Wikipedia

Uganda

charu ku East-Central Africa
For other uses, see Uganda (disambiguation).

Uganda (Yuganda mu Viyowoyelo vyaku Yuganda), mwalamulo, Charu cha Yuganda, pachingelezi: Republic of Uganda (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Uganda[14]), ntcharu ku Mafumilo gha Dazi gha Africa. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Kenya, kumpoto na South Sudan, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Democratic Republic of Congo, kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi na Rwanda, ndipo kumwera na Tanzania. Chigaŵa chakumwera cha charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chikuru cha Nyanja ya Victoria, iyo yili pakati pa Kenya na Tanzania. Charu cha Uganda chili ku chigaŵa cha Africa uko kuli nyanja zikuruzikuru. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 49.6 miliyoni, ndipo 8.5 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Kampala.

Charu cha Yuganda[1]
Jamhuri ya Uganda (Swahili)
Official Name in Local Languages[lower-alpha 1]
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: "For God and My Country"
"Kwa Mungu na nchi yangu"
Nyimbo: "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty"
[[File:|center|250px|alt=|]]
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Kampala
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
National language None at national level
Spoken languages Over 70 languages
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Ugandan[7]
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party presidential republic
 -  President Yoweri Museveni
 -  Vice President Jessica Alupo
 -  Prime Minister Robinah Nabbanja
Independence from the United Kingdom
 -  Dominion 9 October 1962 
 -  Republic 9 October 1963 
 -  Current constitution 8 October 1995 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 241,038 km2 (79th)
93,065 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 15.39
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2021 estimate Neutral increase 45,853,778[8][9] (35th)
 -  2014 census Neutral increase 34,634,650[10]
 -  Density 157.1/km2 (75th)
406.9/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total $129.48 billion[11] (88th)
 -  Per capita $2,960[11] (172nd)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase $46.38 billion[11] (90th)
 -  Per capita Increase $1,060[11] (196th)
Gini (2016)Negative increase 42.0[12]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.525[13]
low ·167th
Ndalama Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Mtundu Wanyengo EAT (UTC+3)
Woko la galimoto left
Intaneti yacharu .ug
a. +006 from Kenya and Tanzania.

Zina lakuti Uganda lili kufuma ku ufumu wa Buganda, uwo ukuzingilizga chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi, kusazgapo msumba ukuru wa Kampala. Kwambira mu 1894, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain. Charu cha Uganda chikamba kujiyimira pawekha pa 9 Okutobala 1962. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, pa charu pakaŵa nkhondo zinandi, kusazgapo muwuso wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mazaza kwa vyaka 8, uwo ukalongozgekanga na Idi Amin.[15]

Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Cingelezi, nangauli Dango likuti "chiyowoyero cinyake cilicose cingaŵa cakusambizgira mu masukulu panji mu malo ghanyake gha masambiro, panji pa nkhani za malango, malango, panji vyeruzgo".[6]Chiyowoyero cha Luganda chikusangika mu vigaŵa vyapakati na kumwera kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Ateso, Lango, Acholi, Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, Luo, Rutooro, Samia, Jopadhola, na Lusoga. Mu 2005, chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili, icho ŵanthu ŵakuchiwona nga ntchilendo, chikapelekeka kuti chiŵe chiyowoyero chachiŵiri ku boma la Uganda, kweni boma likukana.[16]Mu 2022, charu cha Uganda chikapangana kuti chiyowoyelo cha Chiswahili chiŵe mu masukulu.

Pulezidenti wa sono wa Uganda ni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, uyo wakamba kuwusa mu Janyuwale 1986 pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ŵasilikari iyo yikatora vyaka 6. Pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa dango ilo likawuskapo nyengo ya pulezidenti, wakamanya kwimilira ndipo wakasankhika pulezidenti mu 2011, 2016 na 2021 pa mavoti gha boma.[17]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Uganda

Uganda Iyo Pakaŵa Kale

Nkhani ikulu: Early history of Uganda
 
Mu 1879, Robert William Felkin, uyo ni mishonale wakawona ŵanthu ŵakuchizgika mu Kahura, mu Ufumu wa Kitara (uno ni Uganda).[18]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakaŵa ŵa ciyowoyero ca Central Sudanic na Kuliak, awo ŵakayowoyanga za ŵalimi na ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto pambere ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵandafike kumwera na ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Nilotic awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Nilotic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kuzakafika mu 1500 C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Phiri la Elgon, Mlonga wa Nayelo, na Nyanja ya Kyoga.[19]

Mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya na ŵasayansi ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuyowoya, Ufumu wa Kitara ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru mu chigaŵa cha nyanja zikuruzikuru, kufuma ku nyanja za Albert na Kyoga kumpoto m'paka ku nyanja za Victoria na Tanganyika kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵakuti Bunyoro-Kitara ndiyo yikaŵa ufumu wakwambilira wa mafumu gha Toro, Ankole, na Busoga.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Luo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Bunyoro na kuzomerezgana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, ndipo ŵakambiska ufumu wa Babiito.[20]

Ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu ŵakanjira mu caru ici kufuma ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku East Africa mu ma 1830 cifukwa ca malonda.[21]Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1860, Bunyoro ku Mid-Western Uganda wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo ŵakuwukira msumba uwu.[22]Mwakupambana na ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu awo ŵakendanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ku East Africa, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita malonda, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵambuke mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 1869, Khedive Ismail Pasha wa ku Eguputo, uyo wakakhumbanga kutora vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Victoria na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Albert kweniso "kumwera kwa Gondokoro", wakatuma Samuel Baker, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Britain, kuti wakafike ku Northern Uganda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Banyoro ŵakasuska Baker, uyo wakeneranga kurwa nkhondo yikuru kuti waŵavikilire. Baker wakawonanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Banyoro ŵakaŵa ŵambura kugomezgeka, ndipo wakaŵasuska mu buku lake lakuti Ismailia A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression Of Slave Trade, Organized By Ismail, Khadive Of Egypt (1874)) ilo likaŵazgika chomene mu Britain. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakiza ku Uganda na mtima wakususkana na ufumu wa Bunyoro. Ici cikapangiska kuti Bunyoro wapokere hafu ya caru cake, ico cikapelekeka ku Buganda nga ni njombe kufuma ku Britain. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa nga ni "vigaŵa vyakubisika" vikaweleraso ku Bunyoro.

