Switzerland, wa ku France (1886-1965)
"Charles Jeanneret" redirects here. For the Australian politician, see Charles Jeanneret (politician).
"Corbusier" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see Corbusier (disambiguation).

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 Okutobala 1887 27 Ogasiti 1965), wakucemeka Le Corbusier[2] [3][4] (French: [lə kɔʁbyzje][5]),wakaŵa mulembi, wakulemba mapulani, kweniso yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska vinthu ivyo sono vikuchemeka kuti mapulani gha mazuŵa ghano. Wakababikira ku Switzerland ndipo wakaŵa mwenekaya wa France mu 1930. Mu vyaka 50 ivyo wakachitanga mulimo wake, wakapanganga nyumba ku Europe, Japan, India, North na South America.[6] He considered that "the roots of modern architecture are to be found in Viollet-le-Duc".[7]

Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier mu 1964
Kubabika
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris[1]

(1887-10-06)6 October 1887
La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Kufwa27 August 1965(1965-08-27) (vyaka vikaŵa 77)
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alpes-Maritimes, France
ChikhazeSwiss, French
NtchitoArchitect
Mphoto
BuildingsVilla Savoye, Poissy
Villa La Roche, Paris
Unité d'habitation, Marseille
Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp
Buildings in Chandigarh, India
ProjectsVille Radieuse
Chikhwekhwelele

Le Corbusier wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi chomene pa nkhani ya mapulani gha mizi ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska bungwe la Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier wakanozga pulani ya msumba wa Chandigarh ku India, ndipo wakapanga mapulani gha nyumba zinandi, comenecomene za boma.

Pa Julayi 17, 2016, mapulojekiti 17 gha Le Corbusier mu vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri ghakalembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Le Corbusier wachali munthu wakususka. Malingaliro ghake ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na mapulani gha mizi ghakususkika cifukwa ca kuleka kuŵikako mahara ku malo agho ghakaŵako kale, umo ŵanthu ŵakalongoleranga maghanoghano ghawo, ndiposo umo ŵanthu ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana.[8][9][10][11]

Le Corbusier wakapangaso mipando yakumanyikwa nga ni LC4 Chaise Lounge Chair, na ALC-3001. Vyose viŵiri vili kupangika na vikumba vya visulo.

Umoyo Wakwambilira (1887-1904)

File:Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, Still Life, oil on canvas, 80.9 x 99.7 cm, Museum of Modern Art.jpg
Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, Nature morte (Nature morte), mafuta pa canvas, 80.9 cm × 99.7 cm (31.9 in × 39.3 in), Museum of Modern Art, New York

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret wakababika pa 6 Okutobala 1887 ku La Chaux-de-Fonds, tawuni yichoko mu chigaŵa cha Neuchâtel, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Switzerland, mu mapiri gha Jura, makilomita 5 kufuma ku France. Msumba uwu ukaŵa wa mafakitale, ndipo ukapanganga mawoko. Mu tawuni ya La Chaux-de-Fonds mukaŵa nyumba ya Loge L'Amitié, iyo yikaŵa na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na makhaliro, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Le Corbusier wakayowoya kuti fundo izi ni "zinthu ivyo nkhusankha" ndiposo "manyanipo kale comene, ndipo ni zakukhora mu maghanoghano ghane, nga ni ivyo vili mu buku la visambizgo vya cisopa". (Mu 1920, wakalemba zina lakuti Le Corbusier.) Adada ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵamisiri ndipo ŵakasoranga mabokosi na mawotchi, ndipo amama ŵake ŵakasambizganga kwimba piyano. Mubali wake mulara, Albert, wakaŵa wakwimba viŵeya. Wakasambiranga ku sukulu iyo ŵakasambizgiranga vinthu vya Fröbeli.[12][13][14]

Nga umo vikaŵira na Frank Lloyd Wright na Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier wakaŵavya masambiro gha kuzenga. Wakakopeka na luso lwa kuwoneka; apo wakaŵa na vilimika 15, wakanjira sukulu ya vya matalente mu tawuni ya La-Chaux-de-Fonds, iyo wakasambizganga vya matalente ghakukhwaskana na kupanga maora. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, wakasambira ku yunivesite ya ku Budapest na Paris. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti L'Eplattenier ndiyo wakamuzgora "munthu wa mu nkhorongo" ndipo wakamusambizga umo wangapangira vithuzithuzi. Kanandi adada ŵake ŵakalutanga nayo ku mapiri ghakuzingilizga tawuni. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Nyengo zose tikakweranga mapiri, ndipo tikazgoŵera kuwona vinthu vinandi". Msambizgi wake wa vyakuzenga ku sukulu ya Art School wakaŵa René Chapallaz, uyo wakawovwira chomene pakunozga nyumba za Le Corbusier. Pamanyuma, wakayowoya kuti msambizgi wake wa vya maluso, L'Eplattenier ndiyo wakamupangiska kuti wasankhe vyakuzenga. Wakalemba kuti: "Nkhatinkhanga chomene vyakuzengeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga. "... Nkhaŵa na vyaka 16, nkhapokelera cheruzgo na kupulikira. Nkhasambira vya kuzenga".[15]

Ulendo na nyumba zakwamba (1905-1914)

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    Ntchito ya Le Corbusier, Villa Fallet, nyumba ya ku La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (1905)
  •  
    Nyumba ya Le Corbusier ku La Chaux-de-Fonds (1912)
  •  
    Villa Favre-Jacot ku Le Locle, Switzerland (1912)

Le Corbusier wakamba kujisambizga yekha mwa kuluta ku layibulare kuti wakasambirenge vya vyakuzengeka na vinjeru vya ŵanthu. Mu 1905, iyo pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, mwakulongozgeka na msambizgi wawo, René Chapallaz, ŵakanozga na kuzenga nyumba yawo yakwamba, Villa Fallet, kwa Louis Fallet, uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa msambizgi wake Charles L'Eplattenier. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yikuru chomene, ndipo yikaŵa na mtenje wakudumuka mu kawonekero ka mapiri gha ku Alps. Cifukwa cakuti nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakukondweska, wakazenga nyumba ziŵiri zakuyana waka, za Villas Jacquemet na Stotzer.

Mu Seputembala 1907, wakaluta ku Italy, ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi wakafika ku Budapest na ku Vienna. Apo wakaŵa ku Florence, wakaluta ku Florence Charterhouse ku Galluzzo, ndipo wakakondwanga chomene. Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Nkhukhumba kukhala mu selo lawo. "Iyi yikaŵa nthowa yiwemi comene yakuzengera nyumba za ŵantchito". Wakaluta ku Paris, ndipo kwa myezi 14 pakati pa 1908 na 1910 wakagwiranga nchito ya kujambura mu ofesi ya Auguste Perret, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kugwiliskira nchito simenti yakukhozga mu nyumba za ŵanthu. Pakati pa Okutobala 1910 na Malichi 1911, wakaluta ku Germany ndipo wakagwira nchito kwa myezi yinayi mu ofesi ya Peter Behrens, uko Mies van der Rohe na Walter Gropius nawo ŵakagwiranga nchito na kusambira.

Mu 1911, wakambaso ulendo wa myezi yinkhondi pamoza na mubwezi wake August Klipstein; nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Balkan ndipo wakaluta ku Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, kweniso ku Pompeii na Rome, ndipo wakalemba mu mabuku ghakujumpha 80 ivyo wakawona, kusazgapo viphambano vinandi vya Parthenon, ivyo pamanyuma pake wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Vers une architecture (1923). Wakalongosora ivyo wakawona pa ulendo uwu mu mabuku ghake ghanandi.[16]

Mu 1912, wakamba kuzenga nyumba yiphya ya ŵapapi ŵake, iyo yikaŵa pafupi na La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Nyumba ya Jeanneret-Perret yikaŵa yikuru kuluska nyumba zinyake, ndipo yikaŵa yapachanya chomene. Malo gha mukati ghakanozgekanga kuzingilizga ntchindamiro zinayi za chipinda chakulyeramo mu pakati, ndipo ghakalongosoranga umo vinthu vizamuŵira mu nyumba zake. Ntchito iyi yikaŵa yakudura comene kuluska umo wakaghanaghaniranga; ŵapapi ŵake ŵakacicizgika kufumamo mu nyumba iyi mu vilimika khumi, na kusamukira ku nyumba yambura kuzirwa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ivyo vikacitika, ŵakamupa nchito ya kuzenga nyumba yapachanya comene mu muzi wapafupi wa Le Locle, kwa munthu munyake musambazi, Georges Favre-Jacot. Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba yiphya mu mwezi umoza pera. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo yikaŵa na luŵaza lutali kuti paŵe ungweru.[17]

Nyumba ya Domino na Nyumba ya Schwob (1914-1918)

File:Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier), 1914-15, Maison Dom-Ino.jpg
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, 1914-15, Nyumba ya Dom-Ino

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Le Corbusier wakasambizganga pa sukulu yake yakale ku La-Chaux-de-Fonds. Wakasambira chomene vya umo ŵanthu ŵakuzengera nyumba.[18] IMu Disembala 1914, pamoza na injiniya Max Dubois, ŵakamba kusanda mwakupwelelera umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito simenti yakukhozga. Pakwamba wakasanga konkire mu ofesi ya Auguste Perret, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kupanga konkire mu Paris, kweni sono wakakhumbanga kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu nthowa ziphya.

Pamanyuma, wakalemba kuti: "Chingwe cakukhozga cikanovwira kuti niŵe na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, kweniso kuti niŵe wakukhazikika. Ivi vikamovwira kuti wacite pulani ya nyumba ya Dom-Ino (1914-15). Chiyelezgero ichi chikaŵa na mapulagi ghatatu gha konkire agho ghakaŵa na mizati 6 ya konkire yakukhora. Pakwamba, ŵakazenganga nyumba zinandi za kanyengo kachoko pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Mu kalata iyo wakalemba, wakati ni "nthowa yakuzengera iyo yikukolerana na mapulani ghanandi. Iyo wakalemba kuti: "Ici cikovwiranga kuti vipata viŵe pa malo ghose pa nyumba panji mukati".

 
Nyumba ya Anatole Schwob ku La-Chaux-de-Fonds (1916-1918)

Mu nyumba iyi, ŵanthu ŵakawonanga yayi kuwaro kwa nyumba, kweni ŵakasunganga makuni ghakupambanapambana. Le Corbusier wakati walemba patent, wakapangaso nyumba zinandi izo zikaŵa na mabokosi ghatuŵa. Nangauli vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikazengeka yayi, kweni vikalongosora makora umo wakazengera nyumba izo zikaŵa za mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1927, wakalemba buku lakuti Five Points of a New Architecture. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikalondezgana na ivi, wakajura nyumba iyi kuti yileke kukolerana na viliŵa, kweniso wakajura mapulani na visalu.

Mu Ogasiti 1916, Le Corbusier wakapika mulimo ukuru comene wa kuzenga nyumba ya Anatole Schwob, uyo wakaŵa na mawoko ghafupi. Wakaŵa na ndalama zinandi ndipo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga nyumba pera yayi, kweni wakapangaso vyakukongoletsera mukati na kusankha vinthu vinyake. Pakulondezga ulongozgi wa Auguste Perret, wakazenga nyumba iyi na simiti yakukhozga ndipo wakazuzga malo agho ghakaŵapo na njerwa. Pakati pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa bokosi likuru la konkire ilo likaŵa na mizati yiŵiri, ilo likalongoranga umo wakawoneranga maonekedwe gha vinthu. Pakati pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa holo yikuru yakuzura na makandulo. Mu Julayi 1916, wakalembera Auguste Perret kuti: "Mukuwona kuti Auguste Perret ndiyo wakanovwira chomene kuluska Peter Behrens".

