Wikipedia

Lesotho

Lesotho (/lɪˈsuːtuː/ (pulikizgani machemelo) lih-SOO-too,[6][7] Sotho pronunciation: [lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ]), panji kuti Ufumu wa Lesotho, ni charu icho chili ku chigaŵa cha South Africa. Charu ichi chili mu mapiri gha Maloti ndipo chili na mapiri ghapachanya chomene ku Southern Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakujumpha 30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) ndipo chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni.

Kingdom of Lesotho
Naha ea Lesotho (Sotho)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: "Khotso, Pula, Nala"
"Peace, Rain, Prosperity"
Nyimbo: Lesōthō Fatše La Bo-Ntat'a Rōna
(English: "Lesotho, land of our Fathers")
[[File:
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Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Maseru
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
 -  Monarch Letsie III
 -  Prime Minister Sam Matekane
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house National Assembly
Independence from United Kingdom
 -  Declared 4 October 1966 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 30,355 km2 (137th)
11,720 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 0.0032%
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2021 estimate 2,281,454[1][2] (144th)
 -  2004 census 2,142,249
 -  Density 68.1/km2 (138th)
162.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2021 estimate
 -  Total $5.762 billion[3]
 -  Per capita $2,761[3]
GDP (nominal) 2021 estimate
 -  Total $2.478 billion[3]
 -  Per capita $1,187[3]
Gini (2017)Positive decrease 44.9[4]
medium
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.514[5]
low ·168th
Ndalama Lesotho Loti (LSL)
South African rand (ZAR)
Mtundu Wanyengo South African Standard Time (UTC+2)
Kalembelo kasiku yyyy-mm-dd
dd/mm/yyyy[a]
Woko la galimoto left
Intaneti yacharu .ls
a. ^ yyyy-mm-dd in Sotho; dd/mm/yyyy in English.

Malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa boma la United Kingdom pa Okutobala 4, 1966. Charu ichi chili na mazaza pa chilichose ndipo chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, African Union, na Southern African Development Community. Zina lakuti Lesotho likung'anamura "charu cha Ŵasotho".[8][9]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Lesotho

Basutoland

 
Themba Moshoeshoe I pamoza na nduna zake

Charu cha Basutoland chikaŵa na boma limoza mu 1822. Moshoeshoe, mwana wa Mokhachane, mulongozgi muchoko wa mbumba ya Bakoteli, wakapangiska mbumba yake na kuŵa mulongozgi mu 1804. Pakati pa 1820 na 1823, iyo na ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakakhazikika pa Phiri la Butha-Buthe, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵalwani ŵawo ŵakwambilira kuti ŵathereske Lifaqane awo ŵakakolerana na muwuso wa Shaka Zulu kufuma mu 1818 m'paka 1828.

Boma ili likafuma ku nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Netherlands awo ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony pamanyuma pakuti ŵa ku Britain ŵapoka charu ichi mu 1795. Ŵamishonale Thomas Arbousset, Eugène Casalis na Constant Gosselin ŵa ku Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, awo ŵakacemeka na Moshoeshoe I, ŵakaŵikika ku Morija, ndipo pakati pa 1837 na 1855 ŵakasindikizga mabuku mu ciyowoyero ca Sesotho. Casalis, uyo wakaŵa wakung'anamulira mabuku na kupeleka ulongozgi pa nkhani za vyaru vinyake, wakawovwira kuti paŵe ubwezi na ŵasilikari na kusanga vilwero vyakuti ŵarwe na ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Griqua.

Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Cape Colony ŵakafika ku mipaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Basutoland na kupempha kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa pa malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Boer awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha, ŵakayezga kuti ŵakhale pa malo agho ghakaŵa pakati pa milonga yiŵiri iyi na kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Caledon. Pamasinda, Moshoeshoe wakalemba phangano na kazembe wa ku Cape, Sir George Thomas Napier, ilo likapokelera chigaŵa cha Orange River, uko Ŵaburu ŵakakhalanga. Ŵaburu aŵa ŵakakomeka mu 1848. Mu 1851, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Basotho pa Kolonyama. Ŵakati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu 1852, Moshoeshoe wakatuma kalata kwa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain kuti ŵamazge mphindano. Mu 1854, ŵa ku Britain ŵakafumamo mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1858, Moshoeshoe wakarwa nkhondo zinandi na ŵa ku Boer. Ntheura, Moshoeshoe wakataya chigaŵa chinyake cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nkhondo yaumaliro na ŵa Boer yikamara mu 1867 apo Moshoeshoe wakapempha Fumukazi Victoria kuti yizgore Basutoland kuŵa chigaŵa cha Britain mu 1868.

 
Masitampu gha 1959 gha Basutoland National Council

Mu 1869, ŵa ku Britain ŵakasazga phangano na ŵa ku Boer ku Aliwal North ilo likalongosora mphaka za Basutoland. Phangano ili likapangiska kuti ufumu wa Moshoeshoe uchepe na hafu. Pamanyuma, Ŵabritishi ŵakasamuska malo agha kufuma ku msumba wa Moshoeshoe ku Thaba Bosiu kuya ku msasa wa ŵapolisi ku mphaka ya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi, ku Maseru. Moshoeshoe wakafwa pa March 11, 1870, ndipo ivi vikalongora kuti Basutoland yikamba kulamulira. Mu nyengo ya Cape Colony pakati pa 1871 na 1884, Basutoland yikayendeska mwakuyana waka na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikapokeka na nkani, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa Basotho ŵakakhozgeka soni, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Basuto Gun mu 1880-1881..[10][11] Mu 1884, chigaŵa ichi chikazgoka koloni la ufumu la Basutoland. Wakaŵa na kazembe uyo wakawusanga, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1905, ŵakazenga njanji iyo yikakolerananga na masitima gha ku South Africa.