Mu ma 1860, apo Ŵaarabu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa kumpoto ŵaŵawovwire, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhumbanga kumanya uko Nile yikambira ŵakafika ku Uganda. Ŵamishonale ŵa Anglican ŵa ku Britain ŵakiza mu ufumu wa Buganda mu 1877 ndipo ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika ŵa ku France ŵakiza mu 1879. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu 1885 Muteesa I na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyumba yake ŵajinthe vigomezgo vyawo ndipo mwana wake Mwanga, uyo wakatinkhanga Chikhristu, ndiyo wakimikika.

Boma la Britain likagwiliskira ntchito kampani ya Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) kuti yilute ku malo agha mu 1888.[23]

Kwambira mu 1886, mu Buganda mukaŵa nkhondo za cisopa, pakwamba pakati pa Ŵasilamu na Ŵakhristu ndipo kufuma mu 1890, pakati pa Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa "ba-Ingleza" na Ŵakatolika ŵa "ba-Fransa", magulu agho ghakacemekanga na mazina gha maufumu agho ghakaŵa nawo lumoza.[24][25]Chifukwa cha vivulupi na masuzgo gha ndalama, IBEAC yikayowoya kuti yingatondeka kulutilira kugwira ntchito mu chigaŵa ichi. Boma la Britain likakhumbanga chomene kuvikilira nthowa ya ku Nayelo iyo ŵakendangamo, lekani mu 1894 likapoka charu cha Buganda na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Nayelo..[23]:3–4[26]

Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)

Nkhani ikulu: Uganda Protectorate
 
Ndembera ya Uganda Protectorate

Boma la Uganda likaŵa boma la Britain kufuma mu 1894 m'paka 1962. Mu 1893, kampani ya British East Africa Company yikapeleka wanangwa wake wa kuwusa vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vya Ufumu wa Buganda ku boma la Britain. Bungwe la IBEAC likaleka kuwusa Uganda pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo za cisopa za mu caru ici zacitiska kuti likhale pa ngozi.[27]

Mu 1894, boma la Uganda likakhazikiskika, ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikasazgikira kujumpha mphaka za Buganda mwa kusazga mapangano ghanandi na maufumu ghanyake (Toro mu 1900, Ankole mu 1901, na Bunyoro mu 1933) ku chigaŵa icho chikuyana waka na cha Uganda wa mazuŵa ghano.

Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana chomene na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa mu charu cha Kenya, chifukwa charu ichi chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga.

Mu ma 1890, ŵantchito 32,000 ŵakufuma ku Britain ku India ŵakaŵatumizga ku East Africa kuti ŵakazenge Uganda Railway. Ŵanandi awo ŵakapona ŵakawelera kukwawo, kweni ŵanthu 6,724 ŵakasankha kukhala ku East Africa. Pamanyuma, ŵanji ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ndipo ŵakamba kuguliska makuni gha katoni.

Kwamba mu 1900 m'paka mu 1920, nthenda ya kugona yikakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 250,000 kumwera kwa Uganda, mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Victoria.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikapangiska boma la Uganda kuti lilembe ŵasilikari 77,143 kuti ŵateŵetere mu gulu la King's African Rifles. Ŵakaŵapo pa nkhondo ya ku Western Desert, Abyssinia, Madagascar, na Burma.

Kujiyimira pawekha (1962-1965)

Charu cha Uganda chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain pa 9 Okutobala 1962 ndipo Queen Elizabeth II wakaŵa mutu wa boma na Queen of Uganda. Mu Okutobala 1963, charu cha Uganda chikazgoka charu cha demokalase kweni chikalutilira kuŵa mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations.

Chisankho chakwamba cha ku Uganda, icho chikachitika mu 1962, chikathereskeka na chipani cha Uganda People's Congress (UPC) na Kabaka Yekka (KY). UPC na KY ŵakapangiska boma lakwamba pamanyuma pa kujithemba na Milton Obote kuŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo Buganda Kabaka (Mfumu) Edward Muteesa II wakaŵa na udindo wa purezidenti.[28][29]

Nkhaza ya Buganda (1962-1966)

Nkhani ikulu: Mengo Crisis
 
Kuzenga Damu la Owen Falls ku Jinja

Mu vyaka vyati vyamara waka kujiwusa, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa boma na ufumu ukuru wa Buganda.

Kufuma waka apo ŵa ku Britain ŵakambira kulamulira charu cha Uganda, suzgo likaŵa lakuti ŵeruzgenge wuli ufumu ukuru uwu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakatondeka kusanga nthowa yiwemi. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusuzga comene cifukwa ca umo Buganda wakacitiranga na boma. Boma la Buganda likakhumba yayi kuti liŵe na wanangwa, kweni likaŵa na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa boma ili. Ivi vikulongoreka na nkhondo iyo yikaŵako pakati pa boma la Britain na Buganda pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa.

Mu charu cha Buganda, mukaŵa kugaŵikana pakati pa awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti Kabaka walutilire kulamulira na awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵakoleranenge na charu cha Uganda kuti paŵe boma lapadera. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe vipani viŵiri vya Buganda      Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, na Democratic Party (DP) ivyo vikafuma mu Tchalitchi la Katolika. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa mphindano zikuru comene pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha, comenecomene apo maungano ghakwamba ghakaŵa pafupi kucitika. Themba ili likakondwa yayi na mulongozgi wa DP, Benedicto Kiwanuka.

Kunja kwa Buganda, wandale wakufuma kumpoto kwa Uganda, Milton Obote, wakapangiska chipani cha banthu ŵa ndyali ŵambura kufuma ku Uganda kuti ŵapange Uganda People's Congress (UPC). Mu UPC mukaŵa ŵandyali ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kunozga vinthu ivyo ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni vyambura kwenelera mu vigaŵa ivyo vikawovwira kuti Buganda yiŵe na wanangwa wapadera. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kumovwira. Ndipouli, chipani ichi chikalutilira kuŵa na vilato vinandi, kweni Obote wakalongora kuti wakaŵa waluso comene pakuŵafika pa fundo yakuyana.[30]

 
Nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku ku Uganda pa Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda

Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Buganda chikapokera wanangwa, nkhani iyi yikamara yayi. Charu cha Uganda chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka ivyo vikafwatuka ku wuzga kwambura kuŵa na chipani icho chikaŵa na mazaza ghanandi. Mu mavoti agho ghakachitika pambere boma la Uganda lindambe kujiyimira, UPC yikathereska mavoti 37 pa mavoti 61. Chipani cha DP chikapokera vithuzi 24 kunja kwa Buganda. "Malo ghapadera" agho Buganda wakapika ghakang'anamuranga kuti viŵalo 21 vya Buganda vikasankhika mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu. Chipani cha KY chikapambana chomene pa chipani cha DP, ndipo chikapokera ma mpando ghose 21.

