Wikipedia

London

London ni msumba ukuru wa England na United Kingdom, ndipo uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 9 miliyoni. Msumba uwu uli mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Thames kumwera kwa England, ndipo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 80 kufuma ku Mlonga wa Thames m'paka ku Nyanja ya North.[9] Msumba wa London, uwo ni msumba wakale comene ndiposo wa vya ndalama, ukazengeka na Ŵaroma nga ni Londinium ndipo uli na mphaka zake za mu nyengo yakale. Mu msumba wa Westminster, uwo uli kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa London, ndimo muli boma na nyumba za boma. Kwambira mu ma 1800, zina lakuti "London" likuyowoyaso za msumba ukuru uwo uli pafupi na msumba uwu, uwo ukagaŵikana pakati pa Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, na Hertfordshire.[note 1][10]Pakuti London ni msumba ukuru chomene pa charu chose, uli na mazaza pa nkhani za luso, vyakusanguluska, mafashoni, malonda, ndalama, masambiro, vyaumoyo, vyakupharazga, sayansi na matekinoloje, maulendo, na mendero. GDP yake (€ 801.66 billion mu 2017) yikupangiska kuti yiŵe msumba ukuru comene mu Europe, ndipo ni umoza mwa malo ghakuru gha vya ndalama mu caru. Ku Europe kuli masukulu ghanandi gha masukulu ghapachanya, ndipo kuli masukulu ghanyake ghapachanya chomene pa charu chose. London ni msumba uwo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwungana mu Europe, ndipo mu msumba uwu ndimo muli ndege zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Sitima za pasi pa mtunda za ku London ni zitali comene pa caru cose.[11]

London
Capital city
London montage. Clicking on an image in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.Heron TowerTower 4230 St Mary Axe122 Leadenhall StreetWillis BuildingLloyd's buildingCanary Wharf20 Fenchurch StreetCity of LondonLondon UndergroundElizabeth TowerTrafalgar SquareLondon EyeTower BridgeRiver Thames
Clockwise from top:
City of London in the foreground with Canary Wharf in the far background; Trafalgar Square; London Eye; Tower Bridge; and a London Underground roundel in front of Elizabeth Tower
London is located in the United Kingdom
London
London
Location within the United Kingdom
London is located in England
London
London
Location within England
London is located in Europe
London
London
Location within Europe
London is located in Earth
London
London
London (Earth)
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W / 51.50722°N 0.12750°W / 51.50722; -0.12750
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionLondon (Greater London)
Ceremonial countiesGreater London (ceremonial county)
City of London
Local government districts32 London boroughs
and the City of London
Settled by RomansAD 47; 1977 vyaka vyajumphapo (47)[2]
as Londinium
Government
 • TypeExecutive mayoralty and deliberative assembly within unitary constitutional monarchy
 • BodyGreater London Authority
• Mayor Sadiq Khan (L)
• London Assembly
 • London Assembly14 constituencies
 • UK Parliament73 constituencies
Area
 • Total[upper-alpha 1]606.96 sq mi (1,572.03 km2)
 • Urban
671.0 sq mi (1,737.9 km2)
 • Metro
3,236 sq mi (8,382 km2)
 • City of London1.12 sq mi (2.89 km2)
 • 32 London boroughs (total)605.85 sq mi (1,569.14 km2)
Elevation
[3]
36 ft (11 m)
Population
 (2021 except where stated)
 • Total[upper-alpha 1]8,799,800[1]
 • Density14,500/sq mi (5,598/km2)
 • Urban
 (2011)[4]
9,787,426
 • Metro
 (2019)[5]
14,257,962 (London metropolitan area)
 • City of London
8,600[1]
DemonymsLondoner
GVA (2020)
[6]
 • Total£504 billion
 • Per capita£55,974
Time zoneUTC (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
Postcode areas
22 areas
Area codes
9 area codes
Budget£19.376 billion
($25 billion)[7]
International airportsInside London:
Heathrow (LHR)
City (LCY)
Outside London:
Gatwick (LGW)
Stansted (STN)
Luton (LTN)
Southend (SEN)
Rapid transit systemLondon Underground
PoliceMetropolitan (county of Greater London)
City of London (City of London square mile)
AmbulanceLondon
FireLondon
GeoTLD.london
Websitelondon.gov.uk Edit this at Wikidata

Ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300. Mu 2018, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa Greater London ŵakaŵa 9 miliyoni. Malo agha ndigho ghali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose cha Europe, ndipo pa 2011 pakaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 9.8 miliyoni. Mu 2016, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa wachitatu pa misumba yinandi ku Europe.

Ku London kuli malo ghanayi agho ghakusangika na ŵanthu ŵanandi: Tower of London; Kew Gardens; Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, na Church of St. Margaret; kweniso Greenwich, uko Royal Observatory, Greenwich, yikulongosora nyengo ya Greenwich. Vinyake ivyo vikumanyikwa ni Buckingham Palace, London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St. Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, na Trafalgar Square. Ku London kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale nga ni British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library, na West End. Vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuchitika mu London ni FA Cup Final (iyo yikuchitika chaka chilichose pa Wembley Stadium), Wimbledon Tennis Championships na London Marathon. Mu 2012, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kuchitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki katatu.[12]

Makhalilo

Nkhani ikulu: Etymology of London

London ni zina lakale, ilo lili kulembeka kale mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., ndipo kanandi likulembeka mu Chilatini kuti Londinium.[13]

Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti zina ili lili kufuma ku vidokoni. Buku lakale chomene ilo ŵanthu ŵakukumbuka likuzunulika mu buku la Geoffrey of Monmouth lakuti Historia Regum Britanniae, ilo likalembeka mu 1136.

Para ŵasayansi ŵasanda zina ili, ŵakwenera kumanya umo lili kufuma mu viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana: Chilatini (Londinium), Chingelezi chakale (Lunden), na Chiwelsh (Lundein). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti zina ili likafuma ku chiyowoyero cha Common Brythonic. Mazgu agha ghakalembeka mu Cilatini kuti Londinium ndipo ghakalembeka mu Cingelezi cakale.[14]

Ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya chiyowoyero cha ku Britain. Mu 1998, Richard Coates wakalemba kuti zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti *Template:PIE, ilo likung'anamura kuti "mlonga ukuru chomene". Coates wakayowoya kuti ili likaŵa zina la chigaŵa cha Mlonga wa Thames icho chikwenda mu London. Ndipouli, mabuku ghanandi ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Celtic ndiwo ŵakalemba Baibolo ili. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Celt ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu ghakuti *injo- panji *-onjo- (ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pakulemba mazina gha malo). Peter Schrijver wakayowoya kuti pakwamba zina ili likang'anamuranga "malo agho ghakututuka".[15][14]

Kufikira mu 1889, zina lakuti "London" likang'anamuranga msumba wa London pera, kweni kufuma nyengo iyo likwimira chigaŵa cha London na Greater London.[16]

Nyengo zinyake pakulemba, mazgu ghakuti "London" ghakuzgoreka kuti "LDN".[17][18]Kugwiliskira nchito mazgu agha kukamba na uthenga wa pa foni ndipo kanandi kukuwoneka mu mbiri ya munthu wa pa Intaneti.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of London
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of London.

Prehistory

Mu 1993, ŵakasanga mabingu gha mlatho wa mu nyengo ya Bronze ku mphepete kwa Mlatho wa Vauxhall.[19] Cingalaŵa ici cikajumpha mu Mlonga wa Thames panji cikafika pa cirwa cinyake ico pasono nchakuzgeŵa. Makuni ghaŵiri agha ghakalembeka na radiocarbon kuti ghakafuma mu 1750 panji 1285 B.C.E.

