Mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku United States
Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku United States of America ŵakucemeka kuti America. Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vikuzunura ŵanthu ŵa ku United States mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Viyowoyero vyose vya Cingelezi vikuzunura ŵanthu ŵa ku United States kuti "Ŵamerica", ndipo zina ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti United States of America, ilo ni zina la caru ici. Mu Chingelezi, lizgu ili likamba kuyowoya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Britain na America.[1] Ku America kuli ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.[2] Viyowoyero vinyake, nga ni Chifurenchi, Chijapanizi, na Chirussia, vikugwiliskira nchito mazgu ghakuyana waka na lizgu lakuti American pakuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, apo viyowoyero vinyake, chomenechomene Cisipanishi na Ciphwitikizi, vikugwiliskira nchito mazgu ghakufuma ku United States panji North America. Pali mazina ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakucemeka. Zina lakuti America lili kufuma ku zina la munthu wa ku Italy uyo wakendeskanga sitima zina lake Amerigo Vespucci.
Development of the term American lemba
Amerigo Vespucci ndiyo wakadankha kulongora kuti Brazil na West Indies ni vigaŵa vya ku mpoto kwa Asia yayi nga umo Christopher Columbus wakaghanaghaniranga, kweni ni vyaru ivyo vikaŵa vyakupambana na vyaru vinyake. Martin Waldseemüller ndiyo wakambiska lizgu lakuti America (kucindika Vespucci) pa mapu gha caru gha mu 1507.
Pakwamba, mazgu ghakuti American ghakayowoyanga vya malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu New World. Mu Baibolo ili, lizgu lakuti "ŵanthu ŵa ku America" likung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ku America, ndipo pamanyuma likung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵazukuru ŵawo. Lizgu lakuti American mu Chingelezi likayowoyekanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600. Lizgu ili likamba kulembeka mu 1648 mu buku la Thomas Gage la mutu wakuti The English-American: A New Survey of the West Indies. Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti American likamba kugwiriskirika nchito ku ŵanthu ŵa ku British America, ntheura lizgu ili likamba kugwiriskirika nchito ku United States.
Mu 1776 United States Declaration of Independence yikayowoya kuti "United States of America", ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba kuzunura zina la caru ici. The Federalist Papers of 1787 ⁇ 1788, wakalemba na Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, na James Madison kuti wazomerezge dango la United States, ŵakugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti American mu nthowa yake ya Pan-American, kweniso mu nthowa ya United States: Federalist Paper 24 yikunena "America possessions" ya Britain na Spain (i.e. land outside of the United States) apo Federalist Papers 51 na 70 yikunena United States kuti "the American republic". Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku United States ŵakamba kujichema kuti Ŵamerekani. Mu 1795, apo ŵakalembanga phangano la mtende na ubwezi na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Barbary, ŵakalemba kuti "Ŵanthu ŵa ku America". Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mazgu agha ghakathandazgika mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuyowoya Cingelezi, ndipo lizgu lakuti American mu viyowoyero vyose vya Cingelezi, likung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ku United States.[1]
International use lemba
Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi pa charu chose ŵakuchema ŵanthu ŵa ku United States kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America, apo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakung'anamura mazgu ghawo mu viyowoyero vinandi nga ni Chiitaliya (Americano), Chidachi (Amerikaan), Chifurika (Amerikaner), Chijapani (アメリカ人, rōmaji: amerika-jin), Chifilipino (Amerikano), Chihebere (אמריקני panji אמריקאי), Chiarabu (أمريكي), Chiphwitikizi (americano), Chirussia (американец, американка) na Chihindi (अमरीकी).
Mu Cifrenchi, lizgu lakuti Américain likuyowoyeka mu viyowoyero vinandi. Zina lakuti États-unien, ilo likufuma ku lizgu lakuti États-Unis (United States), nangauli likusangika viŵi yayi, nyengo zinyake likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusambira.
Mu Chisipanishi Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (Chingelezi: Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts), yakulembeka na Royal Spanish Academy na Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, yikuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoye mazgu ghakuti estadounidense (United Statesian), chifukwa chakuti americano/a yikung'anamuraso ŵanthu wose ŵa ku North na South America, panji kung'anamuraso ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakuyowoya Chisipanishi. Zina lakuti Norteamericano na norteamericana nalo likuyowoyeka kanandi. Ku Latin America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakuchemeka kuti gringos (kufuma ku lizgu lakuti ⁇ griego ⁇ , ilo likung'anamura kuti 'Ŵagiriki'), kweni mazgu agha ghakung'anamuraso kuyuyura munthu. Ku Spain na Argentina, lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka kanandi ni yanqui (kufuma ku lizgu la Chingelezi lakuti "Yankee").[3]
Mu Chijeremani, zina lakuti US-Amerikaner na lizgu lakuti US-amerikanisch nyengo zinyake likugwiriskika nchito, nangauli Amerikaner (mazgu ghakuti amerikanisch) ghakuyowoyeka kanandi mu nkhani za sayansi, za boma, za nyuzipepara, na mu viyowoyero vinyake. Buku la Neue Zürcher Zeitung, ilo ni nyuzipepara yakumanyikwa comene ya ciyowoyero ca Cijeremani, likukana lizgu lakuti US-amerikanisch ndipo likuti "ndakukhumbikwa yayi" kweniso "ndakucita kupanga" ndipo likukhumba kuti lilembeke kuti amerikanisch. Malango gha boma la Austria, Germany, na Switzerland ghakukhumba kuti ŵayowoyenge waka Amerikaner/amerikanisch. Lizgu lakuti Ami likuyowoyeka kanandi waka.
