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Ufumu wa Mwenemutapa

ufumu wa kumwera kwa Africa pakati pa 1430 na 1760
"Monomotapa" redirects here. For Zimbabwean football team, see Monomotapa United F.C..

Ufumu wa Mutapa, nyengo zinyake ukuchemeka Ufumu wa Mutapa, Mwenemutapa, (Shona: Mwene we Mutapa, Portuguese: Monomotapa) – was an African kingdom in Zimbabwe, which expanded to what is now modern-day Mozambique.

Ufumu wa Mwenemutapa
Mwene we Mutapa (Tawara)
Location of Ufumu wa Mwenemutapa
Msumba WabomaZvongombe
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu {{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo Belief in Mwari (God)
Mtundu wa Boma Monarchy
Ndalama
Mapu gha ku Portugal gha m'ma 1500 gha msumba wa Monomotapa uwo uli mukati mwa charu cha kumwera kwa Africa.

Ufumu uwu ukaŵa mu charu cha Zimbabwe, ndipo ukafika m'paka ku Mozambique.

Mapu gha ku Portugal gha m'ma 1500 gha msumba wa Monomotapa uwo uli mukati mwa charu cha kumwera kwa Africa.

Lizgu la Ciphwitikizi lakuti Monomotapa likung'anamulika kufuma ku zina la ufumu la Chishona lakuti Mwenemutapa ilo lili kufuma ku mazgu ghaŵiri Mwene, kung'anamura Fumu, na Mutapa, kung'anamura charu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, zina lakuti themba likamba kumanyikwa na ufumu wose.[1]

Mbili

Pali nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na umo Mutapa wakambira, ndipo iyo yikupulikikwa chomene ni ya ŵakaronga ŵa ku Great Zimbabwe. "Mwene" wakwamba wakaŵa fumu yankhondo yakucemeka Nyatsimba Mutota (Mwana wa Fumu Nyanhewe Matope) wakufuma ku Ufumu wa Zimbabwe uyo wakasazgirako ufumu wake pakwamba kuti wasange malo gha mchere ku mpoto.[2] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Fumu Mutota yikasanga mchere apo yikapoka tawuni ya Tavara. Nkhani yinyake iyo yikulongosora umo ufumu uwu ukambira njakuti Fumu Mutota yikafumako ku Great Zimbabwe pamanyuma pakuti yikaluta ku nkhondo na Fumu Mukwati, (iyo ŵakagomezganga kuti wakaŵa mubali wake panji mubali wake) chifukwa cha kuwusa Ufumu.

Kukula

Mwana wa Mutota, Nyanhewe Matope, wakambiska ufumu uphya uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Tavara na Indian Ocean. Ufumu uwu ukakolerana na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa kumwera kwa Africa mwa kuzenga ŵasilikari ŵankhongono na ŵakutozgeka makora na kukhuŵilizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza mwa iwo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Matope ŵakathereska ufumu wa Manyika kweniso maufumu gha mumphepete mwa nyanja gha Kiteve na Madanda. Apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakafikanga ku Mozambique, ufumu wa Mutapa ndiwo ukaŵa wankhongono comene mu caru ici. Wakawuska ŵasilikari ŵankhongono awo ŵakathereska vigaŵa vya Dande na Tavara. Ufumu uwu ukafika paheni comene mu 1480, vilimika 50 pera kufuma apo ukambira kuwusa.[3]

Chisopo

Themba Mutope likaŵa na cisopa cakunozgeka ndiposo ŵasofi ŵankhongono. Chisopa cha mu ufumu wa Mutapa chikaŵa cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalombanga kwa mizimu na ŵasekuru ŵawo. Mu msumba uwu mukaŵa malo ghakupatulika agho ghakaŵanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga na mizimu. Ŵahondoro ŵakalembanga mazina na milimo ya mathemba ghakale.[4]

Kuyowoya na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal

Kuzakafika mu 1515, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kuwusa chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa Africa. Cakulinga cawo cikuru cikaŵa cakuti ŵacite malonda na caru ca India; ndipouli, mwambura kumanya ŵakazgoka ŵekha awo ŵakendeskanga vinthu vyakudura pakati pa vigaŵa vya Mutapa na caru ca India. Apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakafika mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku sertanejos. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga lumoza na ŵamalonda ŵa Ciswahili ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga mafumu gha Cishona nga ni ŵakung'anamura na ŵapolisi. Yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa wakaŵa António Fernandes, uyo pakati pa 1512 na 1516, wakenda mu vyaru vinandi vya Ŵashona, kusazgapo chigaŵa cha Mutapa.