Mu 2010, ŵakasanga fawundeshoni ya khuni likuru ilo likalembeka mu 4800-4500 B.C.E., kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Thames. Mulimo uwo ukacitikanga mu nyengo ya Mesolithic ukuwoneka makora yayi. Nyumba zose ziŵiri zili mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Thames, uko Mlonga wa Effra, uwo sono uli pasi pa charu, ukugolera mu Mlonga wa Thames.[20]

Roman London

Nkhani ikulu: Londinium
 
In 1300, urban area of the City was still largely confined within the Roman walls.

Nangauli ku malo agha kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Brythonic, kweni Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakambiska tawuni yikuru yakwamba. Ici cikamara mu 61 C.E., apo fuko la Iceni ilo likalongozgekanga na Fumukazi Boudica likawukira msumba uwu na kuwotcha. Mulimo wakulondezgapo wa Londinium ukaŵa wakukondweska, ndipo mu 100 C.E., msumba wa Colchester ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la chigaŵa cha Britannia. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, msumba wa London ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000.[21]

Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., apo ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukamara, msumba wa London ukaleka kuŵa msumba ukuru ndipo msumba wa Londinium ukaleka kuŵako. Kwambira mu 500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku England na Saxony ŵakamba kukhala ku Lundenwic, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wakale wa Ŵaroma. Mu 680 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa kuti wazgokaso dowoko likuru, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi. Kwambira mu 820 C.E., vikoko vikambaso kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Mu Baibolo muli maucimi ghatatu; gha mu 851 na 886, ndipo ghaumaliro, mu 994, ghakakanizgika.[22]

 
The Lancastrian siege of London in 1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally.

Vikingi vikagwiliskira nchito dango la Danelaw mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa England, ndipo mphaka yake yikambira ku London m'paka ku Chester. Buku la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle likuti Alfred "wakambaso" kuzenga msumba wa London mu 886. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti Lundenwic ŵakayileka na kwamba kwambaso kuchita malonda mukati mwa viliŵa vya Ŵaroma. Kufuma apo, msumba wa London ukakuranga pacoko na pacoko m'paka mu 950 C.E. ukakura comene.

Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru comene mu England. Tchalitchi la Westminster Abbey, ilo likazengeka na Themba Edward the Confessor, likaŵa limoza mwa matchalitchi ghakuru chomene mu Europe. Winchester ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Anglo-Saxon ku England, kweni kufuma nyengo iyi, London yikazgoka malo ghakusoperapo ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na ivyo Frank Stenton wakalemba, msumba uwu ukaŵa na nkhongono, ndipo mwaluŵiro ukaŵa na ntchindi kweniso ukaŵa na maghanoghano gha ndyali.[23][24]

Middle Ages

 
Westminster Abbey, as seen in this painting (by Canaletto, 1749), is a World Heritage Site and one of London's oldest and most important buildings.

Pamanyuma pa kutonda Nkhondo ya Hastings, William, Duke wa ku Normandy, wakimikika kuŵa Fumu ya England mu Westminster Abbey pa Khisimasi mu 1066. William wakazenga Tower of London, iyo yikaŵa yakwamba kuzenga mu msumba uwu.[25] Mu 1097, William II wakamba kuzenga Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Westminster, kufupi na nyumba ya Abbey. Nyumba iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kuzengeka.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., maboma gha ku England ghakakura chomene, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakukhazikika mu Westminster. Apo msumba wa Westminster ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa boma, msumba unyake uwo ukaŵa pafupi na msumba uwu, uwo ni msumba wa London, ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru chomene wa ku England. Mu 1100, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 18,000. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku London ŵakafwa na nthenda yakuchemeka Black Death.[26] Mu 1381, ŵanthu ŵa ku London ŵakagalukira boma.

Kweniso msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la Ŵayuda ŵa ku England pambere Edward I wandaŵachimbizge mu 1290. Mu 1190, Ŵayuda ŵakamba kusuzgika comene cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikayowoyeka kuti fumu yiphya yikapeleka dango lakuti ŵakomeke. Mu 1264, pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵabaro, ŵakugaluka ŵa Simon de Montfort ŵakakoma Ŵayuda 500 apo ŵakakhumbanga kutora ngongoli.[27]

Early modern

 
Map of London in 1593. There is only one bridge across the Thames, but parts of Southwark on the south bank of the river have been developed.

