Ufumu wa Chikulamayembe
Chikulamayembe ni muwuso wa mafumu uwo ukaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa chiTumbuka mu chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga-Henga kumpoto kwa Malawi. Chikulamayembe ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1805, ndipo ŵakamba kulopwa mu ma 1830.[1]
| Chikulamayembe, Themba la mathemba of ŵaTumbuka | |
|---|---|
| Chikulamayembe, Themba la mathemba la ŵaTumbuka Saŵila | |
| Mu ofesi muli | |
| Joseph Bongololo Gondwe since 30 Epulelo 2022 | |
| Details | |
| Ntchindi | his Majesty |
| Nyumba yaufumu | To be nominated from the House of Chikulamasinda upon the Incumbent's death. |
| Ufumu wakwamba | Khalapamuhanya |
| Mapangikilo | 1805 |
| Malo ghakukhala | Bolero, Rumphi |
| Webusaiti | N/A |
Umo ufumu wa Chikulamayembe ukambira
lembaŴanthu ŵa mtundu wa chiTumbuka
lembaŴanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka ŵakwenera kuti ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pakati pa Luangwa Valley na Lake Malawi m'ma 1400. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakaŵa na magulu ghanandi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu minda iyo ŵakaliskanga mphoza na kuliska mbuzi na mberere. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga pa malo ghakupambanapambana pakati pa Luangwa Valley na Nyanja ya Malawi. Gulu limoza la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Henga, likakhalanga mu Dambo la Henga kumpoto kwa Rumphi. Gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Phoka, likakhalanga kumwera kwa charu cha Nyika.[2]Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu dambo la Luangwa, mu vidika kumwera kwa charu cha Nyika Plateau na mu dambo la Henga mukaŵa njovu zinandi..[3][4]
Kufika kwa Mlowoka
lembaMu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Europe ŵakamba kuguliska njovu ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vyapakati pa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵamalonda awo ŵakavwaranga nga Mbaarabu, ŵakaguliskanga mino gha zovu ku Luangwa, nangauli ŵakafumanga ku Unyamwezi ku Tanzania.[5] Gulu limoza la ŵanthu aŵa likaŵa ŵamalonda na awo ŵakakhumbanga kupenja njovu, ndipo mulongozgi wawo wakaŵa Mlowoka, kung'anamura "uyo wakambuka nyanja".[6] Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti Mlowoka wakakhira ku Chilumba mumphepete mwa nyanja na kuluta ku chigaŵa icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyika Plateau.[7] Tikumanya makora yayi usange ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikika mu malo agha, kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵakathereskanga vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga pa njovu, ŵakaŵa na nkhongono. Ŵakaŵa paubwezi na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Henga ndipo kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa malonda gha maryero, Mlowoka wakaŵika ŵalondezgi ŵake pa malo ghakwenelera pa nthowa zakufumira ku vigaŵa vya Henga na Phoka ivyo vikaŵa na njovu zinandi m'paka ku nyanja ya Malawi. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mlowoka ŵakasazgikana na ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka mwakuti ŵakuwoneka nga ni fuko lapadera yayi. Ŵanyake awo ŵakambukiranga na Mlowoka ŵakaŵa Katumbi, Kabunduli, Mwahenga, Kyungu, Chipofya na Mwamlowe.
Ufumu wa ufumu wa m'ma 1800
lembaMwana wa Mlowoka, zina lake Gonapamuhanya/Khalapamuhanya uyo wakaŵa (ku chigaŵa cha anyina) muzukuru wa mutu wa mbumba yikuru ya Tumbuka, wakuyowoyeka kuti wakaŵa fumu panji fumu ya vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Nyika Plateau mu 1805 ndipo wakambiska ufumu wa Chikulamayembe. Kweni boma ili likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakalongozgekanga na boma ili. Nanga ni vigaŵa ivyo ŵalondezgi ŵa Mlowoka ŵakakhazikiskanga ku Unyamwezi vikaŵa vyambura mazaza. Kuzakafika mu ma 1830, ufumu wa Chikulamayembe ukaŵa pa suzgo apo ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga na zovu ŵa ku Swahili ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa ichi na kupoka malonda ghake, ndipo ukaŵa mu suzgo.[8][9] Boma la Chikulamayembe likati lamara, ŵanthu ŵake ŵakachimbira panji ŵakalutilira kugwira ntchito zaulimi panji kunjira usilikari.[10]
Kuwuka
lembaKusankha Themba
lembaŴanthu ŵa ku Northern Ngoni ŵakazomera kuwusa kwa Britain mu 1904, ndipo Ŵatumbuka ŵakaleka kuŵa pasi pa Ŵangoni panji ŵakawelera ku malo agho ŵakachimbilirako. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe ŵakasanga kuti Ŵatumbuka mbakunozgeka kusambira ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo ŵakakondwa kuti ŵaŵe na mulongozgi wawo. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa Chikulamayembe ŵakayowoyanga vikukolerana na ivyo Saulos Nyirenda wakalemba mu 1909, kweniso ivyo mishonale munyake wakang'anamura mu 1931. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakakolerana na nkhani iyi.[11]
Pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa mulongozgi wa chigaŵa, wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya Gonapamuhanya, kweni boma likasankha Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe, ndipo likamupa zina lakuti Themba (mulongozgi) Chikulamayembe mu 1907. Ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵatumbuka, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa pasi pake.[12]
Nkhongono za Themba
lembaPakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa mulongozgi wa chigaŵa, wose ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya Gonapamuhanya, kweni boma likasankha Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe, ndipo likamupa zina lakuti Themba (mulongozgi) Chikulamayembe mu 1907. Ici cikapangiska kuti waŵe mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵatumbuka, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa pasi pake..[13]
Themba wakwamba wakafwa mu 1931, ndipo wakimikika na mwana wake Ziwange, uyo wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti John Hardy Gondwe. Mu Novembala 2018 Walter Gondwe wakafwa pamanyuma pa nthenda ya masabata ghaŵiri ndipo watora malo gha Themba na mwana wake.[14]
Mndandanda wa olamulira a ufumu wa Nkhamanga wa ŵaTumbuka
lemba| Utali | Mu ofesi | Vyakulemba |
|---|---|---|
| c.1795 | Foundation of Nkhamanga state | |
| ? to ? | Gonapamuhanya (a.k.a. Nkhalapamuhanya),[15] Chikulamayembe | |
| ? to ? | Kampungu, Chikulamayembe | |
| ? to ? | Pitamkusa, Chikulamayembe | |
| ? to ? | Bwati I, Chikulamayembe | Originally Cayeka |
| ? to ? | Bwati II, Chikulamayembe | |
| ? to ? | Bamantha, Chikulamayembe | |
| 18?? to 1855 | Mkuwayira, Chikulamayembe | |
| 1855 to 18?? | Interregnum | |
| 18?? To 1880 | Mujuma, Chikulamayembe | |
| 1880 to 1907 | Interregnum | |
| 1907 to 1931 | Chilongozi (Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe) | Themba la Mathemba, mulongozgi mukuru wa Tumbukaland yose. Wakaŵa Fumu Yakwamba ya Chikulamayembe. Ŵakaboni ŵa ukwati uwu ŵakaŵa Mayelele Gondwe, Hunga Bongololo Gondwe, Magomero Chaula, Chitupila Gondwe na Mkundajalamapiri kweniso mulara wa chigaŵa cha Koronga.[16] |
| 1932 to 1977 | Ziwange (John Hardy Gondwe)[17] | |
| 1977 to 2019 | Walter Gondwe[18] | |
| 2019 to 2021 | Mtima Gondwe[19] | Kucita maseŵero. Wakwenera kuŵa mulondezgi wa Walter Gondwe.. |
| 2022 to present | Joseph Bongololo Gondwe [20] | Muwuso wa boma uwu ukwenera kuti ukamba kumasinda mu 2019 |
Ukaboni
lemba- ↑ Chirembo, (1993), pp. 1–14
- ↑ Douglas, pp. 52–3
- ↑ Morris, (2006), p. 11
- ↑ Chondoka and Bota, (2015)
- ↑ McCracken, (2012), pp. 22, 26
- ↑ Morris, (2006), p. 11
- ↑ Chirembo, (1993). p. 4
- ↑ McCracken, (2012), p. 22
- ↑ Morris, (2006), p. 12
- ↑ Thompson, (1981), pp. 19–22
- ↑ Vail, (1972), pp. 158–63
- ↑ Chirembo, (1993), pp. 8–10
- ↑ Chirembo, (1993), pp. 13–14
- ↑ Chirembo, (1993), p. 15
- ↑ Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904–1953". The Society of Malawi Journal. 46 (2): 1–24. JSTOR 29778687.
- ↑ Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904–1953". The Society of Malawi Journal. 46 (2): 1–24. JSTOR 29778687.
- ↑ Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904–1953". The Society of Malawi Journal. 46 (2): 1–24. JSTOR 29778687.
- ↑ Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904–1953". The Society of Malawi Journal. 46 (2): 1–24. JSTOR 29778687.
- ↑ Judith Moyo (13 Epulelo 2021). "Court Removes Mtima Gondwe as Chikulamayembe Chief". Nyasa Times (in English). Retrieved 13 Meyi 2022.
- ↑ Owen Khamula (30 Epulelo 2022). "Chakwera Installs New Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga Kingdom amid Chaotic Scenes". Nyasa Times (in English). Retrieved 13 Meyi 2022.
Mabuku
lemba- S. B. Chirembo, (1993). Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904 – 1953, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 1–14.
- Y. A. Chondoka and F. T. Bota, (2015). The History of the Tumbuka 1400 – 1900, Bloomington, XLibris Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4990-9627-9.[ukaboni wakuchita kujipa?]
- M. Douglas (1950). Peoples of the Lake Nyasa Region: East Central Africa, Part 1, London International African Institute.
- J. McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859–1966, Woodbridge, James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6.
- B. Morris, (2006). The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi, the Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 6–23.
- T. J. Thompson, (1981). The Origins, Migration and Settlement of The Northern Ngoni, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 6–35
- H. L. Vail, (1972). Suggestions Towards a Re-Interpreted Tumbuka History. In B. Pachai (ed). The Early History of Malawi. London: Longman+