Kujilamulila

Basutoland yikajiyimira pawekha kufuma ku United Kingdom ndipo yikazgoka Ufumu wa Lesotho mu 1966.[12] Chipani cha Basotho National Party (BNP) ndicho chikalamuliranga kwambira mu 1966 m'paka mu 1970. Pamanyuma pake, pakaŵa boma ilo likalongozgekanga na Leabua Jonathan.

Mu Janyuwale 1970, chipani cha BNP icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikathereska pa mavoti ghakwambilira agho ghakachitika pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Basotho chajiyimira pachekha, ndipo chikaŵa na mavoti 23 ndipo chikathereska chipani cha Basotho Congress Party (BCP) icho chikaŵa na mavoti 36. Mulara wa boma Jonathan wakakana kupeleka mazaza ku BCP, m'malo mwake wakajiphara kuti ni nduna yikuru na kujaliraso ŵalongozgi ŵa BCP. BCP yikayamba kugaluka ndipo yikapokera masambiro mu Libya ku Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA) pasi pa chilato cha kuŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Azanian People's Liberation Army ŵa Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). LLA yakukwana 178 yikapokeka vilwero na vyakukhumbikwa na gulu la PAC la David Sibeko mu 1978, ndipo yikathaskika kufuma ku msasa wawo wa ku Tanzania na wovwiri wa ndalama wa mulara wa PAC wa Maoist ndipo yikamba nkhondo. Gulu linyake likathereskeka kumpoto kwa Lesotho, ndipo pamasinda ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo mulongozgi wa BCP, Ntsu Mokhehle, wakaluta ku Pretoria. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Basotho awo ŵakakolerananga na BCP ŵakakoleka na boma la Leabua Jonathan. Pa Seputembala 4, 1981, mbumba ya Benjamini Masilo yikakomeka. Muciwukirano ici, muzukuru wake wa vyaka vitatu wakafwa. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghanayi, Edgar Mahlomola Motuba, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Leselinyana la Lesotho, ŵakamukora pa nyumba yake pamoza na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵaŵiri na kumukoma.

 
Muzi wa mapiri wa Lesotho

Jonathan wakati walekeskeka mu 1986, Wupu wa vya Nkhondo uwo ukaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga ukapeleka mazaza kwa Themba Moshoeshoe II. Mu 1987, fumu yikacicizgika kuluta ku caru cinyake pamasinda pakuti yikiza na kalata ya mapeji 6 yakulongosora umo yikukhumba kuti dango la Lesotho liŵire. Mwana wake wakaŵa Themba Letsie III.

Mulara wa boma la ŵasilikari, Major General Justin Metsing Lekhanya wakathereskeka mu 1991 ndipo wakasinthika na Major General Elias Phisoana Ramaema uyo wakapeleka mazaza ku boma la BCP mu 1993. Moshoeshoe II wakawerako ku wuzga mu 1992 nga ni munthu bweka. Themba Letsie III likati lawelera ku boma la demokilase, likayezgayezga kuti boma la BCP liwezge adada ŵake (Moshoeshoe II) kuŵa mutu wa boma. Mu Ogasiti 1994, Letsie III wakapangiska boma la BCP kufuma pa udindo wake, pamanyuma pakuti boma la BCP likakana kuwezgerapo adada ŵake, Moshoeshoe II, kuyana na dango la Lesotho. Vyaru vya ku Southern African Development Community (SADC) vikamba kudumbiskana vya kuwezgerapo boma la BCP. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Letsie III wakakhumbanga kuti awiske ŵambeso kuwusa caru. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali, boma la BCP likakhazikiskikaso ndipo Letsie III wakaleka ufumu mu 1995, ndipo wakambaso kuwusa apo Moshoeshoe II wakafwa na vilimika 57 mu ngozi ya pa msewu apo galimoto yake yikaduka pa msewu wa mu mapiri pa 15 January 1996. Kuyana na ivyo boma likayowoya, Moshoeshoe wakanyamuka pa 1 koloko mulenji kuti wakawone viŵeto vyake ku Matsieng ndipo wakaweleranga ku Maseru kujumpha mu mapiri gha Maluti apo galimoto yake yikafumapo pa msewu.[13]

Mu 1997, chipani cha BCP chikagaŵikana cifukwa ca mphindano. Nduna Nkuru Ntsu Mokhehle wakambiska chipani chiphya, Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD), ndipo ŵakamulondezga na unandi wa mamembala gha pa pharalamende, ivyo vikamovwira kuti wapange boma liphya. Pakalitha Mosisili wakamusankhira Mokhehle kuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ndipo LCD yikathereska pa chisankho cha 1998. Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakamba kususka, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1998, ŵakachita chipharazgo kuwaro kwa nyumba yachifumu. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Botswana ŵakakondwa chomene, kweni ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa ŵakayegha ndembera. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa SADC ŵakafumanga mu May 1999, msumba ukuru wa Maseru ukaŵa "wakubwanganduka".

Mu Disembala 1998, wupu wa Interim Political Authority (IPA) uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kuwona umo mavoti ghakacitikira mu caru, ukalengeka. IPA yikapangiska ndondomeko ya mavoti kuti yikovwire kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma ŵaŵe mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ndondomeko yiphya yikasungilira mipando 80 iyo yikaŵapo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo yikasazgako mipando 40 iyo yikeneranga kuzura mwakuyana na ciŵelengero. Mu Meyi 2002, kukaŵa mavoti gha mtundu uwu ndipo LCD yikapokera mavoti 54%. Pali vinthu vyambura kwenelera na vithuzithuzi vya nkhaza kufuma kwa Major General Lekhanya. Pa vipani vyose 40 ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu uwu, vipani 9 vya ku chigaŵa ichi ndivyo vikaŵa na vithuzi vinandi chomene (21). LCD yili na vithuzithuzi 79 pa vithuzithuzi 80. Apo ŵimiliri ŵake ŵakwimba sumu mu Nyumba ya Malango, BNP yikususka pa milandu, kusazgapo kupendesera mavoti.

