Ufumu wa Roma

Ufumu wa Roma (Latin: Imperium Romanum [ɪmˈpɛri.ũː roːˈmaːnũː]; Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν ??ωμαίων, translit. Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) yikaŵa nyengo ya ku Roma. Mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵa kufupi na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani ku Europe, North Africa, na Western Asia. Kufuma apo Kesare Augusto wakambira kuwusa mu ufumu wa Romu m'paka apo ufumu wa Romu ukambira kulamulira mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., msumba uwu ukaŵa wa Italy. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, mafumu ghanandi ghakawusanga Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Msumba wa Roma ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi m'paka mu 476 C.E. apo ŵasilikari ŵakatumizga vimanyikwiro vya ufumu ku Constantinople. Chikhristu chikati chazomerezgeka kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma mu 380 C.E. ndipo Ufumu wa Roma wa Kumanjiliro gha dazi ukathereskeka na mathemba gha ku Germany, vikaŵa nga ni para nyengo yakale yili kumara ndipo nyengo ya ku Middle Ages yikamba. Chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika, kweniso chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Romu wa kumafumiro gha dazi ukazgoka wa Ŵagiriki, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuyowoya kuti Ufumu wa Romu uwo ukakhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi ukaŵa wa Byzantine.

	Nkhani iyi yikukhumbikwira kusazgilamo vinyake kuti ikule. This article needs to be revised.

Roman Empire Senatus Populusque Romanus (Latin) Imperium Romanum (Latin) Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων (Ancient Greek) Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn
Mbendela Imperial aquila
Location of Roman Empire
The Roman Empire from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire The Roman Empire from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Pasono		Empire
Msumba Waboma		Rome (27 BC–AD 286) Mediolanum (286–330, West) Nicomedia (286–330, East) Constantinople (330–395) Constantinople (395–1453, East) Mediolanum (395–401, West) Ravenna (401–403, 408–450, 457–461, 475–476, West) Rome (403–408, 450–457, 461–475, West)
Chiyowoyelo chaboma		Chilatini
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu		{{{ethnic_groups}}}
Vipembezo		Imperial cult-driven polytheism (until AD 380; with henotheistic solar cult of Sol Invictus from 274–380) Nicene Christianity (officially from AD 380)
Mwenecharu		Roman
Mtundu wa Boma		Semi-elective absolute monarchy (de facto)
Ndalama		sestertius, aureus, solidus, nomisma

Ufumu wa Romu, uwo ukaŵa panthazi pa ufumu uwu, ukasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha nkhondo za pawenenawene na viwawa vya ndyali. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., Julius Caesar wakimikika kuŵa dictator perpetuo ("munthu wakulamulira kwamuyirayira"), ndipo pamanyuma wakakomeka mu 44 B.C.E. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikalutilira, ndipo paumaliro Octavian wakathereska Mark Antony na Cleopatra pa Nkhondo ya Actium mu 31 BC. Chaka chakulondezgapo, Octavian wakathereska ufumu wa Ptolemaic ku Egypt, ndipo nyengo ya Hellenistic yikamara. Octavian wakaŵaso na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose, ndipo wupu wa ku Rome ukamupa mazaza ghose na zina lakuti Augusto. Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya Romu vikaŵa vyakupambanapambana.

Mu vyaka 200 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa Ŵaroma, vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene. "Mtende wa Ŵaroma"). Mu nyengo ya Trajan (mu 98-117 C.E.), ufumu wa Roma ukafika pa malo ghakuru chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., Ufumu wa Roma ukakumana na suzgo likuru chomene, chifukwa Ufumu wa Gallic na Palmyrene ukafumako ku ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya Aurelian (r. 270–275). Kuti wamazge suzgo ili, Diocletian wakimika makhoti ghaŵiri gha ufumu mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Greece na cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Latin mu 286; Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E. pamanyuma pa dango la ku Milan mu 313. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na Ŵahuni ŵa ku Attila ŵakamba kugaluka. Apo msumba wa Ravenna ukathereskeka na Ŵageremani ŵa Herulian kweniso apo Odoacer wakathereska Romulus Augustus mu 476 C.E., Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa. Ufumu wa ku mpoto wa Ŵaroma ukakhalako vyaka vinandi m'paka apo msumba wa Constantinople ukagolera mu 1453 na Ŵaturuki ŵa Ottoman.

Chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa ukuru chomene kweniso ukakhala nyengo yitali, vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga mu ufumu uwu vikakhwaska chomene chiyowoyero, chisopa, luso, maofesi, mabuku, vinjeru vya ŵanthu, malango, na maboma. Chilatini icho Ŵaroma ŵakayowoyanga ndicho chikazgoka viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale na mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Roma ukati wamba kugomezga Cikristu, pakaŵa cisopa cautesi. Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki ŵakakhwaska comene luso lwa ku Italy. Maluso gha ku Roma ghakaŵa ghakovwira chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakazenganga nyumba za Ŵaroma, Renaissance, na Neoclassical. Ku Europe, sayansi ya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma (iyo yikapangiska sayansi ya Chisilamu) yikambaso. Dango la Ŵaroma lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali kulondezga malango gha mazuŵa ghano, nga ni Dango la Napoleon ku France, apo boma la Romu lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali kulondezga malango agha.

Cholowa

Vyaru vinandi vikayowoya kuti vikaŵa mu muwuso wa Ŵaroma pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Ŵaroma wa ku Western wareka kuwusa. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma, uwo ukaŵa chiyezgo cha kuwuska ufumu wa Ŵaroma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukakhazikiskika mu 800 apo Papa Leo III wakathya mphumphu Themba la Ŵafrankhi Charlemagne kuŵa themba la Ŵaroma pa Khisimasi. Ufumu uwu ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza m'paka mu 1806, apo chigaŵa chikuru cha ufumu uwu chikazgoka Confederation of the Rhine. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni nyumba yake yikaluza zina ili pamanyuma pakuti Napoleon waleka ufumu wake.

Pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa Constantinople, Ufumu wa Russia, pakuŵa muwukirano wa Ufumu wa Byzantine, ukajiwonanga kuti ni ufumu wacitatu wa Roma. Fundo izi zikucemeka kuti translatio imperii. Pambuyo pa kuwina kwa Ufumu wa Russia, wolamulidwa ndi Nyumba ya Romanov, izi zinathera mu Russian Revolution ya 1917 pamene mabolchevik oukira anagwetsa ufumu.

Pamanyuma pa kuguliska mutu wa ufumu wa ufumu wa ufumu wa kumpoto kwa Romu, Andres Palaiologos, kwa Ferdinand II wa Aragon na Isabella I wa Castile, na mgwirizano wa ufumu wa ufumu wa Spain, ufumu uwu ukazgoka muwuso wa ufumu wa Romu.

Apo ŵa Ottoman ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Constantinople mu 1453, Mehmed II wakaŵika msumba wake ukuru mu msumba uwu. Wakambiska nkhondo ya Ottoman ya Otranto, iyo yikaŵa ku Southern Italy, na cilato cakuti wambeso kuwunganya ufumu, kweni nyifwa yake yikapangiska kuti nkhondo iyi yimare. Mehmed II wakacemaso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ku msumba wake ukuru, kusazgapo Gentile Bellini.

Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., lizgu lakuti "Roma" likang'anamuranga tchalitchi na papa wa ku Roma. Zina la Chigiriki lakuti Romaioi likalutilira kulembeka mu chiyowoyero cha Chigiriki mu Ufumu wa Roma.

Chiharo cha ufumu wa Roma cha kulamulira chilumba cha Italy chikakhwaska mtundu wa Italy na kuwungana kwa Italy mu 1861. Charu cha Roma chikalutilira kuŵa na maghanoghano gha ŵasilikari, chomenechomene Ufumu wa Italy na Nazi Germany.

Mu ndyali za United States, Ŵawiskewo ŵa United States ŵakasambizgika mu mitheto ya Classical, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito viyelezgero vya Classical pa kuzenga vinthu vya ku America, kuti ŵaleke kuzunura vinthu vya ku Europe nga ni nyumba zacifumu na macalichi. Pakusambizga fundo yawo ya dango lakusazgikana, awo ŵakambiska ŵakawoneseskanga kuti demokilase ya ku Ateni na boma la Romu ni vyakuwonerapo, kweni ŵakawonanga kuti themba la Romu ni munthu wa nkhaza.

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