UPC yikafika pachanya paumaliro wa 1964 apo mulongozgi wa DP mu pharalamende, Basil Kiiza Bataringaya, wakambukira pa pharalamende pamoza na mamembala ghanyake ghankhondi, ndipo DP yikakhala waka na vithuzi 9. Ŵa MP ŵa DP ŵakakondwa yayi cifukwa ca ukali wa mulongozgi wawo, Benedicto Kiwanuka, kwa Kabaka uwo ukaŵatondeskanga kusanga nthowa yakukolerana na KY. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagaluka apo ŵanyawo 10 ŵa KY ŵakafumapo pa nyumba ya mafumu ŵakati ŵawona kuti ŵaleke kwendera lumoza na UPC. Ivyo Obote wakayowoyanga vikaŵa vyakukhozga chomene mu charu chose, ndipo UPC yikathereskanga pa mavoti ghose agho ghakacitikanga. Themba likazgora mwambura kuyowoya - panji likakhorwa na mulimo wake na vimanyikwiro vya mu chigaŵa chake. Ndipouli, pakaŵaso kugaŵikana kukuru mu nyumba yake, ndipo ici cikamupangiska kuti waleke kulimbana na Obote. Pa nyengo iyo Uganda yikamba kujiyimira pawekha, Buganda "yakaŵa nyumba yakupambana na magulu gha ndyali". Apo gulu ili likakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko, visopa, vigaŵa, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kusuzga ŵanyawo. Nkhongono ya chipani ichi yikamara cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikacitika pakati pa magulu gha vigaŵa na gha pakati. Ndipo mu 1966, UPC yikamba kujipatura. Nkhondo yikasazgikira cifukwa ca ŵeneawo ŵakiza ku Nyumba ya Malamulo kufuma ku DP na KY.

Mu 1964, ŵimiliri ŵa UPC ŵakafika ku Gulu kuti ŵakaŵepo pa ungano wawo. Ici cikaŵa cilongolero cakwamba ca umo Obote wakalekera kuwusa cipani cake. Nkhondo ya Secretary General wa chipani ichi yikaŵa pakati pa Grace Ibingira na John Kakonge. Ibingira wakazgoka chimanyikwiro cha ŵakususka Obote mukati mwa UPC. Ici nchinthu cakuzirwa comene para tikuwona ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo pakati pa Buganda na boma la pakati. Kwa awo ŵakaŵa kuwaro kwa UPC (mwakusazgapo awo ŵakakolerana na KY), ici cikaŵa cimanyikwiro cakuti Obote wakaŵa wambura kuvikilirika. Awo ŵakawonanga vinthu mwakupwelelera ŵakamanya kuti UPC yikaŵa yimoza yayi.

Kupatukana kwa mgwirizano wa UPC-KY kukuvumbura kuti Obote na ŵanyake ŵakakondwa yayi na "maudindo ghapadera" gha Buganda. Mu 1964, boma likapempha vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Buganda kuti vileke kuŵa pasi pa Themba Kabaka. Pambere charu cha Buganda chindambe kulamulirika, ufumu wa Bunyoro ndiwo ukalimbananga nayo. Boma la Buganda likapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Bunyoro, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakalembapo fundo iyi mu Mapangano gha Buganda. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakakhumbanga kuwelera ku Bunyoro. Obote wakazomerezga kuti paŵe ungano wa ŵanthu wose, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska Kabaka na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Buganda. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakazomera kuti ŵawelere ku Bunyoro nangauli Themba Kabaka likayezga kuti liŵawovwire. Pakutondeka pa referendum, KY wakakanira fundo ya kupeleka vigaŵa ku Bunyoro, ntheura wakamalizga ubwezi na UPC.

Ndyali za mu Uganda zikaŵa za mafuko ghanandi. Chipani cha UPC icho pakwamba chikaŵa chipani cha fuko lose chikamba kusweka apo Ibingira wakasuska Obote mu chipani cha UPC. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha kumpoto na kumwera awo ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana pa nkhani za cuma na za umoyo wa ŵanthu, sono ŵakamba kutemwana chomene. Obote wakazingilizgika na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto. A. Wakutemweka wane. Neykon, Félix Onama, Alex Ojera, apo awo ŵakakolerana na Ibingira awo ŵakakakika na kujalirika mu jele pamoza na iyo, ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku South. Kirya, Matthias Ngobi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, magulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa na mazina ghakupambana. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghana kuti boma lili pa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu apo Obote wakakora na kujalira mu jele ŵaliska awo ŵakakolerananga na Ibingirachimanyikwiro cha Uganda.[31]

 
Grey Crowned Crane – chimanyikwiro cha Uganda

Vinthu ivi vikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Chakwamba, ŵanthu ŵa ku Buganda mba Bantu ndipo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Ibingira. Gulu la Ŵaibingira likalutilira kususka Obote kuti wakukhumba kuwuskapo Themba. Sono ŵakakolerana na Obote. Caciŵiri nchakuti ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakalemba ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi kufuma ku Northern Uganda cifukwa cakuti ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵangacita milimo iyi. Pa nyengo iyo boma likapokera wanangwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya kumpoto, comenecomene ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi. Ŵakajiwonanga kuti ŵali pafupi comene na Obote, ndipo wakawovwira comene kuti wakhozge mazaza ghake. Mu Epulero 1966, Obote wakapeleka ŵasilikari ŵaphya ŵakukwana 800 ku Moroto, ndipo 70 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Northern Region.