Pa 30 Ogasiti 2014, "kupoka boma" kwa ŵasilikari kukacitika, ndipo Prime Minister Thomas Thabane wakacimbira ku South Africa kwa mazuŵa ghatatu. Pa 19 Meyi 2020, Thomas Thabane wakafumapo pa udindo wa nduna yikuru ya Lesotho pamanyuma pa myezi yinandi ya kukakamizgika pamanyuma pakuti wapika zina la munthu uyo wakukayikika pa kukoma muwoli wake wakale. Moeketsi Majoro, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vyachuma ndipo wakaŵa nduna yakuwona vya mapulani, wakasankhika kuŵa mulondezgi wa Thabane.[14]

Pa 13 Meyi 2020, kuyana na unduna wa vyaumoyo, Lesotho yikaŵa chalo chaumaliro ku Africa kuphalirako munthu wa COVID-19.

Pa 28 Okutobala, 2022, Sam Matekane wakalapizga kuŵa Prime Minister wa Lesotho wati wapanga boma liphya. Chipani chake cha Revolution for Prosperity, icho chikapangika kumayambiriro kwa chaka chenechicho, chikapambana pa mavoti gha pa Okutobala 7.[15][16][17][18][19]

Ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Lesotho

Boma la Lesotho ni boma laparamende. Nduna Yikuru, Sam Matekane, ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma ndipo wali na mazaza ghakulongozga. Themba la Lesotho, Letsie III, ni mutu wa boma ndipo likucita milimo ya "mauteŵeti ghaciphikiro".

Bungwe la All Basotho Convention (ABC) ndilo likulongozga boma la wupu wakulongozga mu Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba ya pasi. Nyumba yikuru ya boma, iyo ni Senate, yili na ŵalongozgi 22 awo ŵakwimikika na themba.

Ndondomeko iyi yikupanga khoti lakujiyimira palekha, ilo lili na Khoti Likuru, Khoti la Apilu, makhoti gha Magistrate, na makhoti ghakurughakuru agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Ŵeruzgi wose ŵa khoti la apilu ni ŵa ku South Africa. Pa mulandu uwu, ŵeruzgi ŵakweruzga ŵekha yayi, panji para mulandu uli mu khoti, ŵeruzgi ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ndiwo ŵakuwona.

Ndondomeko iyi yikuvikilira wanangwa wa kuyowoya, kuwungana mwakufwatuka, kusindamira nkhani, kuwungana mwamtende, na chisopa. Charu cha Lesotho chikaŵa pa malo 12 pa vyaru 48 vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu 2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance.[20]

As of 2010, the People's Charter Movement called for the practical annexation of the country by South Africa due to the HIV epidemic. Nearly a quarter of the population tests positive for HIV.[21]Charu ichi chili na suzgo la kusoŵa nchito, kusuzgika kwa cuma, ndalama zinonono, na kukanizgika kwenda. Lipoti la wupu wa African Union likati caru ca Lesotho cikwenera kukolerana na caru ca South Africa. Mu Meyi 2010, gulu la Charter Movement likapeleka chikalata ku South African High Commission kupempha kuti ŵaŵeso mu wupu uwu. Muyowoyeri wa vya mukati wa South Africa, Ronnie Mamoepa wakakana fundo yakuti Lesotho ndiyo yikwenera kupika mwaŵi wapadera. "Ni caru cakujiyimira pacekha nga ni South Africa. Tikatumizga mathenga ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland na Lesotho pambere tindakhazikiske dango la pasipoti. Para mwafuma ku Britain kuluta ku South Africa, kasi mukukhumba yayi pasipoti?"[22]

Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti kuŵikapo panji kusintha mphaka za Lesotho kungaŵa kwakovwira. Pa nyengo iyo nthenda ya AIDS yikaŵa kuti yikuru comene, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakasayina chikalata cakuti boma la Lesotho liŵawovwire kuti ŵaleke kukhala vyaka 34. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda vya ndyali, nga ni Jeffrey Herbst mu buku lake lakuti "War and the State of Africa", ŵakususka kuti cifukwa cakuti vyaru nga ni Lesotho na Eswatini vilije mphindano pa mphaka, vyaru ivi vikalutilira kuŵa vyambura nkhongono. Kupeleŵera uku kukucitika cifukwa cakuti boma la Britain na la Romu-Dutch lili na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukolerana na dango la Britain. Pa cifukwa ici, boma ilo lilipo sono likuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa Basotho yayi, kweni likuŵagwiliskira nchito.[23]

Pamanyuma pakuti nduna yikuru Tom Thabane wafumapo cifukwa ca kuthya kuti wazamumukomaso na kupeleka dango lakuti muwoli wake wakomeke mu 2020, nduna ya vya ndalama ya South Africa yikayowoya kuti boma la Lesotho, Eswatini, na South Africa liŵe mu umoza. Muhaliri wake, Moeketsi Majoro, wakachitanga mulimo wake kufuma mu 2020 mpaka 2022 mpaka apo nayo wakafumapo pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa kuvota "kwambura kugomezgeka" mu Nyumba ya Malamulo chifukwa cha nkharo yiheni na ŵasilikari kweniso umo wakugwilira ntchito na COVID-19. Apo nduna yikuru ya sono Sam Matekane yikugwira nchito na South African Development Community (SADC) pa kusintha malango, boma lake likulutilira kulongora vimanyikwiro vya vimbundi apo ŵantchito 40,000 ŵa vyakuvwara ŵakasuskanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ndipo ŵakakumana na nkhaza izo zikakoma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Lesotho