Mu nyengo ya Tudor, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusopa Ciprotesitanti. Vinthu vinandi vya ku London vikafuma mu mawoko gha tchalitchi na kuluta ku ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti malonda ghalutilire kukura mu msumba uwu. Mu 1475, ŵa Hanseatic League ŵakakhazikiska ofesi yikuru ya ŵamalonda ya England ku London. Malo agha ghakaŵako m'paka mu 1853, apo misumba ya Lübeck, Bremen, na Hamburg yikaguliska malo agha ku South Eastern Railway. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 14 na 15 C.E., salu za weya zikafumanga ku London na kuluta ku vyaru vya ku Low Countries.[28]

Kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakendanga viŵi yayi pa nyanja za kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe. Nthowa ya ku Italy na ku Mediterranean yikajumphanga ku Antwerp na kujumpha mu mapiri gha Alps. Mu Janyuwale 1565, ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakambaso kwenda mu Netherlands. Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu ya ku Britain yikazengeka. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene mu vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵamalonda awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuchita malonda, nga ni East India Company, ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu vyaru vinyake. London yikazgoka dowoko likuru la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku England na vyaru vinyake. Mu 1530, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa 50,000, kweni mu 1605 ŵakaŵa 225,000.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., William Shakespeare na ŵanyake ŵakakhalanga ku London. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre yikazengeka mu 1599 ku Southwark. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1640 na 1650, ŵamazaza ŵa chisopa cha Chipuritani ŵakajara malo gha maseŵero. Mu 1660, boma likawuskapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwonelera maseŵero gha pa theyatara, ndipo mu 1663 ku London kukajulika Drury Lane.

Kuumaliro wa nyengo ya Tudor mu 1603, msumba wa London ukaŵa kuti uchali wakutowa. Mu Novembala 5, 1605 pakaŵa chiŵembu cha kukoma James I mu msumba wa Westminster..[29]

 
Defensive Lines of Communication, planned during the English Civil War, c. 1643, surrounded the City, Westminster, Southwark, Lambeth and related areas (Vertue, 1738).

Mu 1637, boma la Charles I likayezga kusintha vinthu mu msumba wa London. Ivi vikapangiska kuti wupu wa msumba uwu uŵe na mazaza pa vinthu vinandi. Chifukwa cha kopa kuti boma lingachepeska wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku London, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba yayi kuwusa malo agha, panji chifukwa chakuti maboma gha msumba uwu ghakukhumba yayi kugaŵana mazaza.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku England, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku London ŵakakolerana na ivyo boma la Britain likakhumbanga. Mu 1642, ŵasilikari ŵacifumu ŵakamba kusunkhunyika, ndipo nkhondo ya ku Brentford na Turnham Green yikati yamara, msumba wa London ukazingilizgika na linga lakuvikilira ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Lines of Communication. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 20,000 ndiwo ŵakazenga migelo iyi, ndipo yikamara mu myezi yiŵiri. Vinthu vikasintha yayi apo ŵasilikari ŵa New Model Army ŵakanjira mu London mu 1647.

Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, mu msumba wa London mukaŵa matenda ghakofya agho ghakakoma ŵanthu 100,000, panji kuti cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi vya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu msumba uwu.[30]

 
The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666.

Moto ukuru wa ku London ukabuka mu 1666 mu Pudding Lane mu msumba uwu ndipo mwaluŵiro ukawotcha nyumba za makuni. Ntchito iyi yikatora vyaka vyakujumpha 10 ndipo Robert Hooke ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga ntchito iyi. Mu 1708 ŵakazenga tchalitchi la St. Paul, ilo likaŵa lakwamba kuzenga na Christopher Wren. Mu nyengo ya Ŵagiorgia, mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi mukaŵa mizi yiphya nga ni Mayfair. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, msumba wa London ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Downstream. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, msumba wa London ukakura chomene mwakuti ukaŵa msumba wa ndalama.