Ivyo Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga vikakolerananga yayi na maghanoghano na bajeti ya uyo wakakhumbanga kumovwira. Schwob wakaluta ku khoti ndipo wakakana kuti Le Corbusier wasangike pa malo agha, panji kuyowoya kuti ndiyo wakazenga. Le Corbusier wakazgora kuti: "Kwali mukukhumba panji yayi, kweni nyumba yinu yili na mazgu ghane". Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakukondwa comene na nyumba iyi ndipo wakalembapo vithuzithuzi mu mabuku ghake ghanandi.[19]

Kupenta, Cubism, Purism na L'Esprit Nouveau (1918-1922)

File:Le Corbusier, 1921, Nature morte, oil on canvas, 54 x 81 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne.jpg
Le Corbusier, 1921, Nature morte, mafuta pa salu, 54 x 81 cm, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris
File:Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), 1922, Nature morte verticale (Vertical Still Life), oil on canvas, 146.3 x 89.3 cm, Kunstmuseum, Basel.jpg
Le Corbusier, 1922, Nature morte verticale (Vertical Still Life), mafuta pa canvas, 146.3 cm × 89.3 cm (57.6 x 35.2 inches), Kunstmuseum Basel
File:Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), 1920, Guitare verticale (2ème version), oil on canvas, 100 x 81 cm, Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris.jpg
Le Corbusier, 1920, Guitare verticale (2ème version), mafuta pa canvas, 100 cm × 81 cm (39 in × 32 in), Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris

Mu 1917, Le Corbusier wakasamira ku Paris ndipo wakamba kugwira ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba pamoza na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret.

Mu 1918, Le Corbusier wakakumana na Amédée Ozenfant, uyo wakaŵa na mzimu wakuyana na wake. Ozenfant wakamukhwimiska kuti wapange vithuzi, ndipo wose ŵakamba kwenderana. Ŵakakananga kuti Cubism njambura mahara ndiposo "yautesi", ndipo wose ŵaŵiri ŵakalembapo fundo yawo yakucemeka Après le cubisme. Ozenfant na Le Corbusier ŵakamba kulemba mabuku gha L'Esprit Nouveau.

Mu magazini yakwamba, mu 1920, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret wakalemba zina lakuti Le Corbusier (zina la sekuru wake, Lecorbésier) kulongora kuti wakagomezganga kuti munthu waliyose wangajipangaso yekha. Mu nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga zina limoza, comenecomene ku Paris.

Pakati pa 1918 na 1922, Le Corbusier wakazengapo yayi, kweni wakaŵika mtima wake wose pa nkhani ya umo vinthu vikalengekera. Mu 1922, iyo na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret ŵakajura studio ku Paris pa 35 rue de Sèvres. Ŵakazenga nyumba ya kuzenga pamoza. Mu 1927 m'paka 1937, ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na Charlotte Perriand pa studio ya Le Corbusier-Pierre Jeanneret. Mu 1929, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakanozga chigaŵa cha "House fittings" pa chiphikiro cha Decorative Artists Exhibition ndipo ŵakapempha kuti paŵe gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakateŵeteranga pa malo agha. Komiti ya Vyakutozga yikakana. Ŵakaleka ntchito iyi ndipo ŵakambiska bungwe la Union des artistes modernes ("Union des artistes modernes": UAM).

Nyengo yichoko waka, wakasanda nyumba za mbumba yimoza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa Citrohan. Zina la nyumba iyi likulongora kuti Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa na vinthu ivyo vikapangika mu nyumba iyi.[20]

Mu nyumba ya Citrohan, Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba ya makwelero ghatatu. Pa mtenje wa nyumba iyi pakaŵa malo ghakupumulirako dazi. Kuwaro, Le Corbusier wakaŵika makwelero agho ghakaŵawovwiranga kufika pa chipinda chachiŵiri. Pa malo agha, nga umo vikaŵira na maofesi ghanyake gha mu nyengo iyi, wakapangaso mawindo ghakuru. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa, ndipo pa vipata vya kuwaro pakaŵavya mawindo. Le Corbusier na Jeanneret ŵakaleka kuzenga mu nyumba iyi, ndipo ŵakasunga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵa nga ni viŵiya. Kanandi vyakuŵikapo nyali vikaŵanga na nyali yimoza. Makuni gha mukati nagho ghakaŵa ghatuŵa.

Kuyana na Kafukufuku wa Vyakulemba nyumba (1920-1923)

Mu 1922 na 1923, Le Corbusier wakajipeleka kukhozgera fundo zake ziphya za kuzenga na kunozga matawuni mu nkhani izo zikalembeka mu L'Esprit Nouveau. Pa ungano wa Paris Salon d'Automne mu 1922, wakalongosora ivyo wakakhumbanga kuzakachita pa msumba wa Ville Contemporaine, uwo uzamuŵa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghatatu. Mu 1923, wakalemba buku lake lakwamba, Towards an Architecture. Wakayowoya fundo zakukhwaskana na umo vinthu vizamuŵira munthazi, ndipo wakati: "Nyengo yikuru yayamba waka. Pali mzimu uphya. Pali milimo yinandi iyo yikucitika mu mzimu uphya, comenecomene mu vyakupangapanga. Vinthu ivyo vikuzengeka sono vikukoma ŵanthu. Mazgu ghakuti "nthowa" ngautesi. Kavwaliro nkhukolerana kwa visambizgo ivyo vikupangiska mulimo wose wa nyengo yinyake kuŵa wambura kusuzga kuwuwona. Nyengo yithu yikupanga kawonekero kake zuŵa lililose. Maso ghithu, mwacitima, ghakumanya yayi umo ghakuwonera". Vithuzithuzi vinandi na vithuzithuzi ivyo vili mu buku ili vikafuma ku malo ghanyake agho ghakusangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi.[21]

L'Esprit Nouveau Pavilion (1925)

 
Nyumba ya Mzimu Watsopano (1925)
 
Cakuwonerapo ca Plan Voisin ca kuzengaso Paris ico cikulongora pa malo gha Esprit Nouveau

Mulimo wakuzirwa wa Le Corbusier ukaŵa wa Esprit Nouveau Pavilion, uwo ukazengeka mu 1925 pa ungano wa Paris International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts. Le Corbusier wakazenga nyumba iyi pamoza na Amédée Ozenfant na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret. Le Corbusier na Ozenfant ŵakaleka kusopa kwa Cubism ndipo ŵakambiska gulu la Purism mu 1918, ndipo mu 1920 ŵakambiska magazini yawo ya L'Esprit Nouveau. Mu magazini yake yiphya, Le Corbusier wakayowoya mwakupulikikwa makora za luso lwa kujitozga, wakati: "Kupambana na makina, luso lwa kujitozga ndakupelekeka ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito na mawoko, ndipo likufwa". Kuti walongosore makora ivyo wakaghanaghananga, iyo na Ozenfant ŵakaghanaghana vya kupanga chipinda chichoko waka pa malo agha. Wakalemba kuti nyumba "ni selo ilo lili mu msumba. Selo lili na vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikovwira kuti nyumba yiŵe yakukhora. Vinthu vyakujitozga vikususkana na fundo za mu Baibolo. Mu nyumba yithu muzamuŵa waka vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuvipanga mu mafakitale na kupanga mu unandi, vinthu ivyo vikukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira mazuŵa ghano.

Le Corbusier na ŵanyake ŵakapika malo agho ghakaŵa kuseri kwa Grand Palais. Malo agha ghakaŵa na makuni ghanandi, ndipo awo ŵakawoneleranga ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kudumura makuni, ntheura Le Corbusier wakazenga nyumba yake na khuni pakati, ilo likafumanga pa mtenje. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene ndipo yikaŵa na luŵaza na mawindo. Mu chipinda ichi mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vichoko waka vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora. Awo ŵakalongozganga chiphikiro ichi ŵakakwiya comene ndipo ŵakazenga mpanda kuti ŵaleke kuwona malo agha. Le Corbusier wakachita apilu ku Unduna wa vya Maluso, uwo ukalangura kuti ŵakome mpanda uwu.

Padera pa vyakuvwara, mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa 'Plan Voisin' iyo wakalemba, iyo yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kuzengaso chigaŵa chikuru cha Paris. Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghakuru gha kumpoto kwa Seine ghazgulike na mabuludogi na kunjizga misewu yifinyi, vikhwangwani, na nyumba mu malo mwa vigongwe vikuruvikuru vya makwelero 60 ivyo vikaŵa nga ni mphinjika. Ŵandyali na ŵamalonda ŵa ku France ŵakamususka, nangauli ŵakakolerana na fundo za Taylor na Ford. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa kuti yindaghanaghanirikepo, kweni yikapangiska kuti paŵe kudumbiskana za umo ŵangachitira na ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi ya ku Paris.

Ŵanandi awo ŵakasuskanga nyumba iyi ŵakayiseka, kweni Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti: "Cinthu cimoza nchakuti, mu 1925 pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa vinthu vyakale na viphya. Para caka ca 1925 cajumphapo, awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyakale ŵazamuŵa kuti ŵafwa... Cinthu cikuluta panthazi cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga, ndipo cakuzirwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti 'vyaphya' ndivyo vicitikenge".

The Decorative Art of Today (1925)

Mu 1925, Le Corbusier wakasazga nkhani zakukhwaskana na luso lwa kujitozga kufuma mu "L'Esprit Nouveau" mu buku lakuti L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui (The Decorative Art of Today).[22][23] Buku ili likaŵa lakukhozga maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kutozga vinthu. Fundo yake yikuru, iyo yikuyowoyeka kanandi waka mu buku ili, njakuti: "Vikuto vya mazuŵa ghano vikutowa yayi". Wakasuska mwakukondwa masitayelo agho ghakaŵa pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu 1925 (Exposition of Decorative Arts). Chisopa cha vinthu vyakutowa chili mu suzgo yikuru. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo ghanthena agha. Iyo wakazunura buku la mu 1912 la Adolf Loos, ilo lili na mutu wakuti "Ornament and Crime", ndipo wakazunurapo mazgu gha Loos ghakuti: "Para ŵanthu ŵakukura chomene, mbwenu vinthu vikusintha". Wakasuska umo ŵanthu ŵakachitiranga vinthu mu nyengo yakale, ndipo wakati "Louis Philippe na Louis XVI moderne". Ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵakaphikanga vyakurya viwemi chomene". Wakasuska masitayelo ghakupambanapambana agho ghakapelekeka pa ungano uwu, agho ghakafuma ku China, Japan, India na Persia. Mazuŵa ghano, pakukhumbikwa nkhongono kuti munthu wakhozge mitheto ya ku Western. Wakasuska "vinthu vyakuzirwa na vyambura kuzirwa ivyo vikaŵa pa mashelufu" mu masitayelo ghaphya. Wakasuzga "masikini gha silika, malibwe gha marble agho ghakusintha, viŵiya vyamalibwe, masiliva gha ku Byzantium na ku Orient... Tiyeni tileke waka!"

"Chifukwa wuli mabotolo, vitanda, mabasiketi, na vinthu vinyake vikucemeka vyakusongonora?" Le Corbusier wakafumba. "Ni vinthu vyakovwira.... Vinthu vyakukongoletsera ni vyakukhumbikwa yayi. Nchito ya luso njakukhumbikwa". Wakayowoya kuti kunthazi ŵanthu ŵazamupangaso "vinthu ivyo ni vyakovwira, vyakovwira, kweniso vyakutowa chomene. Para munthu wakuchita vinthu mwamahara kweniso mwakukwana, wakuŵa na nkharo yiwemi". Wakalongosora umo vinthu vizamuŵira kunthazi, wakati: "Chilato nchakuti munthu wagwirenge nchito mu ofesi yiwemi comene ya fekitare yasono, ya makona ghanayi, yakuŵala makora, yakuŵa na malibwe ghatuŵa gha Ripolin (makampani ghakurughakuru gha ku France agho ghakuŵa na malibwe ghakupangira vinthu); uko ŵanthu ŵakucita vinthu mwakukondwa kweniso ŵakukondwa". Wakamalizga na mazgu ghakuti: "Vinthu vyakusongoneska mazuŵa ghano vilije vinthu vyakusongoneska".