Pa nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti boma na mawupu gha vimbundi vikulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto, chomenechomene ŵa Acholi. Ku mpoto kwa Uganda kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Ufumu wa Uganda, comenecomene cifukwa ca "mphapu yapadera" iyo ufumu ukaŵa nayo pambere undapoke wanangwa na pamanyuma pake. "Obote wakiziska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku mpoto mu chigaŵa chapakati, kwizira mu boma na ŵasilikari. Ndipouli, mazina gha "Bantu" na "Nilotic" ghakupambana. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵali na mitundu ya Buganda na Bunyoro. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lugbara, Acholi, na Langi ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa na zina ili. Nangauli vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa makora, kweni vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana kwa ndyali pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera.

Ŵalwani ŵa UPC ŵakalutilira kugaŵikana apo ŵakamanya kuti Obote ngwakusuzgika. Pa cigaŵa ico UPC ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa mipingo yinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikacitikanga. Nanga ni mu cigaŵa ico Obote wakakhalanga, ŵanthu ŵakayezga kuti ŵafumiskemo mulongozgi wa wupu wa cigaŵa mu 1966. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska UPC kwenjerwa comene nchakuti mavoti ghaciŵiri gha boma ghakaŵa pafupi kucitika mu 1967 ndipo kwambura wovwiri wa KY (uyo sono wakwenera kuti wakawovwiranga DP), ndiposo cifukwa ca kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa mu UPC, kukaŵa mwaŵi wakuti UPC yizamuleka kuwusa mu myezi yicoko waka.

Mu 1966 Obote wakapangiska dango liphya ilo likakanizga KY kuti yilute ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la KY likuwoneka kuti likuzgora mu nyumba ya malango kwizira mwa yumoza wa mamembala gha Nyumba ya Malamulo ghachoko waka agho ghalipo, Davide Ochieng uyo wali na nthenda yikuru. Ochieng wakaŵa munthu wakuzizika chomene nangauli wakafuma ku Northern Uganda, kweni wakaŵa na maudindo ghapachanya mu boma la KY ndipo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Kabaka uyo wakamupa malo ghanandi mu Buganda. Apo Obote wakaŵavya mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, Ochieng wakavumbura kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka njovu na golide. Wakayowoyaso kuti Obote, Onama, na Neykon wose ŵakasanga candulo na ndondomeko iyi. Nyumba ya malango yikazomerezga fundo yakuti Amin waleke kupulikira na kusanda umo Obote wakakhwaskikira. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma litenthemeske na kukhuŵazga caru.

KY yikalongoraso kuti yikumanya kulimbana na Obote kufuma mukati mwa chipani chake pa ungano wa UPC Buganda apo Godfrey Binaisa (laŵiliri wa boma) wakathereskeka na gulu ilo likugomezga kuti likukhozgeka na KY, Ibingira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakususka Obote mu Buganda.[32] Mu Febuluwale 1966, Obote wakakakaso Ibingira na nduna zinyake. Mu March 1966, Obote wakapharazgaso kuti maofesi gha pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ghalekenge kuŵako. Obote wakapaso Amin nkhongono zinandi ‡ kumupa udindo wa Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (Army Commander) kuluska uyo wakaŵa nayo kale (Opolot) uyo wakaŵa paubwezi na Buganda kwizira mu nthengwa (panji kuti wakagomezganga kuti Opolot wangatemwa yayi kuchitapo kanthu ka nkhondo pa Kabaka usange wangakwaniska). Obote wakawuskapo dango liphya na kulekeska maungano agho ghakaŵa pafupi kuchitika. Obote wakaluta pa TV na wayilesi kukususka Kabaka kuti wakuswa malango ghakupambanapambana kusazgapo kupempha ŵasilikari ŵakufumila ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuwoneka kuti vikalembeka na Kabaka pamanyuma pa mphindano za Amin kuti wakunozga chiwembu cha kuwukira boma. Obote wakalutizga kusisita mazaza gha Kabaka mwa kupharazga kuti:

  • Kuwuskapo makomiti ghakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Ivi vikawuskapo mazaza gha Kabaka gha kwimika ŵateŵeti ŵa boma mu Buganda.
  • Kuwuskapo Khoti Likuru la Buganda ∙ kuwuskapo mazaza ghose agho Kabaka wakaŵa nagho.
  • Kuŵika ndalama za mu Buganda pasi pa mazaza gha boma.
  • Kuwuskapo malo gha ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Buganda. Caru nchimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikawovwira kuti Kabaka waŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu.

Pa nyengo iyi pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Buganda na boma lapakati. Ŵakumanya vya mdauko ŵakususka usange vinthu ivi mphanyi vikachitika yayi. Ivi vikaŵa vyakuti vingachitika yayi chifukwa Obote wakawona kuti Themba ili ndakulopwa. Nakuti Themba Kabaka likati lazomera kuŵa pulezidenti vyaka vinayi kumasinda, likakolerana na UPC. Mu vyaru vya Buganda, visopa vikamba kulimbana ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga waka vinthu vyawo. Themba ili likamanyikwanga kuti ndakujipatura ndipo likapulikiranga yayi ulongozgi wa ŵandyali ŵachinyamata ŵa Buganda awo ŵakamanyanga makora ndyali ziphya izo zikaŵako pamanyuma pa Kujiyimira paŵekha. Themba ili likakondwanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto yiphya.

Mu Meyi 1966, Themba Kabaka likacita cinthu cinyake. Iyo wakapempha wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo nyumba ya malango ya ku Buganda yikapempha boma la Uganda kuti lifumemo mu charu ichi. Pakuzgora, Obote wakalangura Idi Amin kuti wawukire nyumba ya Themba. Nkhondo ya kutora nyumba ya fumu yikaŵa yankhongono comene. Ŵanalume 120 awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakakanizga Idi Amin kuti waleke kunjira nkhondo kwa maora 12. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyo yikamara apo ŵasilikari ŵakacema vilwero vikuru na kunjira mu nyumba yacifumu. Nkhondo ya ku mizi iyo ŵakayighanaghananga kuti yizamucitika mu Buganda yikacitika yayi ndipo pati pajumpha maora ghacoko waka, Obote wakakumana na ŵapharazgi kuti waŵaphalire vya kutonda kwake. Themba ili likacimbira pa viliŵa vya nyumba yacifumu ndipo likatolekera ku caru cinyake ku London. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vitatu wakafwira kwenekura.