Mu 1762, Themba George III likagura nyumba ya Buckingham House, iyo yikasazgikira mu vilimika 75 vyakulondezgapo. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ku London kukaŵa vigeŵenga vinandi, ndipo mu 1750 gulu la ŵapolisi la Bow Street Runners likaŵako. Pa milandu yakujumpha 200 ŵakeruzgikanga na nyifwa, kusazgapo unkhungu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1720 na 1930, ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵakababika mu msumba uwu ŵakafwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 5.

Mu nyumba za khofi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakadumbiskananga maghanoghano ghawo, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamanya kuŵazga na kulemba, kweniso makina ghakusindikizgira ghakaŵa ghanandi. Ŵasilikari ŵa Napoleon ŵakati ŵanjira mu msumba wa Amsterdam, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku London. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Royal Navy yikazgoka sitima ya nkhondo yikuru comene pa caru cose, ndipo yikaŵa na nkhongono yikuru yakukanizga ŵalwani ŵithu. Mu 1846, Dango la Vyakumera likamara ndipo chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵaleke kuŵa na nkhongono. Pa nyengo iyi, msumba wa London ndiwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi kuluska msumba wa Amsterdam.[31][32] According to Samuel Johnson:

You find no man, at all intellectual, who is willing to leave London. No, Sir, when a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.

— Samuel Johnson, 1777[33]

Late modern and contemporary

Apo Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Vyakuguliska yikambanga ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru, ndipo misewu yikuru yikakura chomene. London likaŵa msumba ukuru comene pa caru cose kwamba mu 1831 m'paka 1925, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu misumba iyi ŵakakwana 325. Padera pa mashopu ghanandi agho ghakaguliskanga vinthu nga ni Harding, Howell & Co. agho ghakaŵa pa Pall Mall, agho ghakaŵa ghakwamba kuŵa na mashopu ghakurughakuru. Cifukwa cakuti mu msumba wa London mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, kukawuka nthenda ya kolera, ndipo ŵanthu 14,000 ŵakafwa mu 1848, ndipo 6,000 mu 1866. Chifukwa cha unandi wa magalimoto agho ghakaŵanga mu misewu, njanji yakwamba ku malo agha yikapangika. Bungwe la Metropolitan Board of Works likaŵa na mulimo wa kusazgirako vinthu mu msumba ukuru na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikazingilizga msumba uwu.

Kwambira mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, mashopu gha tiyi ghakasangika mu misewu yikuru mu London na mu vyaru vinyake vya Britain. Malo agha ghakazgoka malo ghakusoperapo ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara. Msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira msumba uwu pakati pa 1912 na 1914, apo ŵakabombanga nyumba zikuruzikuru nga ni Westminster Abbey na St. Paul's Cathedral.[34]

 
British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I
 
A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakaponya mabomba pa msumba wa London, ndipo pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30,000.

Maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1948 ghakacitikira mu sitediyamu ya Wembley, apo msumba wa London ukaŵa kuti uchali kuweleramo mu nkhondo. Kwamba m'ma 1940, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku London kufuma ku vyaru vya Commonwealth nga ni Jamaica, India, Bangladesh na Pakistan. Mu 1951, ku South Bank kukachitika ungano wa Britain Festival. Mu 1952, pakaŵaso suzgo linyake lakuchemeka Great Smog, ilo likapangiska kuti paŵe dango lakucemeka Clean Air Act la 1956, ilo likamazga suzgo la "peas soup fogs" ilo likamanyikwanga chomene mu msumba wa London.