Buku ili likaŵa la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga masitayelo ghakupambanapambana gha vyakujitozga. Mu m'ma 1930, nga umo Le Corbusier wakayowoyera, vinthu vya Louis Philippe na Louis XVI ivyo vikaŵa mu nyumba na mapepara gha maluŵa gha mitundu yakutowa, vikasinthika na masitayelo ghanyake. Pachoko na pachoko, visambizgo vya Le Corbusier vya umo vinthu vikaŵira vikamba kusintha. Mu 1966, nkhwantha ya vya mdauko, Bevis Hillier, yikasintha mazina agho Le Corbusier wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti, 1925 Expo: Arts Deco. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura kalembero aka kuti Art Deco.[24]

Malo Ghankhondi Ghakulongosolera Nyumba za Villa Savoye (1923-1931)

Nkhani ikulu: Villa Savoye and Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture

Chifukwa chakuti Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha ivyo wakalemba kweniso chifukwa cha chiphikiro icho chikachitika mu 1925, ŵanthu ŵakamupa ntchito yakuzenga nyumba 12 mu Paris. Mu nyumba izi mukaŵa nyumba ya La Roche na Albert Jeanneret (1923-1925), iyo sono ni Fondation Le Corbusier; nyumba ya Guiette ku Antwerp, Belgium (1926); nyumba ya Jacques Lipchitz; nyumba ya Cook, na nyumba ya Planeix. Mu 1927, German Werkbund yikamuchema kuti wakazenge nyumba zitatu mu msumba wa Weissenhof kufupi na Stuttgart. Iyo wakalongosora makora comene mulimo uwu mu buku lake lakucemeka Five Points of Architecture.

Chaka chakulondezgapo wakamba kuzenga nyumba ya Villa Savoye (1928-1931), iyo yikazgoka yimoza mwa nyumba zakumanyikwa chomene za Le Corbusier. Nyumba iyi yili mu muzi wa Poissy, ndipo yili pakati pa makuni na utheka ukuru. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu (malo ghakusungirako magalimoto, vipinda vya ŵateŵeti, na chipinda chakugezeramo) ghali kusi kwa nyumba. Ŵalendo ŵakunjira mu nyumba iyo yili na malo ghakukwera. Vipinda vya kugona na vyakusungiramo vinthu vya mu nyumba iyi vili kuzingilizga munda wakudikanya. Pa mtenje pakaŵa makwelero agho ghakalongozgera ku chipinda cha pasi.

Villa Savoye wakalongosora mwakudumura fundo zinkhondi izo wakalongosora mu L'Esprit Nouveau na mu buku lakuti Vers une architecture, ilo wakalemba mu ma 1920. Chakwamba, Le Corbusier wakawuskapo chigaŵa chikuru cha nyumba iyi, ndipo wakawovwira kuti yiŵe yakukhora. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo wakakhumbanga kulongosora. Chinthu ichi chikaŵa chakuti nyumba iyi yiŵe na visalu vyambura kujima, kung'anamura kuti yiŵe na viliŵa vyambura kujima, ivyo vikakhumbikwanga nga umo munthu wakakhumbiranga. Mu chipinda chachiŵiri cha nyumba ya Villa Savoye muli mawindo ghatali agho ghakulazga ku munda ukuru uwo uli pafupi. Cinthu cacinkhondi cikaŵa munda wa pa mtenje uwo ukaŵa wakunozga malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtenje. Pa nyumba iyi pakaŵa malo ghakukwera agho ghakaŵa pa mtenje. Chikhwangwani chakutowa ichi chikukumbuska umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito pa sitima izo zikwenda pa nyanja.

Mu 1930, Le Corbusier wakalemba mu buku lake la Precisions kuti: "Pulani iyi njakutowa, ndipo yikukolerana na ivyo nyumba iyi yikukhumba. Malo agha ndigho ghakwenera kuti ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Poissy. Ni sumu na malemba, ivyo vikukhozgeka na luso". Nangauli nyumba iyi yikaŵa na masuzgo, kweni yikaŵa yakumanyikwa chomene ndipo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Le Corbusier wakalemba.[25]

Mpikisano wa League of Nations ndi Pessac Housing Project (1926-1930)

Cifukwa ca nkhani izo wakalemba mu magazini ya L'Esprit Nouveau, na ivyo wakacita pa ungano wa 1925 wakucemeka Decorative Arts Exposition, kweniso nkhani izo wakapharazganga za mzimu uphya wa vyakuzenga, Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene mu caru ca vyakuzenga. Mu 1926, wakaluta ku ungano wa kuzenga ofesi yikuru ya Wupu wa Vyaru ku Geneva. Pakaŵa mapulojekiti 337. Vikawoneka kuti mulimo wa Corbusier ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kwa awo ŵakanozga nyumba izi, kweni ŵakati ŵajumphapo nyengo yitali, ŵeruzgi ŵakamanya kuti palije uyo wangasankhika. Le Corbusier wakadandawura yayi; wakapharazga vilato vyake ku ŵanthu mu nkhani na nkhani kuti walongore mwaŵi uwo wupu wa League of Nations ukataya.[26]

The Cité Frugès

Nkhani ikulu: Cité Frugès de Pessac

Mu 1926, Le Corbusier wakapokera mwaŵi uwo wakapenjanga. Munthu munyake wa ku Bordeaux, zina lake Henry Frugès, uyo wakatemwanga chomene maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na mapulani gha mizi, wakamutuma kuti wakazenge nyumba za ŵantchito, zina lake Cité Frugès, ku Pessac, mu tawuni ya Bordeaux. Le Corbusier wakalongosora kuti Pessac wakaŵa "nga ni buku la Balzac". Mu chigaŵa cha Fruges ndimo wakazengera nyumba zakukhalamo. Nga umo vikaŵira na nyumba izo zikaŵa pa chiphikiro cha 1925, nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na luŵaza. Nyumba zacibali izo wakazenga zikaŵa na viliŵa vyakuwaro vyatuŵa, kweni kwa Pessac, pa pempho la ŵamalonda ŵake, wakasazgirapo mtundu; vyakuvwara vyafipa, vyaciŵinda na vyaciŵinda, vyakulongozgeka na Le Corbusier. Pakwamba ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mu nyumba iyi muŵenge nyumba pafupifupi 200, kweni paumaliro mu nyumba izi mukaŵa pafupifupi 50 m'paka 70. Pessac ndiyo wakaŵa chakuwonerapo cha mapulojekiti gha Cité Radieuse agho wakacita pamanyuma.[27]

Kupanga CIAM (1928) na Athens Charter

Mu 1928, Le Corbusier wakacita cinthu cinyake cikuru comene pakukhozga nyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Le Corbusier wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Germany na Austria awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora pa nyengo iyo ŵakachitiranga phangano la League of Nations mu 1927. Mu chaka chenechicho, German Werkbund yikanozga chiphikiro cha vyakuzengeka vya mu nyumba ya Weissenhof Estate ku Stuttgart. Ŵanthu 17 awo ŵakamanyikwanga chomene pa nkhani ya kuzenga nyumba ku Europe ŵakacemeka kuti ŵazenge nyumba 21. Mu 1927, Le Corbusier, Pierre Chareau, na ŵanyake ŵakapeleka fundo yakuti paŵe ungano wa mitundu yose. Ungano wakwamba wa International Congresses of Modern Architects (CIAM) uwo ukachitikira pa Nyanja ya Leman ku Switzerland pa Juni 26-28, 1928. Ŵanthu awo ŵakiza pa ungano uwu ŵakaŵa Le Corbusier, Robert Mallet-Stevens, Auguste Perret, Pierre Chareau, na Tony Garnier ŵakufuma ku France; Victor Bourgeois wakufuma ku Belgium; Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Ernst May, na Mies van der Rohe ŵakufuma ku Germany; Josef Frank wakufuma ku Austria; Mart Stam na Gerrit Rietveld ŵakufuma ku Netherlands, na Adolf Loos wakufuma ku Czechoslovakia. Ŵakapempha ŵantchito ŵa Soviet kuti ŵize ku ungano uwu, kweni ŵakatondeka kusanga visa. Pamanyuma, mu gulu ili mukaŵa Josep Lluís Sert wa ku Spain na Alvar Aalto wa ku Finland. Pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakafuma ku United States. Mu 1930, Victor Bourgeois wakanozga ungano waciŵiri ku Brussels, pa mutu wakuti "Ndondomeko za kuzenga nyumba". Ungano wacitatu, wa mutu wakuti "Mzinda Wakukhorweska", ukeneranga kucitikira ku Moscow mu 1932, kweni ukakanika pa nyengo yaumaliro. M'malo mwake, ŵimiliri aŵa ŵakakumananga pa sitima iyo yikendanga pakati pa Marseille na Athens. Pa boti ili, wose ŵakalemba buku ilo likulongosora umo mizi yikwendera mazuŵa ghano. Buku ili likachemeka The Athens Charter, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti Le Corbusier na ŵanyake ŵalisintha, likafumiskika mu 1943 ndipo likaŵa buku lakovwira chomene awo ŵakanozganga vinthu vya mu misumba mu ma 1950 na 1960. Gulu ili likakumanaso ku Paris mu 1937 kuti likadumbiskane vya nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Chiharo cha CIAM chikaŵa kaghanaghaniro na chisambizgo icho chikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo ŵakuzengera nyumba mazuŵa ghano mu Europe na United States..[28]

Mapulojekiti (1928-1963)

Ntchito za ku Moscow (1928-1934)

Nkhani ikulu: Le Corbusier in the USSR
 
Nyumba ya Tsentrosoyuz, likuru la mawupu gha ŵantchito gha Soviet, Moscow (1928-34)

Le Corbusier wakawonanga kuti wupu uphya uwo ukaŵako mu Soviet Union pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Russia ndiwo ungamovwira kuti waŵe na maghanoghano ghakukhwaskana na vyakuzenga. Wakakumana na Konstantin Melnikov, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa vinthu vya ku Russia, pa chiphikiro cha ku Paris mu 1925. Pakumucema Melnikov, wakaluta ku Moscow, uko wakasanga kuti mabuku ghake ghakalembeka mu Cirasha; wakapharazganga na kufumba mafumbo ndipo pakati pa 1928 na 1932 wakazenga ofesi ya Tsentrosoyuz, likuru la mawupu gha Soviet.

Mu 1932, wakacemeka kuti wazakacite nawo mpikisano wa caru cose wa kuzengako Nyumba ya Ufumu ya ku Moscow, iyo yikeneranga kuzengeka pa malo agho pakaŵa tchalitchi la Khristu Muponoski, ilo likabwangandulika na Stalin. Le Corbusier wakalemba pulani yakupambanapambana, iyo yikaŵa na nyumba zakupambanapambana zakupambanapambana. Mubali Le Corbusier wakakwenyelera comene apo Stalin wakakana ivyo wakakhumbanga, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuzenga cipinda cikuru ca ku Europe ico pakaŵa cikozgo ca Vladimir Lenin. Nyumba iyi yikazengeka yayi, kweni Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵakazengapo chiziŵa, ndipo yikati yabwanganduka, tchalitchi ili likazengekaso pa malo ghake.

Cité Universitaire, Immeuble Clarté na Cité de Refuge (1928–1933)

 
Nyumba ya Clarté ku Geneva (1930-1932)

Pakati pa 1928 na 1934, apo Le Corbusier wakakuranga, wakapika nchito ya kuzenga nyumba zinandi. Mu 1928, boma la Soviet likamutuma kuti wakazenge ofesi yikuru ya mawupu gha ŵantchito. Wakazenga Villa de Madrot mu Le Pradet (1929~1931); na nyumba mu Paris kwa Charles de Bestigui pa nyumba iyo yikaŵa pa Champs-Élysées 1929~1932, (iyo pamanyuma yikaparanyika). Mu 1929-1930 wakazenga malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu ŵambura pakukhala gha Salvation Army pa Mlonga wa Seine ku Pont d'Austerlitz. Pakati pa 1929 na 1933, wakazenga nyumba yikuru na yakuzirwa comene ya Salvation Army, Cité de Refuge, mu rue Cantagrel mu cigaŵa ca 13 ca Paris. Kweniso wakazenga Swiss Pavilion mu Cité Universitaire mu Paris na nyumba za ŵana ŵa sukulu 46 (1929-33). Wakanozga vinthu vyakuti viŵe mu nyumba iyi. Mu chipinda chikuru mukaŵa vithuzithuzi vyakututuŵa. Mu 1948, wakasintha chithuzithuzi ichi na chithuzithuzi chinyake icho wakajambura yekha. Ku Geneva, wakazenga nyumba ya nyumba zinandi za makuni 45 yakuchemeka Immeuble Clarté. Pakati pa 1931 na 1945 wakazenga nyumba ya nyumba zinandi zakukwana 15, kusazgapo nyumba na studio yake pa 6th na 7th floor, pa 24 rue Nungesser-et-Coli mu 16th arrondissement mu Paris. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba na studio yake ni vya Fondation Le Corbusier ndipo ŵanthu ŵangaluta kukaviwona.