Charu cha Lesotho chili mu wupu wa vyalo vinyake, nga ni Southern African Development Community (SADC) na Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Likugwira ntchito mu wupu wa United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Non-Aligned Movement, Commonwealth, na mawupu ghanyake.[30]

Charu cha Lesotho chili na ubwezi na Britain (mwakudumura Wales), Germany, United States na vyaru vinyake vya ku Western. Mu 1990, charu ichi chikadumura ubwezi na China ndipo chikambaso ubwezi na Taiwan. Likuzomera boma la Palestina. Kufuma mu 2014 m'paka mu 2018 yikazomera Republic of Kosovo.[31]

Boma ili likasuskanga chomene muwuso wa katangale wa apartheid mu charu cha South Africa. Mu 2019, charu ichi chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.[32][33][34][35][30]

Kuvikilira na kukora malango

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Lesotho Defence Force (LDF) ndilo likuvikilira chalo. Mulara wawo wakucemeka Mulara.

Gulu la ŵapolisi la Lesotho Mounted Police Service (LMPS) ndilo likuŵa na mulimo wa kuvikilira malango na ndondomeko. Mulara wawo wakucemeka Commissioner. LMPS yikovwira ŵapolisi kuti ŵavware yunifomu, kuti ŵamanye uheni, kweniso kuti ŵachitenge makora pa msewu. Paliso maofesi ghanyake agho ghakovwira pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga, ŵanthu awo ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, vinyama, na uchigeŵenga. Gulu ili likamba kugwira ntchito kwambira mu 1872.

Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Lesotho National Security Service (LNSS)) ndiwo ukuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Nduna yikuru ya wupu uwu yikucemeka Mulara. LNSS ni wupu wa upusikizgi uwo ukupeleka lipoti ku boma. Mulara wa Boma ndiyo wali na mazaza gha kwimika panji kufumiska mulara.[36]

Malango

Charu cha Lesotho chilije dango limoza ilo lili na malango ghake..[37]

 
Nyumba ya Malango ku Maseru

Dango la Lesotho likamba kugwira ntchito pamanyuma pakuti dango ili lalembeka. Pa malango gha boma, dango likung'anamura malango agho ghalembeka na nyumba ziŵiri za boma na kuzomerezgeka na fumu (chigaŵa 78 (1)). Dango lakunjilira mu boma likung'anamura malango agho ghakapelekeka na wupu unyake uwo boma lili kupeleka mazaza agha kuyana na chigaŵa cha 70 (2) cha Dango. Vinthu ivi ni mabuku gha boma, malango gha ŵalaŵiliri, malango gha ŵalaŵiliri, na malango gha boma.

Nangauli charu cha Lesotho chikukolerana na vyaru vya South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Namibia, na Zimbabwe, kweni vili na malango ghakupambanapambana. Charu cha Lesotho chikugwiliskira ntchito dango lakwamba, ilo likung'anamura dango lakulembeka yayi panji ilo likufuma ku malango ghanyake. Vyeruzgo vya makhoti gha ku South Africa vikuŵa vyakukhuŵilizga waka, ndipo makhoti ghakughanaghanira pa ivyo ŵakweruzga. Vyeruzgo ivyo vyapelekeka ku makhoti ghanyake vingaŵa vyakukopa. Pa milandu iyi, makhoti ghaciŵiri ghakupambana na ghaciŵiri. Ŵakukakika na vyeruzgo vya High Court na Court of Appeal. Khoti la Apilu, ilo ni khoti laumaliro pa nkhani zose, ndilo likuwona na kughanaghanira makhoti ghose gha ku Lesotho.

Charu cha Lesotho chili na malango ghaŵiri. Malango gha cikaya ghakupangika na mitheto ya Basotho, iyo yili kulembeka mu Malango gha Lerotholi. Kweni dango lakwamba lili kufuma ku malango gha Ŵaroma ŵa ku Netherlands agho ghakafuma ku Cape na Lesotho. Mu 1903, khoti ilo likalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku Basotho likakhazikiskika kuti liphalirengeko munthu uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Britain malango agho ghangawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Basotho. M'paka pa nyengo iyi, mitheto na malango gha Basotho ghakapelekekanga ku miwiro na miwiro kwizira mu mitheto. Wupu uwu ndiwo ukapangiska malango gha Lerotholi, agho mazuŵa ghano ghakulondezgeka na makhoti gha mu vigaŵa. Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakalemba ghakaŵa ghakukopa ku makhoti gha ku Lesotho. Mu mabuku agha muli mabuku gha "ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma kweniso ŵalembi ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako kale".

Maboma

Nkhani ikulu: Districts of Lesotho
 
Districts and cities

Ku Lesotho kuli vigaŵa 10, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na mulongozgi wake. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na msumba ukuru uwo ukuchemeka Camptown.

Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 80, ivyo vili na maboma 129.

Makhalilo

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Lesotho
 
Topographic map
 
The Afriski resort in the Maloti Mountains

Charu cha Lesotho chili na malo ghakukwana 30,355 km2. Ni caru cimoza pera pa caru cose ico cili pacanya pa mamita 1,000. Malo ghapachanya chomene pa charu chapasi ghali pa mamita 1,400. Malo ghakujumpha 80% gha charu ichi ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,800. Charu cha Lesotho chili kumwera chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ni caru cikuru comene pa vyaru vitatu vya pa caru cose ico cili na caru cinyake, ndipo caŵiri ni Vatican City na San Marino. Ni boma lacilendo pera kuwaro kwa Italy, ndipo ndilo pera ilo ni boma lichoko.