Kwamba m'ma 1960, msumba wa London ukazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako ŵawukirano pa caru cose. Mu nyengo ya punki, munthu uyo wakambiska vinthu vikasintha. Mu 1965, boma la London likasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo chifukwa cha kukura kwa ŵanthu mu tawuni. Mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ku Northern Ireland, boma la Ireland likaponya mabomba mu msumba wa London mu 1973. Kuwukira uku kukalutilira kwa vyaka 20, kwambira na kuphulika kwa bomba ku Old Bailey. Nkhondo ya ku Brixton mu 1981 yikalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Greater London ŵakakhira mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, kufuma pa 8.6 miliyoni mu 1939 kufika pa 6.8 miliyoni mu ma 1980. Malo ghakurughakuru gha ku London ghakasamukira ku Felixstowe na Tilbury, ndipo chigaŵa cha London Docklands chikazgoka malo ghakusangira vinthu, kusazgapo malo gha Canary Wharf. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca umo msumba wa London ukacitira vinthu pa nkhani ya ndalama mu ma 1980. Chigongwe ichi chikazengeka m'ma 1980 kuti chivikilire London ku majigha agho ghakufuma ku North Sea.

Wupu wa Greater London Council ukalekeka mu 1986, ndipo msumba wa London ukaŵavya boma mpaka mu 2000, apo boma la Greater London Authority likapangika. Kuti ŵakumbukire vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵakazenga Nyumba ya Ufumu, London Eye, na Millennium Bridge. Pa 6 July 2005 London yikapokera ma Olimpiki gha 2012 gha chihanya, nga ni msumba wakwamba kucitiska maseŵero agha katatu. Pa Julayi 7, 2005, ŵasilikari ŵakaponya mabomba mu sitima zitatu za London na mu basi.

Mu 2008, magazini ya Time yikati London pamoza na New York City na Hong Kong ni Nylonkong. Mu Janyuwale 2015, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8.63 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu Greater London. Pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa ku Britain uwo ukachitika mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasankha kuti ŵafumemo mu wupu wa European Union.[35]

Administration

Local government

Nkhani ikulu: Local government in London, History of local government in London, and List of heads of London government
 
Arms of the Corporation of the City of London: Argent, a cross gules in the first quarter a sword in pale point upwards of the last; Supporters: Two dragons with wings elevated and addorsed argent on each wing a cross gules; Crest: On a dragon's wing displayed sinister a cross gules[36]

Boma la London lili na vigaŵa viŵiri: chigaŵa chakupambanapambana cha msumba uwu na chigaŵa chakupambanapambana. Boma la Greater London Authority (GLA) ndilo likulongozga vinthu mu msumba uwu. Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri: meya wa London, uyo wali na mazaza ghakulongozga, na London Assembly, iyo yikulaŵilira ivyo meya wakucita na kuzomera panji kukana bajeti yake.

Malo ghakulongozgera GLA ni Town Hall, Newham. Kufuma mu 2016, Sadiq Khan ndiyo ni meya wa msumba ukuru wa ku Western. Ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya boma ya meya yikucemeka London Plan, iyo yikasinthika mu 2011. Maboma agha ni makonsili gha vigaŵa 32 vya London na City of London Corporation. Iwo ŵakulaŵilira milimo yinandi ya mu cigaŵa, nga ni kunozga malo, masukulu, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, misewu, na kutozga viswaswa. Mauteŵeti ghanyake nga nkhusunga vyakusakaza ghakuchitika pamoza. Mu 2009 na 2010, ndalama izo boma la London na GLA ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zikakwana mapaundi ghakujumpha 22 biliyoni (pafupifupi mapaundi 14.7 biliyoni ku maboma gha London na mapaundi 7.4 biliyoni ku GLA).[37]

London Fire Brigade ni boma la ku London ilo likovwira kuponya moto na kuponoska ŵanthu. Ni gulu lacitatu likuru comene pa caru cose la vigeŵenga. Ntchito za ambulense za National Health Service zikupelekeka na London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, ndipo iyi ni nchito yikuru comene ya ambulense pa caru cose. Wupu wa London Air Ambulance ukuwungana na wupu wa LAS para mphakukhumbikwa. Ŵalinda ŵa ku Mlonga wa Thames na Royal National Lifeboat Institution ŵakwenda pa Mlonga wa Thames.[38]