Paumaliro Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kukolerana na Mwenemutapa mu 1560 C.E. Ŵakalemba vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na ufumu wa Mutapa kweniso wa Great Zimbabwe. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Swahili, awo ŵakalembeka na munthu munyake wakulemba mbiri wa ku Portugal, zina lake João de Barros, ŵakayowoya kuti msumba wa Great Zimbabwe ukazengeka na malibwe ghakuru chomene. Nangauli malo agha ghakaŵa mukati mwa Mutapa yayi, kweni Mwenemutapa wakasunganga ŵanalume ŵakuzirwa na ŵawoli ŵake. Kuzakafika m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulongosora makora umo Mutapa wakazengera. Olfert Dapper wakavumbura vipata vikuruvikuru vinayi ivyo vikalongozgera ku vipinda na vipinda vinandi mu nyumba ya Mutapa. Vipinda vya mu nyumba iyi vikaŵa vya golide, ndipo pa malo agha pakaŵa makandulo gha siliva agho ghakaŵikika pa maketani.

Mu 1569, Themba Sebastian la ku Portugal likapeleka vilwero ku Mwenemutapa. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa na vimanyikwiro ivi: Vyakupimira pakati pa mivi yiŵiri, Argent, chikhwangwani cha ku Africa icho chikaŵa na makuni gha barwise. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba kuti munthu wa ku South Africa wapike vilwero; kweni vikulongora kuti Mwenemutapa wakavigwiliskiranga nchito yayi..[5]

Nkhondo ya pa Mphepete mwa Nyanja

Mu 1561, mishonale munyake wa ku Portugal wakaluta ku nyumba ya Mwenemutapa na kumuphalira kuti waŵe Mkhristu. Ici cikaŵakwiyiska comene ŵamalonda Ŵasilamu ŵa mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ŵakagongoweska fumu kuti yikome Jesuiti uyu mazuŵa ghacoko waka wati wabatizika. Ici ndico cikaŵa cifukwa cakuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵanjire mu caru ca mukati na kupoka migodi ya golide na nthowa zakwendamo njovu. Ŵakati ŵanozgekera nyengo yitali, mu 1568 Francisco Barreto wakambiska ulendo wa ŵanthu 1,000. Ŵakafika patali na Mlonga wa Zambezi, kweni matenda ghakaŵakoma. Mu 1572, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakawelera ku malo ghawo ndipo ŵakakwiya chomene na ŵamalonda ŵa Chiswahili. Ŵakaŵawuskapo ndipo ŵakamba kukhala na Ŵapwitikizi na ŵana ŵawo awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mutapa wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo wakapemphanga ndalama kwa mulara waliyose wa mu gulu la Ŵapwitikizi la ku Mozambique. Mwenemutapa wakaŵikangaso msonkho wa 50 peresenti pa malonda ghose agho ŵakaguliskanga.[6]

Kuzgoka na Kuwa

Mutapa wakathereskeka yayi na ŵalwani ŵake kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake chifukwa chakuti Mwenemutapa wakaŵa na mazaza pa kupanga golide. Cinthu cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana cikaŵa kuti magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakatimbananga. Ndipouli, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakondwa comene cifukwa cakuti ufumu wa Mutapa ukaparanyika.