1966-1971 (pambere boma lindanjire)

Mu 1966, pamanyuma pa kulimbana pakati pa boma la Obote na Themba Muteesa, Obote wakalekeska malango gha boma ndipo wakawuskapo pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake. Mu 1967, dango liphya likapharazga kuti Uganda ni charu cha wupu. Obote wakapharazgika kuŵa purezidenti.[33]

1971 (pamanyuma pa boma) -1979 (umaliro wa muwuso wa Amin)

Nkhani ikulu: History of Uganda (1971–79)

Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma pa Janyuwale 25, 1971, Obote wakathereskeka ndipo Jenerale Idi Amin wakayamba kuwusa. Amin wakawusa Uganda nga ni muwusi wankhongono na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari kwa vyaka 8.[34] Wakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru kuti walutilire kuwusa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000-500,000 ŵa ku Uganda ŵakafwa mu nyengo ya muwuso wake. Padera pa nkhaza izo wakacitanga, wakafumiskaso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda. Mu Juni 1976, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Palestina ŵakakora ndege ya Air France na kuyichichizga kuti yikhizge ku Entebbe. Ŵanthu 100 pa ŵanthu 250 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Israyeli. Boma la Amin likamara mu 1979 pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Uganda na Tanzania.

1979–mpaka pano

Nkhani ikulu: History of Uganda (1979–present)
 
Belligerents of the Second Congo War. On 19 December 2005, the International Court of Justice found against Uganda, in a case brought by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for illegal invasion of its territory, and violation of human rights.[35]

Yoweri Museveni wakaŵa purezidenti kwambira waka apo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakagumura boma lakale mu Janyuwale 1986 paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya ku Uganda.

Kwamba mu caka ici, magulu gha ndyali gha mu Uganda ghakakanizgika kucita milimo yawo, cifukwa ca cilato ca kucepeskako nkhaza za cisopo. Mu boma la "Movement" ilo likaŵavya vipani, vipani vikalutilira kuŵako, kweni vikaŵa na ofesi yikuru pera. Ŵakatondekanga kujura maofesi ghawo, kuchita maungano gha chigaŵa, panji kwimika ŵalongozgi (nangauli ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakeneranga kuŵa ŵa chipani). Mu Julayi 2005, boma likamazga dango lakuti ŵandyali ŵaŵepo vyaka 19.

Mu 1993, Papa Yohane Paul II wakaluta ku Uganda pa ulendo wake wa mazuŵa 6 kuti wakaciske ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda kuti ŵaphemane. Pa nyengo ya viphikiro, wakacindikanga Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakomeka cifukwa ca cipulikano cawo.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vikalumba Museveni kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa.

Ndipouli, nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti yikakhwaskika na nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo iyo yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.4 miliyoni kufuma mu 1998, kweniso nkhondo zinyake izo zikacitika mu caru ca Great Lakes. Iyo wakarwa nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vilimika vinandi na gulu la Lord's Resistance Army, ilo lili na mulandu wa kusuzga ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo ŵazga ŵa ŵana, kukoma ŵanthu ŵa ku Atiak, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Nkhondo izo zikucitika kumpoto kwa Uganda zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵafumapo pa nyumba zawo.

Nyumba ya mafumu yikawuskapo malango gha mafumu mu 2005, chifukwa chakuti Museveni wakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama za boma kuti wapeleke madola 2,000 kwa munthu waliyose uyo wakakhozgera dango ili. Mu Febuluwale 2006, kukaŵa mavoti gha pulezidenti. Museveni wakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo uyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa chomene wakaŵa Kizza Besigye.

Pa 20 February, 2011, wupu wa Uganda Electoral Commission ukati pulezidenti wa sono Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ndiyo watonda pa chisankho cha 2011. Ndipouli, ŵakususka ŵakakhorwa yayi na ivyo vikacitika, ndipo ŵakavilongora kuti ni vyautesi. Kuyana na mavoti gha boma, Museveni ndiyo wakatonda na mavoti 68 pa 100 gha ŵanthu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti uyo wakamususkiranga chomene, Besigye, uyo wakaŵa dokotala wa Museveni, waleke kuwina ndipo wakaphalira ŵapharazgi kuti iyo na awo ŵakamukhozganga "ŵakuyuyura" ivyo vyachitika kweniso boma la Museveni panji munthu waliyose uyo wangimika. Besigye wakasazgirapo kuti mavoti ghakubendezga ghazamupangiska kuti ŵalongozgi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵaŵepo ndipo ni udindo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda kusanda fundo iyi. Wupu wa European Union's Election Observation Mission ukayowoyapo pa ivyo vyasintha mu ndondomeko ya mavoti mu Uganda. Ndipouli, ndondomeko ya vyakusankha yikasuzgika cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kwenda makora ivyo vikatondeska ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Uganda kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha".

Kwambira mu Ogasiti 2012, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kunanga vinthu (hacktivists) lakuchemeka Anonymous, likuwopsya ŵamazaza ŵa ku Uganda na kunanga mawebusayiti gha boma chifukwa cha malango ghake ghakususkana na ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana. Ŵanyake awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuti ŵamalenge ndalama izo ŵakupeleka ku caru ici usange ŵakulutilira kususka ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo.

Vinthu vyakuti mwana wa pulezidenti, Muhoozi Kainerugaba ndiyo wazamunjira mu malo gha pulezidenti, vyasazgirako suzgo.[36][37][38][39]

Pulezidenti Yoweri Museveni wali kulamulira chalo ichi kwambira mu chaka cha 1986 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Januwale 2021. Kuyana na mavoti gha boma, Museveni wakathereska pa mavoti 58% apo Bobi Wine uyo wakaŵa ndyali wakaŵa na 35%. Awo ŵakususka ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika chifukwa chakuti ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa upusikizgi na vinthu vinyake vyambura kwenelera.[40][41] Munthu munyakeso uyo wakasuskanga wakaŵa John Katumba wa vyaka 24.[42]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Uganda

Uganda yili kumwera kwa Africa pakati pa 1o S na 4o N latitude, na pakati pa 30o E na 35o E longitude. Malo agha ghali na mapiri, nyanja, na tumapiri. Charu ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 900. Malire gha kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi gha Uganda ghali na mapiri. Mu mapiri gha Ruwenzori muli phiri likuru comene mu Uganda, zina lake Alexandra, ilo lili na mamita 5,094.