National government

 
10 Downing Street, official residence of the Prime Minister

London ni malo agho boma la United Kingdom likukhala. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma, kweniso nyumba ya nduna yikuru pa 10 Downing Street, ghali kufupi na Nyumba ya Ufumu ya Westminster, comenecomene ku Whitehall. Pali mamembala 73 gha Nyumba ya Malamulo (MPs) kufuma ku London, agho ghakusankhika kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu Disembala 2019, ŵanthu 49 ŵakaŵa ŵa Labour Party, 21 ŵakaŵa ŵa Conservative, ndipo ŵatatu ŵakaŵa ŵa Liberal Democrats. Mu 1994, boma la Britain likapangiska ofesi ya ku London. Mu Febuluwale 2023, udindo wa nduna ya ku London ulipo kuyambira pa Okutobala 27, 2022.[39]

Policing and crime

Nkhani ikulu: Crime in London

Ŵapolisi mu Greater London, kupaturako msumba wa London, ŵakupika na ŵapolisi ŵa Metropolitan ("The Met"), awo ŵakulongozgeka na meya kwizira mu ofesi ya meya yakuwona vya ŵapolisi na vigeŵenga (MOPAC). Nyumba ya boma iyi yikumanyikwaso kuti Scotland Yard chifukwa cha malo agho kukaŵa ofesi yake yikuru ku Whitehall. Msumba wa London uli na ŵapolisi ŵake. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Britain ndiwo ŵakuŵa na udindo wa kupwelelera ŵapolisi pa National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway na Tramlink. Ŵapolisi ŵa Unduna wa Vyakuvikilira ni ŵapolisi ŵapadera mu msumba wa London, awo kanandi ŵakunjilirapo yayi pakupwelelera ŵanthu.[40]

Vinthu vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya London. Malipoti ghakukhwaskana na ucigeŵenga ghakupelekeka pa caru cose pa mlingo wa boma na ward. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 118 ŵakakomeka. Kufuma mu 2000, ŵapolisi ŵa Metropolitan Police ŵali na maukaboni gha milandu pa webusayiti yawo.[41][42]

Milandu iyo yikucitika mu London yikukwera comene, comenecomene milandu ya nkhaza na kukoma ŵanthu. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 50 awo ŵakakomeka kwambira mu 2018 m'paka pakati pa Epulero 2018. Vingawoneka kuti ndalama izo ŵapolisi ŵa ku London ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito zikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi.[43]

Charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of London

Scope

 
Satellite view of London in June 2018

London, uwo ukuchemekaso kuti Greater London, ni cigaŵa cimoza mwa vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya England. Msumba wa London ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni apo msumba uwu ukakuranga, boma la London likakana kuti msumba uwu uŵe pamoza na mizi yinyake.[44]

Malo ghakukwana 40% gha Greater London ghali na ofesi ya ku London. Kodi ya foni ya ku London (020) yikupharazga chigaŵa chikuru, chakuyana na Greater London, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vya kuwaro kwa msumba uwu vikusangika yayi. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, mphaka ya Greater London yili kuyana na msewu wa M25.

Sono chigaŵa cha Metropolitan Green Belt chikutondeska kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kukura mu matawuni, nangauli chigaŵa ichi chili kutali chomene, ntheura chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Greater London Urban Area. Kumanyuma kwake kuli msumba ukuru wa London. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli vigaŵa viŵiri, chigaŵa cha mukati na cha kuwaro, ndipo ku Mlonga wa Thames kuli chigaŵa cha kumpoto na cha kumwera. Malo gha pakati pa msumba wa London, agho ghakaŵa pafupi na Trafalgar Square na Whitehall, ghakaŵa pafupi na Eleanor Cross. Kuyana na mapu, msumba wa London uli mu cigaŵa ca London Borough of Lambeth, mtunda wa mamita 150 kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Lambeth North metro station.[45]


Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

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  1. ↑ The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished from the Lord Mayor of London, who heads the City of London Corporation running the City of London.