Charu cha Lesotho chili pakati pa latitude 28° na 31°S, ndipo longitude 27° na 30°E. Pafupifupi 12% ya caru ca Lesotho ni malo ghakuliskako vyakumera agho ghakukhuŵazgika na kunangika kwa dongo; ŵanthu ŵakuti matani 40 miliyoni gha dongo ghakunangika caka cilicose cifukwa ca kunangika kwa dongo.[38]

Nyengo

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Lesotho

Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Lesotho cili pacanya comene, cikuzizima comene kuluska vigaŵa vinyake. Vula yinandi yikuwa mu chihanya. Maseru na malo ghakuzingilizga ghakukwera chomene m'nyengo ya chihanya. Nyengo zinyake mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, matenthedwe ghakufika pa -7 °C. Ku chigaŵa cha mapiri, chiwuvi chikuwira chomene pakati pa mwezi wa Meyi na Seputembala. Ku Lesotho, vula yikulokwa nyengo na malo ghakupambanapambana. Ku malo ghanyake, maji ghakukhira kufuma pa 500 mm kufika pa 1200 mm. Nyengo ya chihanya iyo yikwenda kufuma mu Okutobala m'paka Epulero ndiyo yikuŵa na vula zinandi chomene, ndipo kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Febuluwale, chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chikuŵa na vula yakujumpha 100 mm pa mwezi. Chivula chichoko chomene pa mwezi ku Lesotho chikuŵa mu Juni, apo vigaŵa vinandi vikuŵa na chivula chichoko chomene pa mwezi..[38][38][38]

Chilangalanga

 
Hills

Ku Lesotho, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku mizi chifukwa cha chilangalanga. Ku Lesotho kukusuzga comene cifukwa ca kulima. Buku la World Factbook likuzunura vyakumera ivyo vikuchitika nyengo na nyengo mu chigaŵa cha Lesotho.[39][40][41]

Mu 2007, ku Lesotho kukaŵa chilangalanga ndipo wupu wa United Nations ukamuphalira kuti wapharazge kuti kuli suzgo mwakuti wamanye wovwiri wa mawupu gha pa charu chose.[41] Wupu wakuchenjezga za njara ukati nyengo ya vula ya 2018/2019 yikamba mwezi umoza kunthazi kuluska umo yikeneranga kuŵira, kweniso vula iyo yikalokwa yikaŵa yakuchepera pa avareji.[42] Malipoti gha Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation Station (CHIRP) ghakulongora kuti mu Lesotho pakati pa Okutobala 2018 na Febuluwale 2019 vula yikalokwa pafupifupi 55 mpaka 80 peresenti.[42]

Mu Malichi 2019, Komiti ya Kuwona na Kusanda Vinthu mu charu cha Lesotho yikalemba lipoti ilo likayowoyerathu kuti ŵanthu 487,857 mu charu ichi ŵakukhumbikwira wovwiri chifukwa cha chilangalanga.[42]

Pali vifukwa vinandi ivyo vyomira vya mu Lesotho vyapangiskira kuti ŵanthu ŵasangire wovwiri. Vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na utozi ivyo vikucitika cifukwa ca "kusoŵa maji ghakutowa" vingapangiska nthenda ya typhoid na nthenda ya kusulura. Ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakutora maji kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito pa nyumba zawo ŵakuŵa pangozi chifukwa ŵakumalira nyengo yinandi na kwenda mitunda yitali.[42] Ku Lesotho, chilangalanga chikupangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluta mu matawuni kweniso ku South Africa kuti ŵasangeko mwaŵi unyake kweniso kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa cakurya.[40] Lipoti ili likati pakati pa Julayi 2019 na Juni 2020 ŵanthu 640,000 ku Lesotho ŵakulindizgika kuti ŵazamukomwa na suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa cha "vyakurya vyambura kupambika kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo ya vyakurya chifukwa cha chilangalanga".[42]

Vyamoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Lesotho
See also: Category:Environment of Lesotho
 
Aloe polyphylla

Ku Lesotho kuli viyuni vyakukwana 339, kusazgapo vyamoyo 10 ivyo vili pangozi pa caru cose ndiposo vyamoyo viŵiri ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru vinyake.

Vinyama vya ku Lesotho ni vya mu mapiri. Ku Katse Botanical Gardens kuli vyakumera vyakuti vingachizga matenda.[43][44] Mu vigaŵa vya Lesotho muli vigaŵa vitatu: malo ghakututuŵa gha Drakensberg, malo ghakututuŵa gha Drakensberg, na malo ghakututuŵa gha Highveld.[45]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Lesotho
 
Ku Sani Pass uko kuli mphaka ndiko kukopa ŵalendo.