Nyanja na milonga

Chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi chili na nyanja yikuru chomene pa charu chose, Lake Victoria, iyo yili na virwa vinandi. Misumba yakuzirwa comene yili kumwera, kufupi na nyanja iyi, kusazgapo msumba ukuru wa Kampala na msumba wa Entebbe. Nyanja ya Kyoga yili pakatikati pa charu ichi ndipo yili kuzingilizgika na mathipa.

Nangauli charu cha Uganda chili kutali na nyanja, kweni chili na nyanja zinandi zikuruzikuru. Padera pa Nyanja ya Victoria na Kyoga, paliso Nyanja ya Albert, Nyanja ya Edward, na Nyanja ya George. Malo agha ghali pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo. Mlonga wa Victoria Nile ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Victoria na kunjira mu Nyanja ya Kyoga, kufuma apo ukunjira mu Nyanja ya Albert pa mphaka ya Congo. Kufuma apo, likuluta kumpoto ku South Sudan. Chigaŵa chinyake cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda chili na maji ghanandi agho ghakwenda mu mlonga wa Suam. Chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Uganda chikuthira mu malo ghakuchemeka Lotikipi Basin, agho ghali mu charu cha Kenya.[43]

Vinthu vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana

Nkhani ikulu: Conservation in Uganda
 
Mapu gha ku Uganda ghakulongora umo vinthu viliri mu charu ichi.

Mu charu cha Uganda muli malo ghakuvikilirika 60, kusazgapo malo ghakusungirako vinyama ghakukwana 10. Malo agha ni Bwindi Impenetrable National Park na Rwenzori Mountains National Park (wose ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vya charu cha UNESCO), Kibale National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, Lake Mburo National Park, Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Mount Elgon National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, na Semuliki National Park.

Ku Uganda kuli vyamoyo vinandi, kusazgapo viyuni vya mountain gorilla mu Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, viyuni vya gorilla na vikoko vya golide mu Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, na viyuni vya hippo mu Murchison Falls National Park. Vipambi ivi vikusangikaso mu vyaru vinandi.

Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.36/10 pa 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa nambara 128 pa vyaru 172.[44]

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Uganda

Pulezidenti wa Uganda ni mutu wa boma na wa charu. Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti na nduna yikuru kuti zimovwire kuwusa.

Nyumba ya malango yikupangika na wupu wa National Assembly, uwo uli na ŵanthu 449. Ŵanyake mwa iwo ni ŵimiliri ŵa vigaŵa 290, ŵimiliri ŵa ŵanakazi ŵa vigaŵa 116, ŵimiliri 10 ŵa gulu la Uganda People's Defense Forces, ŵimiliri 5 ŵa ŵawukirano, ŵimiliri 5 ŵa ŵantchito, ŵimiliri 5 ŵa ŵanthu ŵakupendera, na ŵimiliri 18 ŵa ofesi..[45]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Wonani vinandi: Foreign relations of Uganda

Charu cha Uganda chili ku East African Community (EAC), pamoza na vyaru vya Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, na South Sudan. Mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya 2010 yakuyowoya za msika wa East African Common Market, ŵanthu ŵali na wanangwa wa kusama na kusama, kusazgapo wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru cinyake. Ndipouli, ndondomeko iyi yindakhazikiskike cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa mwaŵi wa kugwira nchito na masuzgo ghanyake gha ndyali, malango, na ndalama. Boma la Uganda ndilo likayambiska bungwe la Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), ilo lili na vyaru 8 ivyo vikusazgapo maboma gha mu Africa, Nile Valley, na Great Lakes. Likulu lake lili ku Djibouti City. Kweniso charu cha Uganda chili mu wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization.[46]

 
United States Pulezidenti George W. Bush wakakumana na Pulezidenti Yoweri Museveni ku Entebbe, Uganda, pa Julayi 11, 2003.

Ŵankhondo

Wonani vinandi: Uganda People's Defence Force

Ku Uganda, ŵasilikari ŵakucemeka Uganda People's Defence Force. Ŵasilikari ŵa mu Uganda ŵalipo pafupifupi 45,000. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Uganda likugwira nchito zinandi za mtende na nkhondo mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵa United States pera ndiwo ŵakutumika mu vyaru vinandi. Boma la Uganda lili na ŵasilikari awo ŵali kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Somalia, na South Sudan.[47]

Vimbundi

Nkhani ikulu: Corruption in Uganda

Wupu wa Transparency International ukati mu charu cha Uganda muli vimbundi vinandi chomene. Mu chaka cha 2016, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa pa malo gha 151 pa malo 176, ndipo chikaŵa na mavoti 25 pa scale ya 0 (kuwona kuti ntcha vimbundi chomene) m'paka 100 (kuwona kuti ntchakutowa).

Mu 2015 World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators yikati Uganda yili pa 12 percentile pa vyaru vyose. Lipoti la United States Department of State lakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu 2012, likati: "Ivyo ofesi ya World Bank yikalemba vikulongora kuti vimbundi ni suzgo likuru chomene".

Mu 2014, ŵimiliri ŵa Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Uganda ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi chomene kuluska za ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa boma. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵayowoye viheni na kususka ivyo vikachitika, kusazgapo kunjira mwakubisilizga twana twa ng'ombe tuŵiri mu Nyumba ya Malango mu Juni 2014 kuti ŵawoneske kuti pali vimbundi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakakika ŵakayowoya mazgu ghakuti "Vinkhara" kulongora kuti ŵakakwiya.

Mu 2012, ofesi ya nduna yikapoka ndalama zakukwana madola 12.6 miliyoni kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga vyawanangwa. Ndalama izi "zikapelekeka kuti ziwovwire kuzengaso kumpoto kwa Uganda, uko kukaŵa nkhondo kwa vyaka 20, na Karamoja, cigaŵa cikavu comene mu Uganda". Nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵa EU, Britain, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, na Norway ŵaleke kovwira ŵanyawo.

Vimbundi vikuru na vichoko ivyo vikuchitika pakati pa ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵandyali, vyakhwaskaso chomene ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu Uganda. Chimoza mwa vigaŵa ivyo vingapangiska vimbundi ni vyakupeleka vya boma, uko kanandi awo ŵakupeleka vyakupeleka ŵakuŵapa ndalama zakubisika.