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  2. ↑ Number 1 Poultry (ONE 94), Museum of London Archaeology, 2013. Archaeology Data Service, The University of York.
  3. ↑ "London weather map". The Met Office. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  5. ↑ "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  6. ↑ Fenton, Trevor. "Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2020". ons.gov.uk.
  7. ↑ "The Greater London Authority Consolidated Budget and Component Budgets for 2021–22" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
  9. ↑ "Roman London". Museum of London. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008.
  10. ↑ Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8.
  11. ↑ "London Underground". Transport for London (in British English). Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  12. ↑ "IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
  13. ↑ "UK's oldest hand-written document 'at Roman London dig'". BBC News. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bynon, Theodora (2016). "London's Name". Transactions of the Philological Society. 114 (3): 281–97. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12064.
  15. ↑ Schrijver, Peter (2014). Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 9781138245372.
  16. ↑ Mills, David (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780192801067. OCLC 45406491.
  17. ↑ "Made in LDN". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  18. ↑ "LDN Flood Week 2017". 9 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  19. ↑ Denison, Simon (July 1999). "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". British Archaeology (46). Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  20. ↑ Milne, Gustav. "London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". Frog Blog. Thames Discovery Programme. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  21. ↑ Lancashire, Anne (2002). London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-63278-2.
  22. ↑ Wheeler, Kip. "Viking Attacks". Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  23. ↑ Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
  24. ↑ Blair, John (2001). "Westminster". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
  25. ↑ Tinniswood, Adrian. "A History of British Architecture — White Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
  26. ↑ Ibeji, Dr. Mike (10 March 2011). "BBC – History – British History in depth: Black Death" (in British English). BBC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  27. ↑ Mundill, Robin R. (2010), "The King's Jews", Continuum, London, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-1-84725-186-2, LCCN 2010282921, OCLC 466343661, OL 24816680M
  28. ↑ Pounds, Normal J. G. (1973). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163552. ISBN 9781139163552.
  29. ↑ Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-07779-8.
  30. ↑ "Story of the plague". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011.
  31. ↑ Coispeau, Olivier (2016). Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-310-884-4.
  32. ↑ Carlos, Ann M.; Neal, Larry (11 February 2011). "Amsterdam and London as Financial Centers in the Eighteenth Century". Financial History Review (in English). 18 (1): 21–46. doi:10.1017/S0968565010000338. ISSN 1474-0052. S2CID 153626377.
  33. ↑ "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson". Archived from the original on 27 April 2011.
  34. ↑ "Suffragettes, violence and militancy". British Library. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  35. ↑ Chandler, Mark (24 June 2016). "'Wouldn't you prefer to be President Sadiq?' Thousands call on Sadiq Khan to declare London's independence and join EU". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  36. ↑ "The Heraldic Dragon". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  37. ↑ "Local Government Financial Statistics England No.21 (2011)" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  38. ↑ "Port of London Act 1968 (as amended)". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  39. ↑ "Minister for London". gov.uk (in English). UK Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  40. ↑ "Ministry of Defence – Our Purpose". Ministry of Defence Police. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  41. ↑ "Metropolitan Police Crime Mapping Data Tables". Maps.met.police.uk. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  42. ↑ "Stats and data". Metropolitan Police (in British English). Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  43. ↑ Crerar, Pippa; Gayle, Damien (10 April 2018). "Sadiq Khan Holds City Hall Summit on How To Tackle Violent Crime". The Guardian (in English). Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  44. ↑ Beavan, Charles; Bickersteth, Harry (1865). Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court. Saunders and Benning.
  45. ↑ M@ (30 April 2014). "Where Is The Centre of London? An Update". Londonist. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

Bibliography

Kufuma ku "https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London&oldid=79929"