Kulamulira kwa Chipwitikizi

Mu 1629, Mwenemutapa wakayezga kucimbizga Ŵapwitikizi. Kweni wakatondeka ndipo pamasinda wakawuskika, ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakimika Mavura Mhande Felipe pa ufumu. Mutapa wakalemba mapangano agho ghakamovwira kuti waŵe pasi pa Ŵapwitikizi na kumupa migodi ya golide, kweni vyose ivi vikacitika yayi. Mutapa wakalutilira kuŵa wakujiyimira payekha, nangauli wakaŵa boma la ŵanthu. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Portugal chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda agha.

Kutaya ntchindi

 
Ubatizo wa Themba Siti wa ku Mutapa mu nyumba ya Tomasz Muszyński, 1683, Dominican Monastery ku Lublin. Ubatizo wa Siti Kazurukamusapa ukakondwelereka na João de Mello pa 4 Ogasiti 1652, zuŵa la chiphikiro cha St. Dominic.

Suzgo linyake ilo Mutapa wakaŵa nalo likaŵa lakuti milonga iyo yikendanga pafupi nayo nga ni Kiteve, Madanda, na Manyika yikaleka kupeleka msonkho. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ufumu uphya wa Rozvi ukaŵa pafupi na Barwe. Vyose ivi vikacitika mwaluŵiro cifukwa cakuti Portugal wakalutilira kuŵapo mu msumba uwu. Pa phangano ilo likaŵako mu 1629, pakaŵa fundo yinyake iyo yikapeleka mwaŵi ku Ŵapwitikizi kuti ŵakhalenge mu Mutapa. Kweniso chikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge mu misumba yakukhora mu ufumu wose. Mu 1663, ŵakafumiska Mwenemutapa Siti Kazurukamusapa na kuŵika munthu wawo, Kamharapasu Mukombwe pa mpando wa ufumu.[7]

Kuwukira Butwa

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, mulongozgi munyake wa ku Mutapa wakajipatura ku ufumu wa Butua. Mulongozgi wa muwuso uwu wakaŵa Changamire Dombo. Chifukwa chinyake icho ŵakapatukira chikaŵa chakuti Dombo wakakhorwa yayi na umo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakanjiliranga mu boma la Mwenemutapa.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, Changamire Dombo wakamba kulimbana na Mutapa. Mu 1684, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakakumana na Mwenemutapa Kamharapasu Mukombwe kumwera kwa Mutapa ku Nkhondo ya Mahungwe. Mukombwe wakati wafwa mu 1692, pakawuka suzgo la muwuso. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakolerana na munthu munyake ndipo Dombo wakakolerana na munyake. Pakovwira munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kuŵa pulezidenti, Changamire Dombo wakaparanya msumba wa Dembarare, kufupi na msumba wa Mutapa, ndipo wakakoma ŵamalonda wose ŵa ku Portugal. Kwambira mu 1692 m'paka mu 1694, Mwenemutapa Nyakambira wakawusa Mutapa mwakujiyimira. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Nyakambira wakakomeka ku nkhondo na Ŵapwitikizi awo ŵakaŵika Nyamaende Mhande pa ufumu.

Mu 1695, Changamire Dombo wakathereska ufumu wa Manyika uwo ukaŵa na golide ndipo wakatolera ŵasilikari ŵake kumafumiro gha dazi na kuparanya tawuni ya Masikwesi. Ici cikamovwira kuti waŵe na mazaza pa caru cose ico cikapanganga golide kufuma ku Butwa m'paka ku Manyika..[8]

Vinthu vyakwendeskera

Vikuwoneka kuti Ŵazungu na Ŵapwitikizi ŵakatondeka kulamulira Mutapa kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu uwu ukambininika. Ŵeruzgi ŵa Mutapa ŵakathereskeka yayi, kweni ŵakacemanga ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaŵawovwire. Mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa ŵa ku East Africa kufuma mu 1629 m'paka mu 1663 kweniso ŵa ku Rozwi Empire kufuma mu 1663 m'paka apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakawelera mu 1694. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakalutilira kulamulira Mutapa, panji ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari mu msumba ukuru. Mu 1712, munthu munyake uyo wakakhumbanga ufumu wakacema Rozwi kuti wawelere kuti wazakamuŵike pa ufumu na kucimbizga Ŵapwitikizi. Ŵakacita ntheura, ndipo Mutapa wakambaso kuwusika na ufumu wa Rozwi. Mwenemutapa Samatambira Nyamhandu I uyo wakaŵa themba lakwamba wakazgoka muteŵeti wawo, ndipo themba ilo likaŵa kufumapo likakanizgika kuluta ku Chidama, uko sono ni Mozambique.