Cinyake ico cingapangiska kuti suzgo ili likure comene ni mafuta. Dango la Petroleum Bill, ilo likapelekeka na boma mu 2012 ndipo likayowoyeka na NRM kuti lipelekenge umanyikwiro ku vyalo vya mafuta, likakondweska yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya vya ndyali na vyachuma. Mwaciyelezgero, Angelo Izama, wakuwona vya magesi wa ku Uganda wa ku United States Open Society Foundation, wakati dango liphya ili likuyana waka na "kupeleka mashini gha ATM" kwa Museveni na muwuso wake. Wupu unyake uwo ukuwona vya malango gha pa charu chose (Global Witness) ukati mu 2012, charu cha Uganda chili na "mafuta ghanandi chomene agho ghangapangiska kuti mu vyaka 6 m'paka 10 ndalama za boma ziŵe zakukwana madola 2.4 biliyoni pa chaka".

Dango lakuyowoya za mawupu ghambura kwendera boma (Amendment) Act, ilo likapelekeka mu 2006, likakanizga mawupu agha kuchita vinthu mwamahara. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti ntchito ya mawupu gha boma yileke kwenda makora ni ndondomeko zakusuzga na za vimbundi izo zikulembeka (kusazgapo kupempha ulongozgi ku ŵalara ŵa boma; kulembeskaso chaka chilichose), malango ghambura kupulikikwa ghakwendeskera vinthu (kusazgapo kupempha boma kuti liŵamanyiske pambere ŵandambe kukumana na ŵanthu awo ŵakukhwaskika na mawupu gha boma yayi), kweniso kuti ndalama zose izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake zileke kuluta mu Banki ya Uganda. Kweniso wanangwa wa kuyowoya wa boma ukuyuzgika nyengo zose, ndipo dango liphya lakuti boma liŵe na ndondomeko yiwemi (ilo likukanizga wanangwa wa kuwungana) likusazgirako waka vilwero vya boma.[48]

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Uganda

Pali vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikulutilira kutipangiska kwenjerwa pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Uganda.

Nkhondo mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa charu ichi yikulutilira kutimbanizga ŵanthu ŵa gulu la Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), ilo likulongozgeka na Joseph Kony, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Uganda. Mu Febuluwale 2009, mulara wa UN wakapa mulandu LRA kuti "wakucita nkhaza zinandi" mu Democratic Republic of Congo.

Ŵanthu awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ŵalipo pafupifupi 1.4 miliyoni. Kuyuzgika kukulutilira kuŵa mu vyaru vinandi. Kuwukira wanangwa wa ndyali mu caru ici, kusazgapo kukora na kutimba ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma, kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵadandawurenge. Kusoleka kwa mulongozgi mukuru wa chipani chakususka Kizza Besigye na kuzingilizga khoti likuru pa nyengo ya kupulikizga mulandu wa Besigye na ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuru vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumupulikira.

Ku Uganda ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito za ŵana. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito ya kulima. Ŵana awo ŵakugwira nchito mu minda ya hona ku Uganda ŵakuŵa pangozi. Ŵana awo ŵakuteŵetera mu nyumba ku Uganda ŵakuŵa pangozi ya kuyuzgika. Ŵana ŵakuguliskika. Dango la Uganda likukanizga wuzga na kugwira nchito mwankhongono.

Komiti ya ku United States yakuwona vya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo yikati mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵachimbizga ku Uganda.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Uganda ŵakusuzgika na kukomeka kwambura mulandu. Mwachiyelezgero, lipoti la Dipatimenti ya vya Vyaru ya ku United States ilo likalembeka mu 2012, likati: "Chipatala cha African Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation for Torture Victims chikalembapo milandu 170 yakususkana na ŵapolisi, 214 yakususkana na UPDF, yimoza yakususkana na ŵapolisi ŵasilikari, 23 yakususkana na Special Investigations Unit, 361 yakususkana na ŵantchito ŵambura kuzunulika, kweniso 24 yakususkana na ŵalara ŵa jele".

Mu Seputembala 2009, Museveni wakakanira Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, fumu ya Baganda, kuzomerezga kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Buganda, chomenechomene chigaŵa cha Kayunga. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 40 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanyake ŵachali mu jele. Kuonjezera apo, ŵanthu 9 ŵakakomeka mu mwezi wa Epulero 2011 apo ŵakacitanga viphikiro vya "Walk to Work". Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch la 2013 World Report on Uganda, boma la Uganda latondeka kupenjerezga za kukoma ŵanthu uko kwachitika mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi.[49]

Wanangwa wa ŵa LGBT

Nkhani ikulu: LGBT rights in Uganda
Wonaniso: The Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014
 
Protests in New York City against Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill.

Mu 2007, nyuzipepara yinyake yikalemba mazina gha ŵanalume ŵanandi awo ŵakatenge ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo.

Pa Okutobala 9, 2010, nyuzipepala ya ku Uganda ya Rolling Stone yikalemba nkhani ya mutu wakuti "Vithunzi 100 za Ogonana Nawo Kwambiri ku Uganda" iyo yikalembamo mazina, maadiresi, na vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Kweniso nyuzipepara iyi yikayowoya kuti ŵana ŵa ku Uganda ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Buku ili likakondweska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ndipo likaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ivyo likalemba. Kuyana na ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Uganda ŵakhwaskika kufuma apo buku ili likalembekera. Pa January 27, 2011, David Kato, wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana wakakomeka.

Mu 2009, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Uganda yikaghanaghanirapo pa dango lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ilo likatenge liŵikenge chilango cha nyifwa ku ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na kugonana kwa ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na fundo izo zikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ku caru cinyake, ndipo yikati ŵangawezgeka ku Uganda kuti ŵakalangike. Pa 14 Okutobala 2009, MP David Bahati wakapeleka dango la mamembala gha yekha, ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti likapokera wovwiri ukuru mu nyumba ya malango ya Uganda. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kunanga vinthu la Anonymous likakanjira mu webusayiti ya boma la Uganda kuti lichitire ukaboni dango ili. Chifukwa chakuti charu chose chikasuska fundo iyi, nkhani iyi yikadumulika, kweni paumaliro yikadumulika pa Disembala 20, 2013. Dango laumaliro likalekeska chilango cha nyifwa. Dango ili likasuskika chomene na ŵamitundu yose. Denmark, Netherlands, na Sweden, vikati vilekenge kupeleka wovwiri. Pa 28 February 2014 Banki ya Charu chose yikati yilekeskenge ngongoli ya US$90 million, apo United States yikati yikughanaghanaso za ubwezi wake na Uganda. Pa Ogasiti 1, 2014, Khoti la Dango la Uganda likati dango ili ndakubendera chifukwa likapokelereka yayi.[50][51][52]Lipoti la nyuzipepara ilo likalembeka pa 13 August 2014 likati loya mukuru wa boma la Uganda wakaleka ivyo wakakhumbanga kuchita pakudandawura chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa pulezidenti Museveni uyo wakafipanga mtima na umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira na dango ili. Kufumira mu chaka cha 2019, vinthu vikenda makora yayi mu Africa, ndipo charu cha South Africa ndicho pera icho chikuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.