Ku Italy, mazina gha viyowoyero ivi ni americano na statunitense.
Mu Ciphwitikizi ca ku Europe, lizgu lakuti americano kanandi likuyowoyeka mu viyowoyero vinyake, kweni lizgu ilo kanandi likuyowoyeka mu manyuzipepara ni norte-americano. Mu Ciphwitikizi ca ku Brazil, lizgu la zuŵa na zuŵa ni americano panji norte-americano ndipo estadunidense ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka comene mu masukulu.
Mu ciyowoyero cakucemeka Esperanto, lizgu lakuti usonano, ilo likuyana na lizgu lakuti Usonian, ni lizgu lakuyelezgera la munthu wa ku America. Caru ca United States cikucemeka Usono, nga ni Usonia. Mu malo ghanyake, zina la United States likuchemeka kuti Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko panji Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Nord-Ameriko. L. L. Zamenhof, uyo wakambiska ciyowoyero ca Esperanto, wakagwiliskira nchito mazgu gha ciyowoyero ca Usono mu 1910.
Ku China kuli mazgu ghakupambanapambana agho ghakung'anamura munthu wa ku America mu ng'anamuro la ku kontinenti na munthu wa ku America mu ng'anamuro la ku caru. United States of America yikucemeka 美国 (Pinyin: měiguó; Jyutping: mei5 gwok3) apo vyaru vya ku America vikucemeka 美洲 (Pinyin: měizhōu; Jyutping: mei5 zau1). Pali mazina ghakupambana gha mazina agho ghakwiza na lizgu lililose ndipo munthu wa ku United States wakucemeka kuti 美国人 (Pinyin: měiguó rén; Jyutping: mei5 gwok3 yan4).
Alternative terms lemba
Kuyowoya za ŵanthu ŵa ku United States mu Cingelezi, nthowa yekha iyo yikumanyikwa na kuzunulika kanandi ni kuyowoya vya ŵanthu ŵa ku United States nga mbanthu ŵa mu caru ici. Zina linyake ni US-American, ilo likulembekaso kuti US American.
Vinthu vinyake ivyo vingayowoyeka kuti ni vyakufuma ku America vyalembeka kale, comenecomene lizgu lakuti Usonian, ilo likayowoyeka na Frank Lloyd Wright, na lizgu lakuti United-Statesian.
Mulembi H. L. Mencken wakawunjika mazgu ghanandi kufuma pakati pa 1789 na 1939, ndipo wakasanga mazina nga ni Columbian, Columbard, Fredonian, Frede, Unisian, United Statesian, Colonican, Appalacian, Usian, Washingtonian, Usonian, Uessian, U-S-ian, Uesican, na United Stater. Zina la vigaŵa ivi ni Western Hemispherian, New Worlder, na North Atlantican.[4][5][6]
Ndipouli, mu Cingelezi palije lizgu la ciyowoyero cinyake ilo likuyana na lizgu lakuti "American".[7]
Yankee lemba
Lizgu lakuti Yankee (panji Yank) ni lizgu la ku America ilo likuyowoyeka mu Chingelezi. Ku United States, lizgu lakuti Yankee kanandi likung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ku New England panji kumpoto kwa United States, nangauli lizgu ili likamba kuzunulika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku America mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, chomenechomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain.[8] Mu 1784, Horatio Nelson wakalemba kalata yake.[8]
Lizgu lakuti septic (ku Australia, seppo) likufuma ku lizgu lakuti "yank" ilo likuyana waka na lizgu lakuti "septic tank".[9]
Wonaniso lemba
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Ukaboni lemba
Notes lemba
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "American, n. and adj.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2008.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, p. 87. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
- ↑ (in Spanish) "Yanqui" [1] Diccionario de la Lengua Española. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
- ↑ Matthews, Allan (2006). Sovereigns Peacefully Take Charge.
- ↑ Bartow, Arthur (1988). The director's voice. p. 50.
- ↑ Carlson, Elwood (2008). The lucky few. p. 15.
- ↑ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). "American, America". From The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Retrieved April 27, 2009. Archived Juni 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Yankee". From the Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
- ↑ "Lexico: seppo". www.lexico.com. Oxford English Dictionary. 2020. Archived from the original on Ogasiti 15, 2021. Retrieved Okutobala 16, 2020.
Bibliography lemba
- Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1994. ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4.
Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage.
- Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Juni 2002.