Kujiyimira pawekha na kusama kufuma ku Zimbabwe

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Rozwi ŵakaleka kutemwa Mutapa chifukwa ŵakakhumbanga kukhozga malo ghawo kumwera. Mutapa wakafwatuka mu 1720. Pa nyengo iyi, ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa kuti wataya pafupifupi chigaŵa chose cha Zimbabwe ku ufumu wa Rozwi. Mu 1723, Nyamhandi wakasamuskira msumba wake mu dambo kufupi na malo agho Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalanga gha Tete. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake mu 1740, Dehwe Mapunzagutu wakayamba kuwusa. Wakakhumbanga wovwiri wa Ŵapwitikizi ndipo wakaŵapempha kuti ŵawelere ku Mutapa pamoza na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero, kweni Mutapa wakalutilira kujiyimira yekha.

Kuwa

Mwenemutapa wakafwa mu 1759, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yinyake. Iyi yikaŵa yakuparanya comene kuluska iyo yikaŵako pamanyuma pake, ndipo Mutapa wakawelera yayi. Ŵanthu awo "ŵakapambana" ŵakamba kuwusa caru cikuru comene ca Chidima. Ŵakacemekanga Mambo a Chidima, ndipo ŵakalongozganga Portugal mwakujiyimira paŵekha m'paka mu 1917, apo Mambo Chioko, fumu yaumaliro ya ufumu uwu, wakakomeka ku nkhondo na Ŵapwitikizi.

Mutapa nga ni Ofiri

Ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa na suzgo linyake ku Southern Africa. Ŵanandi ku Europe ŵakagomezganga kuti Mwenemutapa ndiko kukaŵa migodi ya Themba Solomoni, iyo mu Baibolo yikucemeka Ofiri.

Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti migodi iyi yikaŵa mu ufumu wa Mwenemutapa, kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo ichi ndicho chikawovwira kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kusanda malo gha Sofala mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mabuku ghanyake ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakakhumbanga kusanga msumba wa golide uwo ukaŵa kumwera kwa Africa. Vinthu vikamara apo migodi ya golide yikamara, ndipo boma la Mutapa likati lakhala pa ngozi, ndalama na ndyali vikaŵavya.

Chiharo

Kwa vyaka vinandi, ufumu uwu ukawovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi kuti ŵakhalenge mwamtende na kufwasa. Mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa mabuku ghakulongosora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Shona awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi m'ma 1502. Mu ufumu uwu ndimo ŵanthu ŵakayezgeleranga visambizgo vya vyachuma, ndyali, na chisopa. Ufumu wa Mutapa ni ciyelezgero ciwemi comene ca boma la ku Africa na civilisation iyo yikakura makora.

Wonaniso

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Monomotapa" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ↑ Oliver, page 203
  3. ↑ Williams, Chancellor (1987). The Destruction of Black Civilisation. Chicago: Third World Press. pp. 280. ISBN 9780883780305.
  4. ↑ Oliver, page 205
  5. ↑ Slater, Stephen (1999). "Africa". The Complete Book of Heraldry. London: Anness Publishing. p. 228.
  6. ↑ Oliver, page 208
  7. ↑ Hall, page 133
  8. ↑ Oliver, page 209

Vyakulemba vinyake

  • 1.0 1.1 D.N. Beach, The Mutapa Dynasty: A Comparison of Documentary and Traditional Evidence, History in Africa 3(1976): 1-17.
  • D.N. Beach, Review: The Mutapa State by D.N. Beach. The Journal of African History. 17(2): 311-313.

Wonani vinandi

  • Elkiss, T.H. The Quest for an African Eldorado: Sofala, Southern Zambezia, and the Portuguese, 1500–1865. Waltham, MA: Crossroads Press, 1981.

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