Chuma cha ku Lesotho chikuthemba pa ulimi, viŵeto, kupanga vinthu na migodi, ndipo chikuthemba pa ndalama izo ŵantchito ŵakutumizga na ndalama izo zikufuma ku Southern African Customs Union (SACU).[46][47] Ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu minda. Ŵanalume awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu migodi ku South Africa kwa myezi yitatu panji yinkhondi na yimoza, kweniso ŵantchito ŵa boma la Lesotho. Malo ghakuthyana gha kumanjiliro gha dazi ndigho ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ulimi. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 50 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakulima panji kuŵeta viŵeto, ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama izo charu chikusanga zikufuma ku vyakurya. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pasi pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa chikakhira kufuma pa 48% kufika pa 44% pakati pa 1995 na 2003.[46] Charu ichi chili pakati pa vyaru ivyo "Vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa umoyo wa ŵanthu" (chali pa nambara 160 pa nambara 187 pa ndondomeko ya UNDP ya vya umoyo wa ŵanthu), ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 52 para ŵababika.[48][49] Ŵakuŵerenga na kulemba ŵalipo 82%. Pa ŵana awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka 5, ŵana 20 pa 100 ŵalije thupi lakukwana.[50]

Lesotho has taken advantage of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) to become the largest exporter of garments to the US from sub-Saharan Africa.[51] US brands and retailers sourcing from Lesotho include Foot Locker, Gap, Gloria Vanderbilt, JCPenney, Levi Strauss, Saks, Sears, Timberland and Wal-Mart.[52] Pakati pa caka ca 2004, nchito izo ŵakacitanga zikajumpha 50,000, comenecomene ŵanakazi, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vipatala ŵaŵe ŵanandi kuluska ŵa mu boma. Mu 2008, likaguliska katundu wakukwana madola 487 miliyoni, comenecomene ku United States. Kwambira mu 2004, nchito za mu cigaŵa ici zachepa kufika pa 45,000 mu 2011 cifukwa ca mpikisano wa pa caru cose. Mu 2011, ofesi iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu Lesotho.[53]Mu 2007, malipiro gha munthu uyo wakugwira ntchito mu makampani gha vyakuvwara ghakaŵa $103 pa mwezi. Mu 2008, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga pa mwezi zikaŵa madola 83 gha ku America. Boma ili likambiska pulogiramu yakulimbana na HIV/AIDS yakuchemeka Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). Ndilo ni pulogiramu ya pa caru cose iyo yikovwira ŵantchito kuti ŵaleke kulwara na kupokera munkhwala.[54][53]

 
Katse Dam
 
Mohale Dam

Maji na malibwe gha dayamondi ni vinthu vinyake ivyo Lesotho wali navyo. Maji ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu cigaŵa ca Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), ico cikuŵa na vilimika 21, ndipo cili na ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi. Ntchito iyi yikamba mu 1986. LHWP yikupangika kuti yikore maji kufuma mu Mlonga wa Orange na kuluta nagho ku chigaŵa cha Free State na Johannesburg. Pakuti chigaŵa chakwamba cha ntchito iyi chafiskika, charu cha Lesotho "chamba kujikora" pakupanga magesi ndipo mu 2010 chikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 70 miliyoni gha ku United States kufuma pa kuguliska magesi na maji ku South Africa.[55][56][46]

Malibwe agha ghakupangika mu migodi ya Letšeng, Mothae, Liqhobong, na Kao, ndipo mu 2014 ghakapanga malibwe gha karati 240,000. Mu mgodi wa Letšeng muli malibwe gha mtengo wa madola 2172/carat. Mu 2008, chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa charu chose, ntchito iyi yikanangika chomene, ndipo mu 2010 na 2011, yikalutilira makora. Kuguliska dayimani kukakwana madola 230 miliyoni mu 2010.[57]Mu 1957, munthu munyake wa ku South Africa, Colonel Jack Scott, pamoza na Keith Whitelock, ŵakaluta kukapenja dayamondi. Ŵakasanga migodi ya dayamondi pa mtunda wa mamita 3,100, pachanya pa mapiri gha Maluti kumpoto kwa Lesotho, makilomita 70 kufuma ku Mokhotlong ku Letšeng. Mu 1967, mwanakazi munyake wa ku Mosotho wakasanga dayamondi (Lesotho Brown) ilo likaŵa na uzito wa magalamu 120.2. Mu Ogasiti 2006, ku Letšeng-la-Terae ŵakasanga libwe la matalente lituŵa la Lesotho Promise ilo likaŵa na uzito wa makara 603. Mu 2008, ku malo agha kukasangikaso dayamondi munyake wa uzito wa magalamu 95.6.[58]

Charu cha Lesotho chajumphapo apo chikaŵa na cuma ico cikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi kuti cikondweske ŵanthu. Vigaŵa vya vyakurya ivyo vikuguliska vyakurya vinyake vya ku vyaru vinyake vyapeleka ndalama zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵanandi. Chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma pa caru cose, caru ca Lesotho cikataya nchito zinandi pa nkhani ya vyakuvwara cifukwa ca suzgo la vyachuma ku United States, uko kukaŵa malo ghakwendako. Kuchepa kwa migodi ya dayamondi na katundu uyo wakwendeskeka, kusazgapo kukhira kwa mtengo wa dayamondi na kuchepa kwa ndalama za SACU chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ku South Africa, ndiko kukapangiska suzgo ili. Kuchepa kwa ndalama za ogwira ntchito chifukwa cha "kufooka" kwa chuma cha South Africa ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito ya migodi ndi kutayika kwa ntchito ku South Africa kunathandizira mu 2009, kukula kwa GDP ya Lesotho kuchepa kufika pa 0.9%.[59]

Ndalama za boma ni loti (m'nthumbo: maloti) izo zingagwiliskirika nchito pamoza na rand ya ku South Africa. Charu cha Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia, na South Africa vili na ndalama zakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito. Ndalama iyi yikukolerana na rand.[46][46]

Ŵanthu

Wonaniso: Demographics of Lesotho
 
Sukulu ya pulayimale

Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho chili pafupifupi 2,281,454.[1][2]The population distribution of Lesotho is 25% urban and 75% rural. It is estimated that the annual increase in urban population is 3.5%.[60] 60.2% of the population is between 15 and 64 years of age.[61][61]