Ville Contemporaine, Plan Voisin na Cité Radieuse (1922–1939)

Wonaniso: Unité d'habitation and Ville Radieuse

Apo suzgo likuru la vyachuma likaŵa mukati mu Europe, Le Corbusier wakapatura nyengo yinandi kuti waghanaghanirepo pa umo vinthu viŵirenge mu misumba. Iyo wakagomezganga kuti nyumba izo wakazenga zizamovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Mu 1922, wakalongosora umo msumba wa Paris wa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghatatu ukaŵira. Mu pulani yake mukaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru za maofesi izo zikazingilizgika na nyumba zakukhalapo. Iyo wakati: "Kupenda vinthu kukupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe vyakupambana chomene na umo viliri sono, ndipo munthu wangakwaniska yayi kuviwona". Nyumba ya Ville Contemporaine, iyo yikulongora msumba wa mu maghanoghano, yikatondeka kukopa ŵanthu nga umo Le Corbusier wakakhumbiranga. Pa ivyo wakalemba mu 1925 (Plan Voisin), wakachita vinthu mwakutalulira chomene. Wakakhumbanga kuti chigaŵa chikuru cha Paris chipasuke na kuŵikamo maofesi gha makuni 60 ghakuzingilizgika na mapaki. Fundo iyi yikaŵa yakukhozga comene ku awo ŵakawoneleranga. Mu mapulani agha mukaŵa malo ghakusungirako mabasi na matayala gha matayala gha sitima. Le Corbusier wakaghanaghananga kuti ndege zikhilirenge pakati pa nyumba zikuruzikuru izi. Wakapatura nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo na misewu. Pakati pa nyumba za maofesi pakaŵa nyumba zakudikanya. Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti: "Mzinda wa Paris, uwo pasono uli pangozi ya kufwa, uli nga ni migodi ya dayamondi... Kulekelera msumba wa Paris kuti uŵe waka wekha, mbukaboni wakuti munthu waleka kuwukira ŵalwani".

Nga ni umo Le Corbusier wakaghanaghaniranga, palije uyo wakacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro kuti wafiske fundo ya Plan Voisin, kweni wakalutilira kughanaghanirapo pa fundo iyi na kusanga ŵalondezgi. Mu 1929, wakaluta ku Brazil uko wakapharazganga vya umo wakazengera nyumba. Wakawerako na vithuzithuzi vya umo Rio de Janeiro wakeneranga kuŵira. Wakalemba vithuzithuzi vya nyumba zakudikanya izo zikaŵa nga ni njoka.

Mu 1931, wakapangaso pulani ya msumba unyake wa Algiers, uwo ukaŵa ku France. Nga umo vikaŵira na Rio Janeiro, pulani iyi yikayowoyerathu kuti ŵazenge msewu ukuru wa konkire uwo uzamwendamo nyumba. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakupambana na ya Plan Voisin, chifukwa yikaŵa kuti yikukhumba kuti msumba wakale wa Algiers uparanyike yayi. Ndondomeko iyi, nga umo yikaŵira mu Paris, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵadumbiskane, kweni yikafiskika yayi.

Mu 1935, Le Corbusier wakaluta kakwamba ku United States. Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku America ŵakati ŵamufumba umo wakawoneranga nyumba zakudikanya za mu msumba wa New York, wakazgora kuti "ni zicoko comene". Wakalemba buku ilo likulongosora ivyo vikamucitikira ku United States, lakuti Quand Les cathédrales étaient blanches, Voyage au pays des timides (Apo matchalitchi ghakaŵa ghatuŵa; ulendo wa ku caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na wofi).[29]

Wakalemba vinandi, kweni wakazenga vichoko waka m'ma 1930. Mazina gha mabuku ghake ghakulongora kuti uthenga wake ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Kasi muli na vilwero? Yayi, nawonga. (1938) na The lyricism of modern times and urbanism (1939).

Mu 1928, Louis Loucheur, nduna ya vya ncito ya ku France, wakathereska dango la ku France lakukhwaskana na nyumba za ŵanthu wose, ilo likayowoya kuti mu vilimika vinkhondi ŵazenge nyumba 260,000. Nyengo yeneyiyo, Le Corbusier wakamba kupanga nyumba yiphya yakuzengeka mwakuyana waka, iyo wakayichema kuti Maison Loucheur. Maofesi agha ghakaŵa gha mamita 45, ndipo ghakaŵanga na mafuremu gha visulo, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakupangika kuti ghapangikenge na kutumizgika ku malo agha. Mu buku linyake ilo wakalemba mu 1935, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti nyumba za nyumba zinandi zikwenera kuŵa zakuyana waka. The Radiant City yikaŵa yakuyana waka na Contemporary City na Plan Voisin, kweni malo ghakukhala ghakapelekekanga ku ŵanthu kuyana na unandi wa mbumba, m'malo mwa kuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Mu buku lake la mu 1935, wakalongosora maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na msumba uphya, uwo milimo yikuru yikeneranga kuŵa yakugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ndipouli, pambere ŵandambe kuzenga, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikamba.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose na Kuzengaso; Unité d'Habitation mu Marseille (1939-1952)

  •  
    Nyumba izo zili mu nyumba iyi zikwenera kuŵa zapadera
  •  
    Malo ghakusungiramo vinthu mu nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation, sono ghali ku Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine ku Paris (1952)

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru Cose na nyengo iyo caru ca France cikapokelerekanga na ŵa German, Le Corbusier wakacita vyose ivyo wangafiska kuti wakhozge mulimo wake. Wakasamira ku Vichy kwa nyengo yicoko waka, uko kukaŵa boma la Marshal Philippe Petain, ndipo wakapeleka mauteŵeti ghake pa milimo ya kuzenga, kusazgapo ndondomeko yake ya kuzenga Algiers, kweni ŵakakana. Wakalutilira kulemba, ndipo wakalemba buku lakuti Sur les Quatres routes mu 1941. Mu 1942, Le Corbusier wakafumako ku Vichy na kuluta ku Paris. Wakakhalapo nyengo yicoko waka nga ni mulaŵiliri wa vya sayansi pa bungwe la Alexis Carrel, ndipo wakaleka mulimo uwu pa Epulero 20, 1944. Mu 1943, wakambiska wupu wa Ascoral, uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakuzenga vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano.

Apo nkhondo yikamalira, Le Corbusier wakaŵa na vilimika pafupifupi 60, ndipo wakaŵa kuti wandacitepo mulimo uliwose mu vilimika 10. Wakayezgayezga kuti wawovwirepo pa milimo yinyake yikuru ya kuzenga, kweni ŵakakana. Ndipouli, wakalutilira, ndipo paumaliro Le Corbusier wakasanga munyawo mubali Raoul Dautry, nduna yiphya ya vya kuzenga. Dautry wakazomera kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera ntchito yake yinyake, yakuchemeka "Unité habitation de grandeur conforme".

Uwu ukaŵa mulimo wake wakwamba ku ŵanthu wose ndipo ukaŵa wakovwira chomene kwa Le Corbusier. Wakathya nyumba iyi zina lakuti Cité Radieuse, ilo likalongosoreka pambere nkhondo yindambe. Wakalondezga fundo izo wakasambira pambere nkhondo yindambe. Nga ni Villa Savoye, nyumba iyi yikazengeka pa vigongwe vya konkire, kweni chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa visulo, vigongwe ivi vikaŵa vikuru chomene. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa nyumba zakukwana 337 ndipo ŵanthu 1,600 ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo. Chigaŵa chilichose chikaŵa na vipinda viŵiri, ndipo chilichose chikaŵa na vipinda viŵiri. Nyumba izi zikaŵa zakupambana, ndipo nyumba yiliyose yikaŵa na luŵaza. Ŵakaŵika pamoza nga ni vigaŵa vya chiphapha cha ku China, ndipo pakaŵa nthowa iyo yikaŵa pakati pa nyumba ziŵiri izi. Ŵalendo ŵakasankhanga nyumba zakupambanapambana 23. Le Corbusier wakapangiska vinthu vya mu nyumba, matapi na nyali kuti viŵe vyakwenelera. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa waka vyakuvwara vyakutowa ivyo vikaŵa pa mtenje.

Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakukhalamo waka yayi, kweni yikaŵa na vinthu vyose vyakukhumbikwa pakukhala. Pa chipinda chilichose chachitatu, pakati pa nyumba izi pakaŵa nthowa yikuru, iyo yikaŵa nga ni msewu wa mukati. Malo agha ghakaŵa na mashopu, malo ghakulyerako, sukulu ya ŵana na malo ghakusanguluskira. Pa mtenje uwu pakaŵa malo ghakusoperapo na malo gha maseŵero. Nyumba iyi yikazingilizgika na makuni kweniso paki.

Pamanyuma, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti fundo ya Unité d'Habitation yikafuma pa ulendo uwo wakacita ku Florence Charterhouse ku Galluzzo, Italy, mu 1907 na 1910. Iyo wakalemba kuti wakakhumbanga kupanga malo ghawemi "ghakughanaghanirapo". Wakayowoyaso kuti wakasambira ku nyumba ya ŵachiuta kuti "kurondezga malango ghakupambanapambana kukupangiska munthu kuŵa wakufikapo", kweniso kuti "munthu wakulimbikira umoyo wake wose kuti nyumba yake yiŵe tempele la mbumba".

Mulimo wa Le Corbusier ukasinthika comene cifukwa ca nyumba iyi. Mu 1952, wakapika zina lakuti Commander of the Legion d'Honneur. Wakafuma pa kuŵa munthu wakucimbira na kususka vinthu vya ku malo ghakupangirako vyakuzengeka, ndipo wakazgoka munthu wakuzirwa comene wa ku France.[30]

Mapulojekiti gha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ofesi yikuru ya United Nations (1947-1952)

 
Malo ghakulongozgera mawupu gha wupu wa United Nations ghakapangika na Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, na Wallace K. Harrison (1947-1952)

Le Corbusier wakapanga nyumba yinyake yakuyana na iyi ku Rezé-les-Nantes mu chigaŵa cha Loire-Atlantique pakati pa 1948 na 1952, kweniso zinyake zitatu mu Berlin, Briey-en-Forêt na Firminy. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi kufuma apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikambira, Le Corbusier wakamba kumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha umo wakazengera na umo wakanozgera vinthu.

Kukwambilira kwa 1947, Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani ya ofesi yikuru ya wupu wa United Nations, iyo yikeneranga kuzengeka mumphepete mwa East River ku New York. M'malo mwa kuphalizgana, pulani iyi yikeneranga kusankhika na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuwona vya mapulani ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, kusazgapo Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer wa ku Brazil, Howard Robertson wa ku Britain, Nikolai Bassov wa ku Soviet Union, na ŵanyake ŵankhondi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Komiti iyi yikalongozgekanga na Wallace K. Harrison, uyo nayo wakaŵa musono wa nyumba ya Rockefeller, uyo wakapeleka malo agha.

Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani yake ya Secretariat, iyo yikacemekanga Plan 23 pa mapulani 58 agho wakapeleka. Mu maofesi gha Le Corbusier, vipinda vya ŵalara na Nyumba ya Ungano vikaŵa mu nyumba yimoza pakati pa malo agha. Wakayezgayezga chomene kuti mulimo wake wende makora, ndipo wakapempha Mubali Niemeyer, uyo wakaŵa muwukirano, kuti wamovwire. Niemeyer, kuti wawovwire Le Corbusier, wakakana kupeleka pulani yake ndipo wakaluta yayi ku maungano m'paka apo Harrison, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili, wakakhumbanga. Niemeyer wakapeleka pulani yake ya 32, iyo yikaŵa na ofesi, maofesi, na Nyumba ya Maungano. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, komiti iyi yikasankha pulani ya Niemeyer, kweni yikamuphalira kuti wagwirenge lumoza nchito na Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wakaciska Niemeyer kuti waŵike Nyumba ya Ungano ya Wupu Wakulongozga pakatikati pa malo agha, nangauli ici cikapangiska kuti Niemeyer waleke kuŵa na malo ghakuru. Niemeyer wakazomerezga fundo ya Le Corbusier, ndipo likuru lake likazengeka mwakuyana na pulani yawo.[31]

Nyumba za cisopa (1950-1963)

Le Corbusier wakaŵa wambura kugomezga Ciuta, kweni wakagomezganga comene kuti vyakuzengeka vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵatuŵa. Mu vyaka vya pamanyuma pa nkhondo, wakapangaso nyumba ziŵiri zakuzirwa za cisopa; chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut ku Ronchamp (1950-1955), na Convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette (1953-1960). Pamanyuma, Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti dada munyake wa ku Dominican, zina lake Père Couturier, ndiyo wakamovwira chomene pakuzenga nyumba za cisopa.

Le Corbusier wakaluta kakwamba ku malo ghakutali gha mu mapiri gha Ronchamp mu Meyi 1950, wakawona mabingu gha chalichi lakale, ndipo wakajambura vithuzithuzi vya umo vinthu vingaŵira. Pamasinda wakalemba kuti: "Apo nkhazenga chalichi ili, nkhakhumbanga kuti paŵe bata, mtende, lurombo, na chimwemwe. Cifukwa cakuti tikagomezganga kuti vinthu ni vyakupatulika, tikalimbikira comene. Vinthu vinyake ni vyakupatulika, vinyake ni vyakupatulika yayi, kwali ni vya cisopa panji yayi".

Mulimo unyake ukuru wa cisopa uwo Le Corbusier wakacita ukaŵa wa kuzenga nyumba ya Sainte Marie de La Tourette ku L'Arbresle mu cigaŵa ca Rhône (1953-1960). Pa nyengo iyi, dada Couturier ndiyo wakapempha Le Corbusier kuti wagwire nchito iyi. Wakamuchema Le Corbusier kuti wakawone nyumba ya Le Thoronet Abbey iyo yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 13 C.E. ku Provence, ndipo wakalongosora ivyo vikachitika apo wakaŵa muwukirano. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa chalichi, layibulare, cipinda cakulyeramo, vipinda vyakusoperamo, na malo ghakukhala ŵasembe. Pa malo ghakukhalamo, wakagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo yakuyana waka ya Modulor kuti wapime malo ghawemi ghakukhalamo agho wakagwiliskira ntchito mu nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation ku Marseille.

Le Corbusier wakagwiliskira nchito simiti kuti wazenge nyumba iyi. Malo ghakukhalapo ghakaŵa ghatatu, ndipo ghakaŵa gha U. Nyumba iyi yili na mtenje wakudikanya ndipo yili pa ntchindamiro za konkire. Cinyumba cilicose ico ŵakakhalanga cikaŵa na malo ghacoko agho ghakaŵa na cikhuni cakuvikilira zuŵa. Mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa kabokosi ako wakacemanga kuti "Bokosi la Minthondwe". Mwakupambana na visakasa vya nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation, visakasa vya chapel vili na simenti yambura kumalizgika. Wakalongosora vya nyumba iyi mu kalata iyo wakalembera Albert Camus mu 1957: "Nkhuwona kuti ni "bokosi la minthondwe". Ili na maucenjezi ghacilendo yayi, kweni lili na nkhongono yakucitira minthondwe". Mu cipinda ici muli vinthu viwemi comene. Mu cipinda ici mukaŵa mabenchi agho ghakaŵa mu bokosi la konkire, ndipo ungweru ukafumanga pa mtenje. Mu cipinda ici mukaŵa maluŵa gha buluu, ghaswesi, na ghaswesi. Mu nyumba iyi muli vinthu vinyake vyambura kuluwika nga ni vithuzithuzi vyakupakika mu vipinda vyakusoperamo, mawindo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵawonenge makora vinthu, kweniso mabomba gha konkire na gha visulo agho ghakaŵawovwiranga kuti ŵawonenge makora zuŵa. Vinthu ivi ŵakavichemanga kuti "viŵiya vyakwimbira" vya mu malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyauzimu na "viŵiya vyakugolera".

Mu 1960, Le Corbusier wakamba kuzenga tchalitchi lachitatu la chisopa, la Church of Saint Pierre mu tawuni yiphya ya Firminy-Vert, umo wakazengera Unité d'Habitation na malo ghakusoperapo na maseŵero. Nangauli ndiyo wakapangiska pulani iyi, kweni mulimo wa kuzenga ukayamba pati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi kufuma apo wakafwira. Cinthu cakuzizwiska comene ca tchalitchi ili ni cigongwe ca konkire ico cili mukati mwenemumo. Mawindo agho ghali pachanya chomene pa chigongwe agha ghakungweluska mukati. Pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakayowoya kuti mawindo ghacoko waka ghakwenera kuŵa nga ni nyenyezi. Pamanyuma, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakapangiska tchalitchi ili kuti liwonenge nyenyezi ya Orion.[32]

Chandigarh (1951–1956)

  •  
    Khoti Likuru, Chandigarh (1951-1956)
  •  
    Nyumba ya Secretariat, Chandigarh (1952~1958)
  •  
    Nyumba ya Maungano (Chandigarh) (1952~1961)

Mulimo ukuru comene uwo Le Corbusier wakacita ukaŵa wa kuzenga msumba wa Chandigarh, msumba ukuru wa Punjab na Haryana, uwo ukazengeka pamanyuma pakuti India wapokera wanangwa mu 1947. Le Corbusier wakadumbiskana na nduna yikuru ya ku India, Jawaharlal Nehru, mu 1950, ndipo wakamupempha kuti waŵaphalire ivyo wakakhumbanga. Mu 1947, Albert Mayer, uyo wakaŵa muyimbi wa vyakuzenga wa ku America, wakapanga pulani ya msumba wa ŵanthu 150,000, kweni boma la India likakhumbanga msumba ukuru comene. Corbusier wakagwiranga lumoza nchito iyi na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Britain, Maxwell Fry na Jane Drew, kweniso na mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret, uyo wakasamira ku India na kulaŵilira mulimo uwu mpaka apo wakafwira.

Le Corbusier, nga umo wakacitiranga nyengo zose, wakalongosoranga mwakukondwa comene za mulimo wake. Iyo wakalemba kuti: "Uzamuŵa msumba wa makuni, maluŵa, maji, nyumba zipusu nga ni izo zikaŵako mu nyengo ya Homerus, na nyumba zakutowa comene za mazuŵa ghano izo zizamuŵa na malango gha masamu". Iyo wakakhumbanga kuti kuŵe malo ghakukhalamo, gha malonda, na gha mafakitale, kweniso malo ghakutowa na ghakwendapo. Pakati pake pakaŵa nyumba zikuruzikuru zinayi za boma. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, Khoti Likuru la Malango, Nyumba ya Mlembi wa Boma, na Nyumba ya Kazembe. Cifukwa ca ndalama na ndyali, Nyumba ya Kazembe yikaleka kuzengeka, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mulimo uwu uleke kwenda makora. Kufuma waka pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakagwiranga nchito, nga ni munthu uyo wakapangika kugwira nchito. Iyo wakakanaso fundo izo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni zautesi, ndipo wakati misewu njakuzura na malo ghakugwilira magalimoto. Iyo wakakhumbanga kulongosora ivyo wakasambira mu vyaka 40 ivyo wakasambiranga vya mizi, kweniso kuti walongore boma la France mwaŵi uwo likasoŵa pakukana kumusankha kuti wazengeso misumba ya ku France. Wakagwiliskira nchito vinthu vinandi ivyo wakatemwanga: malo ghakuzengako nyumba, agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vya pa malo agha, ungweru wa dazi, na mfwiri. Wakagwiliskiranga nchito Modulor kuti munthu waliyose waŵe na kawonekero kawemi. Wakaŵika cikozgo cikuru ca woko lakujulika pa malo ghakuzirwa.

Mulimo wa Le Corbusier ukaŵa wa kugwiliskira ntchito simenti yambura kupangika makora, iyo yikaŵa yambura kusunkhunyika panji kutowa, kweniso yikaŵa na vilembo vya umo yikomira. Pierre Jeanneret wakalembera kalata mubali wake kuti nyengo zose wakalimbananga na ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga, awo ŵakatondekanga kuzizipizga kuti ŵanozge na kumalizga kuzenga, comenecomene para ŵalendo ŵakuzirwa ŵiza ku malo agha. Pa nyengo yinyake, pakaŵa ŵantchito 1,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa malo agho pakaŵa khoti likuru. Le Corbusier wakalembera anyina kuti: "Ni sumu ya kuzenga iyo yikuluska vyose ivyo nkhagomezganga, iyo yikuŵala na kukura mu ungweru. Para munthu wakuwona patali, wakuzizikika comene. Wakaŵa wakutowa comene. Mu vilimika vyose ivi, palije uyo wali kuwonapo ivi".

Khoti Likuru Chomene likamara kuzengeka mu 1956. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa comene, yikaŵa nga ni mphingilizgo iyo yili na chibenekelero. Pa viliŵa ivi pakaŵa makhonde ghatali agho ghakaŵa ghakukwana mamita 1.5. Pa mulyango wa tempile pakaŵa malo ghakuru chomene na mizati iyo yikawovwiranga kuti mphepo yende makora. Pakwamba, mizati iyi yikaŵa ya malibwe ghatuŵa, kweni mu ma 1960 ŵakayipaka mitundu yakutowa kuti yikhozge nyengo.

Nyumba yikuru comene iyo mukaŵa maofesi gha boma, yikazengeka pakati pa 1952 na 1958. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuru comene, ghakaŵa na mamita 250 mu utali na vigaŵa vinkhondi na vitatu mu msinkhu. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene. Pakuti pa nyengo iyo ŵakazengeranga nyumba iyi pakaŵavya magudumu gha mazuŵa ghano, nthowa yimoza pera iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito yikaŵa yakujumphilira. Mu ofesi iyi mukaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo wakavipangira nyumba ya Unité d'Habitation ku Marseille.

Nyumba yakuzirwa comene mu msumba wa Capitol yikaŵa Nyumba ya Maungano (1952-61), iyo yikaŵa kunthazi kwa nyumba ya Khoti Likuru. Nyumba iyi yili na luŵaza lutali, ndipo pachanya pake pali holo yikuru ya ungano. Pa mtenje wa kumanyuma kwa nyumba iyi pakaŵa nyumba yikuru ya Le Corbusier, iyo yikaŵa nga ni chitoliro cha sitima ya pa nyanja panji nyumba ya vyakumera. Le Corbusier wakasazgirako mtundu na vyakuvwara vinyake mu holo ya maungano. Pakuyowoya za nyumba iyi, iyo wakalemba kuti: "Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yiwemi comene cifukwa cakuti yikazengeka na vinthu viphya. Ntchakuzizwiska na chakofya.[33]

Umoyo na ntchito (1955-1965)

  •  
    National Museum of Western Art ku Tokyo (1954~1959)
  •  
    Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts ku Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960~1963)
  •  
    Malo gha Le Corbusier ku Zurich (1962-1967)

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960, Le Corbusier wakasangana na masuzgo ghanandi pa umoyo wake. Muwoli wake Yvonne wakafwa mu 1957, ndipo anyina, awo ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora, ŵakafwa mu 1960. Wakalutilira kucita milimo yakupambanapambana; mu 1955 wakafumiska buku la Poéme de l'angle droit, ilo likaŵa na vithuzithuzi vyakupambanapambana. Mu 1958, wakakolerana na wakwimba Edgar Varèse pa mulimo wakucemeka Le Poème électronique, chiwonetsero cha mazgu na ungweru, ku Philips Pavilion pa International Exposition ku Brussels. Mu 1960, wakafumiska buku liphya lakuti L'Atelier de la recherche patiente (The workshop of patient research). Wakamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mulimo wake wa kuzenga nyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Mu 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti nyumba yake ya Villa Savoye, iyo yikaŵa pafupi kubwangandulika, yiŵe malo ghakukumbukirako vinthu vyakale. Mu 1962, mu chaka chenechicho apo Nyumba ya Maungano mu Chandigarh yikajulika, chiwonetsero chakwamba cha ntchito yake chikachitikira ku National Museum of Modern Art mu Paris. Mu 1964, mu upharazgi uwo ukacitikira mu nyumba yake ya ku Rue de Sèvres, André Malraux, nduna ya vya cikaya, yikamupa mphumphu ya Grand Cross of the Legion d'honneur.