Mtundu na viyowoyero

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Lesotho

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Basotho. Pa nkhani iyi, Lesotho njimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka vya mu Africa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa fuko limoza kweniso chiyowoyero chimoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Basotho ni Bafokeng, Batloung, Baphuthi, Bakuena, Bataung, Batšoeneng, na Matebele.[62]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Lesotho
 
St.Michael's Cathedral

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakujumpha 95 peresenti Mbakhristu. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵalipo 18.2%, Ŵapentekoste 15.4%, Ŵaanglican 5.3%, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵalipo 1.8%. Ŵakatolika ŵakwimira 49.4% ya ŵanthu, awo ŵakuteŵetereka na chigaŵa cha Metropolitan Archbishop of Maseru na ŵanthu ŵake ŵatatu (ŵasembe ŵa Leribe, Mohale's Hoek na Qacha's Nek), awo ŵakupangiska ungano wa ŵasembe wa pa caru cose. Visopa ivyo ni vya Cikhristu yayi ni 9.6% vya ŵanthu wose, ndipo awo ŵalije cisopa ni 0.2%.[63][64][63]

Masambiro na kuŵazga

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Lesotho
 
Yunivesite Yaboma ya Lesotho

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti pa caru cose, pa ŵanakazi awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 15, 85 peresenti na ŵanalume awo ŵali na vyaka vyakujumpha 15, 68 peresenti ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. [65]Lekani charu cha Lesotho chili na "umoza mwa vyaru vyapachanya chomene mu Africa" chifukwa cha ndalama izo charu ichi chikugwiliskira ntchito pa masambiro. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba (84.93%) ŵakuluska ŵanalume awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba (67.75%) na 17.18%. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na wupu wa Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality mu 2000, ŵana 37 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa kilasi 6 ku Lesotho (ŵakaŵa na vyaka 14) ŵakaŵazganga makora. Msambiri uyo wakumanya kuŵazga makora wangaŵazga nkhani kufuma kunthazi m'paka kumasinda kuti waŵikeko fundo zinyake. Nangauli sukulu njakukakamizgika yayi, kweni boma la Lesotho likwendeska ndondomeko ya masambiro ghapachanya ghaulere.[61]

Wupu wa International Telecommunication Union ukati ŵanthu 3.4% pa caru cose ŵakugwiliskira nchito Intaneti. Ntchito ya Econet Telecom Lesotho yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵapulikiskenge makora uthenga wa pa e-mail kwizira mu mafoni ghapachanya chomene. African Library Project ikugwira ntchito kukhazikitsa makalata a sukulu ndi midzi mogwirizana ndi US Peace Corps Lesotho ndi Butha Buthe District of Education.[66][67][68][69]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Lesotho

Mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 51 kwa ŵanalume na vyaka 55 kwa ŵanakazi. Ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakufwa pa vipatala pafupifupi 8.3%. Mu 2019, vyaka ivyo ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakakhaliranga na umoyo vikaŵa 52.[49]

Mu chaka cha 2018, chiŵerengero cha anthu achikulire omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV/AIDS ku Lesotho chikukwana 23.6% ndipo ndichiwiri kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pambuyo pa Eswatini.[70] Mu 2021, charu cha Lesotho chikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa HIV 22.8% pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49.[71] Mu caru ici ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene awo ŵali na nthenda ya maleriya.

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu charu cha Lesotho mu 2006, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali na suzgo linyake. Ŵanthu ŵakukayikira usange nthowa izo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ni zakugomezgeka, ndipo ŵakuwona kuti chiŵerengero chaunenesko chili pafupi na 15%. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika na wupu wa Lesotho National Federation of Organizations of the Disabled pamoza na SINTEF, ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo mu caru ca Lesotho ŵakukumana na masuzgo agho ghakuŵakanizga kusambira, kupwelelera umoyo, na kusanga nchito mwakuyana na ŵanji. Pa Disembala 2, 2008, charu cha Lesotho chikaŵa cha nambara 42 kusayinira phangano la wupu wa UN lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakupendera.

Mwakuyana na umo wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukulongolera, kwambira mu 2008, caru ca Lesotho nchakwamba pa caru cose kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakujikoma.[72][73][74]

Women in Lesotho

Nkhani ikulu: Women in Lesotho

Kuyana na wupu wa UN, caru ca Lesotho ndico cili na ciŵelengero cikuru comene ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza (91.6 pa ŵanthu 100,000 mu 2008). Maofesi gha UNODC ghakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Lesotho ndiwo ŵakakoleka na ŵapolisi mu 2008. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika ku Lesotho wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 61 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoyapo kuti ŵali kuchitikapo nkhaza.[75] Mu kafukufuku uyo DHS yikachita mu 2009, ŵanalume 15.7% ŵakati mfumu wangachita makora kuti watimbe muwoli wake usange wakana kugonana nayo. Mu kafukufuku munyake, ŵasayansi ŵakuti "pakuti ku Lesotho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na HIV, ŵanakazi ŵakwenera kujisankhira ŵekha vyakuchita". Dango la 2006 lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵali mu nthengwa likupeleka wanangwa wakuyana ku ŵanakazi na ŵafumu ŵawo. Lipoti la 2020 la World Economic Forum la Gender Gap Report likuŵika Lesotho pa malo gha 88 pa charu chose pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, apo charu cha South Africa chili pa malo gha 17.[76][77][78][79][80][81]

Mwambo

Wonaniso: Music of Lesotho and List of African writers by country § Lesotho
 
Women wearing Basotho blankets

Vyakurya vya ku Lesotho ni vya ku Africa kweniso vya ku Britain. Cakurya cikuru ca ku Lesotho ni Motoho, cakurya ca sorghum. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni vyakurya vya mbuto, ivyo vikuŵa na mpunga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kumwa tiyi na moŵa. Charu cha Lesotho ntchakumanyikwa na moŵa wake wa ginger, ndipo pali mitundu yiŵiri ya moŵa uwu. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu misewu ya ku Lesotho. [82]Sishenyama yikuguliskika mwekha mu charu chose cha Lesotho pamoza na vyakurya vinyake nga ni kabichi, pap, na saladi ya nyungu.[83]

Vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti Britain yikaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Lesotho vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mu charu ichi kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 m'paka m'ma 1900. Ŵali mu mizi ya Roma, Ramabantana, Ha Matela, Malealea na Semonkong. Kale, malo agha ŵakaguliskangamo mafuta, vyakurya, na nyama. Cikaŵa cakuzirwa comene mu nyengo iyo magalimoto ghakaŵa kuti ghandafike.