Mulimo wake wa kuzenga ukaŵa wakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi wakajintha pa mapulani agho wakachita kumanyuma. Mu 1952 na 1958, wakapangiska nyumba zinandi za ku Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Wakajizengera nyumba yakuyana na iyi, kweni wakamalizga yayi m'paka apo wakafwira. Kufuma mu 1953 m'paka mu 1957, wakapangiska nyumba ya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Brazil ku Cité de la Université ku Paris. Pakati pa 1954 na 1959, wakazenga National Museum of Western Art mu Tokyo. Mulimo wake unyake ukaŵa wa kuzenga malo ghakusoperapo na sitediyamu mu tawuni ya Firminy, uko wakazenga nyumba zake zakwamba (1955-1958), na sitediyamu ku Baghdad, Iraq (iyo yikasintha comene kufuma apo yikazengekera). Kweniso wakazenga nyumba zitatu za Unités d'Habitation mu msumba wa Marseille, yakwamba ku Berlin (1956-1958), yachiŵiri ku Briey-en-Forêt mu chigaŵa cha Meurthe-et-Moselle, ndipo yacitatu ku Firminy (1959-1967). Kufuma mu 1960 m'paka mu 1963, wakazenga nyumba yake yimoza pera ku United States, Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts ku Cambridge, Massachusetts. Jørn Utzon, uyo wakazenganga nyumba ya Sydney Opera House, wakapempha Le Corbusier kuti ndiyo wapange vinthu vya mu nyumba iyi. Le Corbusier wakapangaso chithuzithuzi chakuchemeka Les Dés Sont Jetés, icho chikamara kupangika mu 1960.

Le Corbusier wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima apo wakaŵa na vilimika 77 mu 1965 wati wasambira mu nyanja ya French Riviera. Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, pakaŵa mapulojekiti ghanandi: tchalitchi la Saint-Pierre mu Firminy, ilo likamara kuzengeka mu 2006; Nyumba ya Maungano gha Boma mu Strasbourg (1962-65) na chipatala mu Venice (1961-65), kweni ŵakazenga yayi. Le Corbusier wakapangiska nyumba ya vyakuvwara mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Zürich kwa mwenecho wa nyumba iyi Heidi Weber mu 1962 na 1967. Sono yikucemeka Le Corbusier Centre, ndipo ni yimoza mwa milimo yake yaumaliro.[34]

Malo ghakukhalapo

 
Nyumba iyo wakakhalako mazuŵa ghaumaliro ku Roquebrune-Cap-Martin

Wupu wa Fondation Le Corbusier (FLC) ndiwo uli na mazaza pa nyumba iyo wakazenga. Wimiliri wa fundo za ku America za Fondation Le Corbusier ni Artists Rights Society.[35]

Maganizo

Vinthu Vinkhondi Ivyo Vingawovwira Kuti Nyumba Zizengeke Makora

Nkhani ikulu: Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture
 
Chithuzi cha Barrio de las Flores, Coruña, Galicia, (Spain), icho chikazengeka na kuyezgela luso la Le Corbusier.

Le Corbusier wakalongosora fundo za nyumba zake ziphya mu buku lake la Les cinq points de l'architecture moderne, ilo likalembeka mu 1927. Mu mabuku agha, wakalongosora ivyo wakasambira mu vyaka vyakumasinda, ndipo wakaviŵika mu nyumba zake za ku Savoye (1928-1931).

Fundo zinkhondi izi ni izi:

  • Piloti, panji mzati. Nyumba iyi yili pa vigongwe vya konkire, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge mwakufwatuka, ndipo palije malo ghamdima panji ghakututuŵa.
  • Pa Malo Ghakupatulika. Pa mtenje uwu pakaŵa mtenje wakudaya, ndipo pa mtenje uwu pakaŵanga munda, malo ghakukhalapo ŵanthu, maseŵero, panji chiziŵa.
  • Ndondomeko ya Ufulu. Makuni ghakutolera katundu ghakusinthika na makuni gha visulo panji ghakukhozga, ntheura mukati mungasintha mwakukwana, ndipo makuni ghakutolera katundu ghangasungika kulikose, panji ghangasangika yayi. Nyumba iyi yikuwoneka yayi kuwaro.
  • Jalawe la Ribbon. Pakuti viliŵa vikukhozga yayi nyumba, mawindo ghakuŵa mu nyumba yose, ntheura vipinda vyose vikuŵa na ungweru wakuyana.
  • Malo Ghakupatulika. Pakuti nyumba iyi yili na mizati mukati, nyumba iyi yingaŵa yakupepuka chomene panji yakuzengeka na galasi. Palije cifukwa ca kuŵikira mphingilizgo pa mawindo.

"Architectural Promenade"

Fundo yinyake iyo Le Corbusier wakatemwanga chomene ni "Malo Ghakutolekera ku Nyumba za Mafumu". Mu 1928, mu buku lake la Une Maison, un Palais, wakalongosora kuti: "Vinthu vya ku Arabia vikutisambizga fundo yakuzirwa comene. Para mukwenda, para mukwenda kufuma ku malo ghanyake kuya ku ghanyake, ndipo mukuwona umo vyakuzengeka vikukulira. Mu nyumba iyi (Villa Savoye) muli malo ghakutowa comene, agho ghakusintha nyengo zose, ndipo nyengo zinyake ghakukondweska". Le Corbusier wakalemba kuti mu nyumba iyi mukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo kanandi ghakaŵa pa mtenje.[36]

Ville Radieuse na Urbanism

Mu ma 1930, Le Corbusier wakasazgirako maghanoghano ghake ghakukhwaskana na vinthu vya mu tawuni, ndipo pamanyuma wakagaŵira mu buku la La Ville radiieuse (The Radiant City) mu 1935. Panyake mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa msumba wa Contemporary City na wa Radiant City njakuti msumba wa Radiant City ukaleka kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana; nyumba zikapelekekanga kuyana na unandi wa mbumba, m'malo mwa ndalama. Mwaciyelezgero, Le Corbusier wakawona kuti mu msumba wa Stockholm mukaŵa waka "vinthu vyakofya na vyakuseluska". Iyo wakakhumbanga "kutozga na kusisita" msumba uwu, na kuwuzenga "muzi wakutowa na wankhongono". Nangauli mapulani gha Le Corbusier ghakatondeka, kweni pamasinda ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakazenganga ŵakagwiliskira nchito maghanoghano ghake na "kuparanya" msumba uwu.

Le Corbusier wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵa vya ndyali ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵangalongozga pa kunozga vinthu. Nga ni umo Norma Evenson wakayowoyera, "ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti msumba uwu uzamuŵa nga ni charu chiphya, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti ni malo ghambura kuzengeka makora".

Le Corbusier wakati: "Vinthu ivyo wakalemba vikupambana na ivyo wakalemba vya mapulani gha matawuni kweniso vya vyakuzenga".

Mu buku lake la La Ville radiueuse, wakalongosora za wupu wa ŵanthu wambura ndyali, uwo boma likuwuskamo maburoko.

Le Corbusier wakaŵa na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, awo ŵakamanyanga vinthu vyambura kunozgeka. Pali kuyana kukuru pakati pa fundo ya unité na ya Fourier. Kufumira kwa Fourier, Le Corbusier wakasankha fundo yakuti boma liŵe lakulongozga m'malo mwa ndyali.

Modulor

Nkhani ikulu: Modulor

Modulor wakaŵa ciyerezgero ca munthu ico Le Corbusier wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mu nyumba zake. Kweniso ndiyo wakachitanga vinthu mwakupambanapambana pakati pa metric system na British panji American system cifukwa Modulor wakendanga nayo yayi.

Le Corbusier wakagwiliskiranga ntchito chiŵerengero cha golide mu nthowa yake ya Modulor kuti walongosore chiŵerengero cha vyakuzenga. Iyo wakawonanga kuti nthowa iyi yikukolerana na umo Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, na ŵanyake ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti vinthu viwonekenge makora. Padera pa fundo ya chiŵerengero cha golide, Le Corbusier wakambiska fundo iyi pa nkhani ya kupima kwa ŵanthu, manambara gha Fibonacci, na manambara ghaŵiri. Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti Modulor ni mazgu ghakuyowoya vya ŵanthu, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti: Ni mathematisation ya thupi, standardization ya thupi, rationalization ya thupi".

Iyo wakatora fundo ya Leonardo yakuti munthu waŵe na chiŵerengero cha golide mu thupi lake, ndipo wakagaŵa chiŵerengero cha thupi la munthu mu msana na vigaŵa viŵiri mu chiŵerengero cha golide.

Mu 1927, Le Corbusier wakajambura nyumba yakuchemeka Villa Stein ku Garches. Nyumba iyi yikaŵa yakutowa chomene, kweniso yikaŵa yakutowa chomene.

Le Corbusier wakaŵika vinthu vyakukolerana na kuyana mu fundo zake, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti vinthu vya mu mlengalenga vikukolerana. Vinthu ivi ndivyo vikupangiska munthu kuchita vinthu vinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu viliri pa caru capasi.

Kujura woko

 
Open Hand Monument in Chandigarh, India

Mulimo wa Le Corbusier wa kuzenga ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Munthu wakupeleka na kupokera". Cinthu cikuru comene pa vikozgo vinandi ivyo Le Corbusier wakapanga ni ico cili na msinkhu wa mamita 26 mu msumba wa Chandigarh, ku India, ndipo cikucemeka Open Hand Monument.

Mipando

Nkhani ikulu: Le Corbusier's Furniture

Le Corbusier wakaŵa wakususka comene pa vinthu vyakupangika mwakupambanapambana, vyakuzengeka na mawoko, vyakupangika na makuni ghacilendo, na vyakuvwara, ivyo vikapelekeka pa 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts. Pakulondezga nthowa yake, Le Corbusier wakalemba buku ilo likulongosora umo vinthu vya mu nyumba vikupangikira. Mu buku lake la L'Art Décoratif d'aujourd'hui, ilo wakalemba mu 1925, wakalemba kuti pakwenera kuŵa vinthu vyakudura ivyo vingapangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Le Corbusier wakalongosora mitundu yitatu ya vyakuvwara: vyakukhumbikwa, vyakuvwara vya mtundu unyake, na vinthu vya viŵaro vya munthu. Wakalongosora kuti viŵaro vya munthu ni: "Vinthu ivyo vikusazgikira ku viŵaro vithu ndipo vikukolerana na milimo ya munthu. Munthu uyo wali na chiŵaro ni muteŵeti wakugomezgeka. Muteŵeti muwemi wakuŵa wamahara na wakujiyuyura kuti waleke kufiska ivyo fumu yake yikukhumba. Nadi, vyakucita vya maluso ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene. Lutilirani kukondwa na vinthu viwemi ivyo mukusankha makora". Wakayowoyaso kuti: "Vipinda ni vyakuzengeka, sofa ni za ŵanthu ŵacaru."

 
Frame of an LC4 chair by Le Corbusier and Perriand (1927–28) at Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris

Pakwamba, Le Corbusier wakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyakunozgeka kufuma ku Thonet pakunozga vinthu vyake, nga ni nyumba yake ya pa chiphikiro cha vyamalonda cha 1925. Mu 1928, wakati wapharazga fundo zake, wakamba kuyezga kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba. Mu 1928, wakacema Charlotte Perriand kuti wazakateŵetere nayo pa studio yake. Mubali wake Pierre Jeanneret, nayo wakalembapo vinthu vinandi. Pakupanga vinthu vyake, wakalaŵiska ku kampani ya Gebrüder Thonet ya ku Germany, iyo yikamba kupanga mipando ya viŵiya vyakuŵa nga ni matayipi mu m'ma 1920. Le Corbusier wakakondwa comene na ivyo Marcel Breuer na Bauhaus ŵakacita, awo mu 1925 ŵakamba kupanga mipando yiwemi comene. Mu 1927, Mubali Mies van der Rohe wakamba kupanga vikozgo vyakulungika na mpando wa thete.

Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha kukolerana pakati pa Le Corbusier na Perriand vikaŵa vitundu vitatu vya mipando iyo yikapangika na vithuzithuzi vyakututuŵa vyakupakika na chrome: LC4, Chaise Longue, (1927~28), iyo yikaŵa na vyakuvwara vya chikumba cha ng'ombe, icho chikapangiska kuti yiŵe yakuzizwiska. Vipinda ivi vikapangika kuti viwovwire pa milimo yake yiŵiri, Maison la Roche ku Paris na nyumba ya Barbara na Henry Church. Vyose vitatu vikaŵa na nkharo ya Mies van der Rohe na Marcel Breuer. Mu 1929, Le Corbusier wakapangaso vinthu vinyake vyakunozga nyumba. Nangauli Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga kuti mipando yake yiŵe yakudura yayi kweniso kuti yingapangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni pakwamba yikakhalanga ndarama zinandi chomene ndipo yikapangika yayi m'paka pati pajumpha vyaka vinandi. [37]

Vyakususkana

Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo Le Corbusier wakawoneranga vinthu. Mu ma 1920, wakawovwira kukhazikiska magazini gha Plans, Prélude na L'Homme Réel. Kweniso wakalembanga nkhani za kutinkha Ŵayuda izo zikalembekeranga mu manyuzipepara agha. Pakati pa 1925 na 1928, Le Corbusier wakaŵa paubwezi na Le Faisceau, chipani cha French fascist icho chikadangiliranga na Georges Valois. (Valois wakazgoka munthu wakususka visopa.) Le Corbusier wakamanyanga munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa mu gulu la Faisceau, zina lake Hubert Lagardelle. Mu 1934, Lagardelle wakati wasanga nchito ku ofesi ya ku France ku Rome, wakanozga vyakuti Le Corbusier wasambizge vya ku Italy. Pamasinda, Lagardelle wakaŵa nduna ya vya ntchito mu boma la Vichy. Nangauli Le Corbusier wakapempha boma la Vichy kuti limupenge ntchito yinyake, kweni wakatondeka. Wakaŵa mu komiti iyo yikasambiranga vya mizi. Alexis Carrel, uyo wakaŵa dokotala, wakasora Le Corbusier kuti waŵe mu Dipatimenti Yakusambira vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu ya Foundation for the Study of Human Problems.

Le Corbusier ŵakamupa mulandu wa kususka Ŵayuda. Iyo wakalembera kalata anyina mu Okutobala 1940, pambere boma la Vichy lindanozge vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vyaru vinyake. Nyengo zinyake nkhuŵa na chitima. Kweni vikuwoneka kuti cifukwa ca kukhumba ndalama, caru cavunda". Kweniso ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuyuyura Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Algeria. Apo Le Corbusier wakapeleka pulani yakuzengaso msumba wa Algiers, wakakanizga nyumba izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga, wakati ni zakupambana na za ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria. Ndondomeko yake yakuzengaso msumba wa Algiers yikakanika, ndipo pamanyuma pake Le Corbusier wakajipatura ku ndyali.[38]

Kuzuzulika

Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakalumbikanga chomene nga ni Le Corbusier. Mu upharazgi wake wakulumba Le Corbusier pa ungano wakukumbukira munthu uyu mu luŵaza lwa Louvre pa Seputembala 1, 1965, André Malraux, nduna ya vya cikaya ya France, yikati: "Le Corbusier wakaŵa na ŵalwani ŵanandi, kweni palije nanga njumoza wa iwo uyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa comene mu kuzgoka kwa vyakuzengeka, cifukwa palije uyo wakazizipizga nthombozgo mwakuzikira ndiposo kwa nyengo yitali".[39]

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier pa nkhani ya mapulani gha mizi. Mu 1998, mulembi wa mbiri ya vyakuzenga Witold Rybczynski wakalemba mu magazini ya Time kuti:

Wakacicema kuti Ville Radieuse, msumba wakuŵala. Nangauli wakaŵa na mutu wa sumu, kweni kawonero kake ka vinthu mu tawuni kakaŵa kakusuzga, kakusuzga ndipo kakaŵa kakupepuka. Kulikose uko Le Corbusier wakayezga kuchita nthena ku Chandigarh panji ku Brasilia, ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakatondeka. Kuŵa na malango ghakupambanapambana kukaŵa kwaukazuzi ndiposo kukaŵa kwachitima. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghaheni comene, ndipo ndondomeko iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito yikaŵa yakupweteka comene. Ku United States, tawuni ya Radiant City yikaŵa na mapulani ghakuru gha kunozga tawuni na nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Mazuŵa ghano, nyumba zikuruzikuru izi zikubwangandulika, ndipo nyumba zinandi zikuzengeka mu misewu. Ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵawona kuti cinthu cakuzirwa comene kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora nkhukolerana, kuleka kupatukana. Kweniso mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakukhala ŵanthu, ghakale na ghaphya wuwo. Msumba uli kusambira kuti ntchiwemi kusungilira mdauko kuluska kwambiraso waka. Ili likaŵa sambiro lakuzirwa comene, ndipo ni sambiro ilo Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga yayi, kweni nalo ndakuzirwa comene".[40]

Munthu munyake wakumanya mdauko wa tekinoloje na kusanda vya vyakuzenga, zina lake Lewis Mumford, wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Yesterday's City of Tomorrow kuti nyumba zikuruzikuru za Le Corbusier zikaŵavya chifukwa chakuŵirapo. Mumford wakalemba kuti malo ghakupatulika agho ghakaŵa pakati pa nyumba yake ghakaŵavya cifukwa cakuŵirako, cifukwa wakawonanga kuti pa zuŵa la bizinesi pakaŵavya cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵendenge mu ofesi. Le Corbusier wakapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu msumba uwu.

Ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu wose iyo yikakhwaskika na maghanoghano ghake yikadumulika cifukwa ca kupatura ŵanthu ŵakavu mu nyumba zakudikanya na kuswa mikhaliro ya ŵanthu. Yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga ni Jane Jacobs, uyo wakasuska chomene fundo za Le Corbusier pa nkhani ya kuzenga vinthu mu misumba mu buku lake lakuti The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuskanga umo Le Corbusier wakawoneranga vinthu vya mu tawuni. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba mazgu gha Le Corbusier apo wakalemba kuti "ni ŵanthu wose yayi awo ŵangaŵa ŵalongozgi. Ŵantchito awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi, ŵamalonda, ŵasambazi, mainjiniya, na ŵanthu ŵa maluso ŵakeneranga kukhala mu msumba, apo ŵantchito ŵakeneranga kukhala mu mizi".[41]

Alessandro Hseuh-Bruni wakalemba mu "Le Corbusier's "Fatal Flaws ′′ A Critique of Modernism" kuti

"Kweniso mapulani gha Le Corbusier ghakaŵawovwira kuti ŵanozgeke makora vinthu vya mu tawuni. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikakoma ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ndipo yikachitiska kuti mu misumba yinandi ya ku Europe, kufuma ku England m'paka ku Soviet Union, muŵe nyumba zinandi. Le Corbusier wakawona kuti ni suzgo kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mulimo uwu ukawoneka mu "Cité Radieuse" (Mzinda Wakuŵala), uwo uli mu msumba wa Marseille, France. Kuzenga malo ghakupatulika agha kukathemba pa kuparanyika kwa mizi ya ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Vigaŵa vyose vikabwangandulika kuti viŵe malo gha makuni ghanthena agha. Usange mphanyi wakachita ivyo wakhumba, mphanyi msumba wa Marais ukaparanyika. Mwakusazgirapo, fundo ya kupatukana iyo yikaŵa mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha Le Corbusier yikalutilira mu mboniwoni iyi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhongono ŵankhondi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kusangwa na vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano".[42]

Kunhnyeka

 
Gustavo Capanema Palace, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

Le Corbusier wakafipanga mtima na masuzgo agho wakawona mu misumba iyo yikaŵa na mafakitale ghakurughakuru. Iyo wakaghanaghananga kuti nyumba za mafakitale zikupangiska ŵanthu kuŵa ŵanandi chomene, kufipiskika, kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuŵa na nkharo ziheni. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Buku la Ebenezer Howard lakuti Garden Cities of Tomorrow likawovwira chomene Le Corbusier na ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga nayo nyengo yimoza.

Le Corbusier wakapangiska kusintha kwa vinthu mu misumba, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska bungwe la Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Le Corbusier wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kumanya umo galimoto zingasinthira umoyo wa ŵanthu. Iyo wakaghanaghana vya msumba wa munthazi uwo uzamuŵa na nyumba zikuruzikuru izo zizamuŵa nga ni mapaki. Ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba za ŵanthu wose ku Europe na ku United States ŵakakolerana na mapulani gha Le Corbusier. Ku Britain, ŵanthu awo ŵakunozga vinthu vya mu tawuni ŵakagwiliskira ntchito buku la Le Corbusier lakuti "Cities in the Sky" kuti ŵazenge nyumba za ŵanthu wose. Le Corbusier wakasuskanga mulimo uliwose wakutozga nyumba. Vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikuzengeka mu matawuni, kweni ni vigaŵa vya msumba yayi, vikususkika cifukwa cakuti vikuŵa vyakukwenyerezga na vyambura kukondweska ŵanthu.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na Le Corbusier mu studio yake ŵakamanyikwa comene, kusazgapo Nadir Afonso, uyo wakagwiliskira nchito maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier. Ndondomeko ya msumba wa Brasília iyo Lúcio Costa wakanozga na msumba wa Zlín uwo František Lydie Gahura wakanozga ku Czech Republic, yikukolerana na fundo zake. Maghanoghano gha Le Corbusier ghakawovwira chomene pakunozga misumba na kuzenga mu Soviet Union.

Le Corbusier wakakolerana na fundo yakuti mlengalenga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta. Iyo wakawoneseska kuti galimoto njakugomezgeka pakupeleka vinthu mu misumba. Visambizgo vyake vikaŵa vyakovwira ku ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya kuzenga nyumba mu misumba ya ku America pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose chifukwa vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita kuti malo gha mu matawuni ghaŵe ghakutowa chomene. Misewu yikuruyikuru yikasazga mizi yiphya iyi na mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵachoko, yakudura, na yakovwira chomene.

Mu ndondomeko iyi mukaŵavya kukolerana pakati pa vikaya vya mu matawuni agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyapakati na ŵantchito, kweniso malo agho Le Corbusier wakakhumbanga: vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa tawuni na vikaya, na malo gha malonda. Nga ni umo ŵakacitira, misewu yikuruyikuru yikendanga mu malo gha ŵanthu ŵakavu, nga ni nyumba za Cabrini Green ku Chicago. Cifukwa cakuti mapulojekiti agha ghakaŵavya malo ghakufumira pa msewu ndipo ghakaŵa kutali na msewu, ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na milimo na maofesi agho ghakaŵa ku malo agho Le Corbusier wakendangamo.

Apo ntchito zikasamukiranga ku mizi yapafupi na tawuni, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakwendamo mu mizi yawo panji nthowa za ŵanthu ŵanandi zakwendamo. Kuumaliro wa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira ntchito ghakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakusoŵerwa chomene mwakuti ŵakamba kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera basi kufuma ku tawuni yinyake kuya ku yinyake kuti ziŵawovwire kusanga ntchito za ŵantchito na za ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu lapakati.

Le Corbusier wakawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya mizi pa charu chose. Ku United States, Shadrach Woods; ku Spain, Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza; ku Brazil, Oscar Niemeyer; ku Mexico, Mario Pani Darqui; ku Chile, Roberto Matta; ku Argentina, Antoni Bonet i Castellana (munthu wakucimbira ku Catalonia), Juan Kurchan, Jorge Ferrari Hardoy, Amancio Williams, na Clorindo Testa mu nyengo yakwamba; ku Uruguay, ŵasambizgi Justino Serralta na Carlos Gómez Gavazzo; ku Colombia, Germán Samper Gnecco, Rogelio Salmona, na Dicken Castro; ku Peru, Abel Hurtado na José Carlos Ortecho; ku Lebanon, Joseph Philippe Karam; ku India Shiv Nath Prasad.