Vikavwara vya fuko la Basotho vikuŵa nga ni bulangete. Mazuŵa ghano, bulangete la Basotho likupangika na salu za acrylic. Kampani yikuru iyo yikupanga mabulangete gha Basotho ni Aranda, iyo yili na fakitare ku South Africa.

Chikondwelero cha Morija Arts & Cultural chikuchitika chaka chilichose mu tawuni ya Morija uko ŵamishonale ŵakafika mu 1833.[84]

Viyelezgero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakale vikusangika mu mapiri gha ku Basutoland. Pali viyelezgero vinyake mu muzi wa Ha Matela.[85]

Pony ya Basotho

Nkhumba ya Basotho njakuzirwa comene mu cikaya ca Lesotho. Kale, ŵakaŵakweleranga ku nkhondo, ndipo mazuŵa ghano ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ngolo na ulimi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lesotho ŵakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani ya kukwera pa mahaci.

Mafilimu na vyakupharazga

Ryan Coogler, uyo wakalongosora filimu ya Black Panther ya mu 2018, wakati wakalemba vya Lesotho pakulongosora vya Wakanda. Chifukwa cha filimu iyi, mabulangete gha Basotho "ghakamanyikwa chomene". Mu Novembala 2020, filimuyi This Is Not a Burial, It's a Resurrection yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku Lesotho iyo yikapelekeka ku Academy Award for Best International Feature Film na charu ichi.[86][87][88]

Wonaniso[89]

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Ukaboni

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2021". International Monetary Fund.
  4. ↑ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2021.
  5. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 Disembala 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 Disembala 2020.
  6. ↑ "lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (in English). Archived from the original on 11 Malichi 2018. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2018.
  7. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  8. ↑ Nicole Itano (2007). No Place Left to Bury the Dead. Simon and Schuster. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-7432-7095-3.
  9. ↑ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (2013). Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 182. ISBN 9781610692489. Archived from the original on 8 Meyi 2018. Retrieved 4 Malichi 2018.
  10. ↑ Sam Romaya; Alison Brown (Epulelo 1999). "City profile: Maseru, Lesotho". Cities. 16 (2): 123–133. doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00046-8.
  11. ↑ James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle (ed.) (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-313-27917-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. ↑ Karen Tranberg Hansen, Mariken Vaa (2004). Reconsidering Informality: Perspectives from Urban Africa. Nordic African Institute. p. 180. ISBN 91-7106-518-0.
  13. ↑ Donald G. McNeil Jr (16 January 1996) King of Tiny Land Circled by South Africa Dies in Car Plunge. The New York Times.
  14. ↑ Lesotho PM Thabane returns home after fleeing 'coup' Archived 29 Okutobala 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 3 September 2014
  15. ↑ "Sam Matekane sworn in as Lesotho's New Prime Minister | Friedrich Naumann Foundation". www.freiheit.org (in English).
  16. ↑ "Majoro ready to take over". Lesotho Times (in American English). 4 Epulelo 2020. Retrieved 10 Malichi 2021.
  17. ↑ Charumbira, Silence (13 Meyi 2020). "Lesotho records first coronavirus case a week after lifting lockdown". The Guardian.
  18. ↑ Lesotho 'coup' forces PM Thabane to South Africa Archived 2 Ogasiti 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 30 August 2014.
  19. ↑ "Thomas Thabane resigns as Lesotho prime minister". BBC News. 19 Meyi 2020.
  20. ↑ "Home | Mo Ibrahim Foundation" Archived 21 Malichi 2016 at the Wayback Machine. moibrahimfoundation.org.
  21. ↑ "HIV/AIDS in Lesotho". HelpLesotho.org. Archived from the original on 5 Novembala 2014. Lesotho has the second-highest HIV prevalence rate in the world – more than 23 percent of people, or just under one in four people in the country are living with HIV.
  22. ↑ Smith, Alex Duval (6 Juni 2010). "Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country". The Observer. Maseru, Lesotho. Archived from the original on 15 Sekutembala 2013. Retrieved 4 Julayi 2010.
  23. ↑ Smith, Alex Duval (5 Juni 2010). "Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country". The Observer (in British English). ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 3 Malichi 2023.
  24. ↑ "Lesotho: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House (in English). Retrieved 3 Malichi 2023.
  25. ↑ ISSAfrica.org (21 Janyuwale 2020). "Lesotho's future no clearer as Tom Thabane resigns". ISS Africa (in English). Retrieved 3 Malichi 2023.
  26. ↑ "Lesotho government structure and political parties. | - CountryReports". www.countryreports.org. Retrieved 3 Malichi 2023.
  27. ↑ "Lesotho Prime Minister Moeketsi Majoro resigns". SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. (in American English). 14 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 3 Malichi 2023.
  28. ↑ Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa". International Security. 14 (4): 117–139. doi:10.2307/2538753. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 2538753. S2CID 153804691.
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