Wupu wa Corbusier

File:Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret), reproduced in Život 2 (1922).jpg
Le Corbusier, mulimo uwo uli mu Život 2 (1922)

Fondation Le Corbusier ni wupu wa ŵanthu ŵekha awo ŵakuwona milimo ya Le Corbusier. Likuŵa na nyumba ya vyakusungiramo vinthu vyakale yakuchemeka Maison La Roche, iyo yili mu chigaŵa cha 16 ku 8 ̊10, square du Dr Blanche, Paris, France.

Wupu uwu ukaŵako mu 1968. Pasono ni nyumba ya La Roche na Maison Jeanneret (iyo ni likuru la wupu uwu), kweniso nyumba iyo Le Corbusier wakakhalanga kufuma mu 1933 m'paka 1965 pa rue Nungesser et Coli mu Paris 16e, na "Nyumba Yichoko" iyo wakazengera ŵapapi ŵake ku Corseaux mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Lac Leman (1924).

Nyumba ya La Roche na Maison Jeanneret (1923~24), iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti nyumba ya La Roche-Jeanneret, ni nyumba ziŵiri izo Le Corbusier wakazenga ku Paris. Vipinda ivi vili mu ngodya yakwenelera, ndipo vili na visalu, simiti, na visalu vyambura kanthu. Pasono nyumba ya La Roche yili na vyakujambulira vyakujumpha 8,000 vya Le Corbusier (wakateŵeteranga lumoza na Pierre Jeanneret kufuma mu 1922 m'paka mu 1940), kweniso vithuzithuzi vyake vyakujumpha 450, vyakujambulira vya enamel pafupifupi 30, na vinyake vyakujumpha 200, kweniso mabuku ghanandi. Likulongosora kuti lili na vithuzithuzi vinandi chomene vya Le Corbusier.[43][44]

Vyawanangwa

  • Mu 1937, Le Corbusier wakapika zina lakuti Chevalier of the Legion d'honneur. Mu 1945, wakimikika kuŵa Mulara wa Legiyoni ya Cindi. Mu 1952, wakacemeka Commandeur of the Legion d'honneur. Paumaliro, pa Julayi 2, 1964, Le Corbusier wakapika zina lakuti Grand Officer of the Legion d'honneur.
  • Wakaŵa na Frank P. Brown Medal na AIA Gold Medal mu 1961.
  • Mu Juni 1959, Yunivesite ya Cambridge yikamupa digiri Le Corbusier.[45]

Malo Ghakumanyikwa na Ŵanthu Ŵanandi

Mu 2016, nyumba 17 za Le Corbusier izo zili mu vyaru 7 zikapika zina lakuti UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[46]

Malo ghakukumbukirako

Cithuzithuzi ca Le Corbusier cikaŵa pa ndalama za ku Switzerland zakukwana ma francs 10, ndipo wakavwara magalasi.

Mazina gha malo agha ghakumanyikwa na zina lake:

Ntchito

Nkhani ikulu: List of Le Corbusier buildings

Mabuku gha Le Corbusier

  • 1918: Après le cubisme (After Cubism), with Amédée Ozenfant
  • 1923: Vers une architecture (Towards an Architecture) (frequently mistranslated as "Towards a New Architecture")
  • 1925: Urbanisme (Urbanism)
  • 1925: La Peinture moderne (Modern Painting), with Amédée Ozenfant
  • 1925: L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui (The Decorative Arts of Today)
  • 1930: Précisions sur un état présent de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme (Precisions on the present state of architecture and urbanism)
  • 1931: Premier clavier de couleurs (First Color Keyboard)
  • 1935: Aircraft
  • 1935: La Ville radieuse (The Radiant City)
  • 1942: Charte d'Athènes (Athens Charter)
  • 1943: Entretien avec les étudiants des écoles d'architecture (A Conversation with Architecture Students)
  • 1945: Les Trois établissements Humains (The Three Human Establishments)
  • 1948: Le Modulor (The Modulor)
  • 1953: Le Poeme de l'Angle Droit (The Poem of the Right Angle)
  • 1955: Le Modulor 2 (The Modulor 2)
  • 1959: Deuxième clavier de couleurs (Second Colour Keyboard)
  • 1964: Quand les Cathédrales Etáient Blanches (When the Cathedrals were White)
  • 1966: Le Voyage d'Orient (The Voyage to the East)

Wonaniso

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Archives nationales; site de Fontainebleau, Légion d'honneur recipient, birth certificate. Culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 27 February 2018.
  2. ↑ "Le Corbusier". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 Janyuwale 2022.
  3. ↑ "Le Corbusier". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 16 Ogasiti 2019.
  4. ↑ "Corbusier, Le". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 16 Ogasiti 2019.
  5. ↑ "Steve Rose on Le Corbusier, one of the most iconic architects of the 20th century". the Guardian (in English). 16 Julayi 2008. Retrieved 25 Meyi 2021.
  6. ↑ Birksted, Ian (2009). Le Corbusier and the Occult. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262026482.
  7. ↑ Froissart, Rossella (2011). Avant-garde et tradition dans les arts du décor en France. Lectures critiques autour de Guillaume Janneau (PDF) (in French). Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille. p. 73.
  8. ↑ "BBC Four – A History of Art in Three Colours, White". BBC (in British English). Retrieved 25 Meyi 2021.
  9. ↑ "The profound anti-Semitism of Le Corbusier". Haaretz (in English). Retrieved 25 Meyi 2021.
  10. ↑ Donadio, Rachel (12 Julayi 2015). "Le Corbusier's Architecture and His Politics Are Revisited". The New York Times (in American English). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 Meyi 2021.
  11. ↑ Antliff, Mark, "Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939"
  12. ↑ Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier et l'urbain – la rectification du damier froebelien, pp. 93–117.
  13. ↑ Actes du colloque La ville et l'urbanisme après Le Corbusier, éditions d'en Haut 1993 – ISBN 2-88251-033-0.
  14. ↑ Marc Solitaire, Le Corbusier entre Raphael et Fröbel, pp. 9–27, Journal d'histoire de l'architecture N°1, Presses universitaires de Grenoble 1988 – ISBN 2-7061-0325-6.
  15. ↑ Cited by Jean Petit, Le Corbusier lui-meme, Rousseau, Geneva 1970, p. 28.
  16. ↑ Journel 2015, pp. 32–33.
  17. ↑ Journel 2015, pp. 48–9.
  18. ↑ Choay, Françoise (1960). Le Corbusier. George Braziller, Inc. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-8076-0104-4.
  19. ↑ Journel 2015, p. 50.
  20. ↑ Ken, Kuma (2008). Anti-object : the dissolution and disintegration of architecture. Architectural Association (Great Britain). London: Architectural Association. ISBN 978-1-902902-52-4. OCLC 67375498.
  21. ↑ Le Corbusier 1923, pp. 1–150.
  22. ↑ Le Corbusier, L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui, Paris, G. Crès, « L'Esprit nouveau », 1925. Réédition
  23. ↑ Yannis Tsiomis, Le Corbusier, L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui et « la loi du ripolin », Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2012
  24. ↑ Benton, Charlotte, Benton, Tim, Wood, Ghislaine, Art Déco dans le monde 1910–39, 2010, Renaissance du Livre, ISBN 978-2-507-00390-6, pp. 16–17.
  25. ↑ Bony 2012, p. 83.
  26. ↑ Journel 2015, p. 116.
  27. ↑ "Architecture View; Le Corbusier's Housing Project-Flexible Enough to Endure; by Ada Louise Huxtable". The New York Times. 15 Malichi 1981.
  28. ↑ Bony 2012, pp. 84–85.
  29. ↑ Journel 2015, p. 218.
  30. ↑ Journel 2015, pp. 152–158.
  31. ↑ "Oscar Niemeyer and the United Nations Headquarters (1947–1949)". United Nations. Disembala 2014. Retrieved 27 Ogasiti 2019.
  32. ↑ Journel 2015, p. 165.
  33. ↑ Letter to his brother Albert, 26 March 1961, FLC-R1-10-586, cited by Journal, p. 185.
  34. ↑ Journel 2015, p. 212.
  35. ↑ "Our Most Frequently Requested Prominent Artists". Artists Rights Society. 2003. Archived from the original on 31 Janyuwale 2009. Retrieved 18 Malichi 2014.
  36. ↑ Le Corbusier, Une maison – un palais, G. Crès & Cie (1928), pp. 70–78
  37. ↑ Riley 2004, p. 383.
  38. ↑ Antliff, Mark (2007). Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9047-3.
  39. ↑ André Malraux, funeral oration for Le Corbusier, 1 September 1965, cited in Journal (2015), p. 3.1
  40. ↑ Rybcznski, Witold, Time magazine, 8 June 1998.
  41. ↑ Le Corbusier. Urbanism 1. p. 39.
  42. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 Juni 2021. Retrieved 28 Meyi 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ↑ "Foundation: History". Fondation Le Corbusier. Retrieved 18 Malichi 2014.
  44. ↑ "Musée: Fondation Le Corbusier – Maison La Roche". Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 18 Malichi 2014.
  45. ↑ "About the Faculty". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2 Malichi 2014. Retrieved 18 Malichi 2014.
  46. ↑ "The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in English). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 Julayi 2016.

Vyakulemba

  • Arwas, Victor (1992). Art Deco. Harry N. Abrams Inc. ISBN 978-0-8109-1926-6.
  • Sarbjit Bahga, Surinder Bahga (2014) Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret: The Indian Architecture, CreateSpace, ISBN 978-1-4959-0625-1.
  • Bony, Anne (2012). L'Architecture moderne. Larousse. ISBN 978-2-03-587641-6.
  • Behrens, Roy R. (2005). Cook Book: Gertrude Stein, William Cook and Le Corbusier. Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books. ISBN 0-9713244-1-7.
  • Brooks, H. Allen (1999) Le Corbusier's Formative Years: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret at La Chaux-de-Fonds, Paperback Edition, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-07582-6..
  • Eliel, Carol S. (2002). L'Esprit Nouveau: Purism in Paris, 1918–1925. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-6727-8.
  • Curtis, William J.R. (1994) Le Corbusier: Ideas and Forms, Phaidon, ISBN 978-0-7148-2790-2.
  • Fishman, Robert (1982). Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-56023-8.
  • Frampton, Kenneth. (2001). Le Corbusier, London, Thames and Hudson.
  • Jencks, Charles (2000) Le Corbusier and the Continual Revolution in Architecture, The Monacelli Press, ISBN 978-1-58093-077-2.
  • Jornod, Naïma and Jornod, Jean-Pierre (2005) Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), catalogue raisonné de l'oeuvre peint, Skira, ISBN 88-7624-203-1.
  • Journel, Guillemette Morel (2015). Le Corbusier- Construire la Vie Moderne (in French). Editions du Patrimoine: Centre des Monument Nationaux. ISBN 978-2-7577-0419-6.
  • Korolija Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. (2015) 'Transgression and Ekphrasis in Le Corbusier's Journey to the East' in Transgression: Towards the Expanded Field in Architecture, edited by Louis Rice and David Littlefield, London: Routledge, 57–75, ISBN 978-1-13-881892-7.
  • Le Corbusier (1925). L'Art décoratif d'aujourdhui (in French). G. Crés et Cie.
  • Le Corbusier (1923). Vers une architecture (in French). Flammarion (1995). ISBN 978-2-0812-1744-7.
  • Dumont, Marie-Jeanne, ed. (2002). Le Corbusier- Lettres a ses maitres (in French). Editions du Linteau.
  • Solitaire, Marc (2016) Au retour de La Chaux-de-Fonds: Le Corbusier & Froebel, editions Wiking, ISBN 978-2-9545239-1-0.
  • Riley, Noël (2004). Grammaire des Arts Décoratifs (in French). Flammarion.
  • Von Moos, Stanislaus (2009) Le Corbusier: Elements of A Synthesis, Rotterdam, 010 Publishers.
  • Weber, Nicholas Fox (2008) Le Corbusier: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-375-41043-0.

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