Pa March 21, 2023, nyumba ya malango ya ku Uganda yikapeleka dango lakuti munthu uyo wakujiwona kuti ni mwanalume panji mwanakazi munthengwa wangakakika umoyo wake wose.[53][54]

Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera

Wonaniso: Anti-Homosexuality Bill, 2023

██ Countries opposing the bill ██ European Union countries without statements ██ Countries supporting the bill ██ No statement

██ Uganda

Pa March 9, 2023 Asuman Basalirwa, mphala ya malango kufuma mu 2018 kufuma ku chipani cha opposition icho chikwimira boma la Bugiri pa chiphikiro cha Justice Forum party ticket, wakalemba ndondomeko ya dango [pdf bill] ilo likukhumba kukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ndiposo “kusambizga panji kuzomerezga vibwezi vyantheura ndipo wakayowoya kuti: Mu chalo ichi, panji mu charu ichi, tikuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Kweni mbunenesko kuti ŵanthu nawo ŵakubudiska. Nkhukhumba kuyowoya kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume pera panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwananga uko kukususkana na malango gha mu Uganda ndipo kukususka utuŵa wa mbumba, kuvikilira ŵana ŵithu ndiposo kulutilira kwa ŵanthu kwizira mu kubaba. [55]Mulara wa nyumba ya malango, Annet Anita Among, wakatumizga dango ili ku komiti ya nyumba ya malango kuti liwonekere makora. Mulara wa nyumba ya malango wakayowoyapo kale kuti: "Tikukhumba kuwonga awo ŵakukhozgera kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha cifukwa ca wovwiri uwo ŵapeleka ku caru", pakuyowoya za vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri. Kweni tikukondwa yayi kuti ŵakukoma ŵanthu. Tikukhumba ndalama zawo yayi, tikukhumba cikaya cithu. Pa nyengo ya kusopa uko kukachitika mu nyumba ya boma ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa visopa ŵakiza. Wapampando wakalapa kuti wazamunjira mu dango pa mtengo uliwose kuvikilira cikaya ca Uganda na muwuso wake.

Pa Malichi 21, 2023, nyumba ya malango yikapokelera luŵiro dango lakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera.

Boma la United States likasuska comene fundo iyi. Pa ungano wa White House Press pa March 22, 2023, Karine Jean-Pierre wakayowoya. "Munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa. Palije uyo wakwenera kuyuzgika, kukakika, panji kukomeka cifukwa ca umo waliri panji cifukwa ca uyo wakumutemwa". Mu mazuŵa ghakulondezgapo, boma la United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, na European Union likalutilira kumususka.

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Administrative divisions of Uganda

Kufika mu chaka cha 2022, charu cha Uganda chili kugaŵika vigaŵa vinayi na vigaŵa 136.[56][57] Vigaŵa vya ku mizi vya vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko, vikaya, na vikaya. Maofesi gha boma na gha matawuni ghakumanyikwa mu vigaŵa vya misumba.

Maboma gha ndyali gha mu Uganda ghakukolerana na wupu wa Uganda Local Governments Association (ULGA).

Kuyana na boma, maufumu ghankhondi gha ŵanthu ŵa Bantu ghakukhalapo, ndipo ghakuŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Maufumu agha ni Toro, Busoga, Bunyoro, Buganda, na Rwenzururu. Kweniso, magulu ghanyake ghakukhumba kuwezgerapo ufumu wa Ankole, kweni palije ico cacitika. Maboma ghanyake ghakumanyikwa na boma, nga ni Alur, Iteso, Lango, na Padhola.[58]

Chuma na vyakuzenga

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Uganda, Energy in Uganda, and Agriculture in Uganda
 
Chithuzithuzi ichi chikulongora katundu uyo Uganda wakuguliska mu vigaŵa 28.

Banki ya Uganda ni banki yikuru ya Uganda ndipo yikwendeska ndondomeko ya ndalama pamoza na kusindikiza shilling ya Uganda.

Mu 2015, chuma cha Uganda chikapanga ndalama zakufumila ku vyakurya ivi: khofi (US$402.63 million), mafuta (US$131.25 million), visulo na vinthu vinyake (US$120.00 million), somba (US$117.56 million), chimanga (US$90.97 million), simenti (US$80.13 million), hona (US$73.13 million), tiyi (US$69.94 million), shuga (US$66.43 million), vikumba (US$62.71 million), makoko (US$55.67 million), nyemba (US$53.88 million), simsim (US$52.20 million), maluŵa (US$51.44 million), na vinthu vinyake (US$766.77 million).[59]

 
Kusintha kwa GDP pa munthu yumoza mu Uganda, 1950~2018. Malipoti agha ghali na ndalama zakukwana madola gha pa caru cose mu 2011.

Vyaru ivi vikukura comene. Mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2015-16, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha vinthu vyakuthupi (GDP) icho chikakura na 4.6 peresenti. Ivi vikupambana na umo vikaŵira mu caka ca 2014 ∙15.

Charu ichi chili na mafuta ghanandi na gasi. Mu 1986, vyakurya ivyo vikagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake vikaŵanga na ciŵelengero ca 56 peresenti, ndipo khofi ndiyo yikaŵa nchito yikuru ya vyakurya ivyo vikagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni sono vyakurya ivi vyajumpha pa viŵelengero vya vyakurya ivyo vikagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1950, boma la Britain likakhozga ŵalimi pafupifupi 500,000 kuti ŵaŵe na makopanthazi. Kwambira mu 1986, boma (na wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake na mawupu gha pa caru cose) lacita vinthu kuti liwezgepo cuma ico cikaparanyika mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Idi Amin na nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika pamanyuma pake.

Mu 2012, Banki ya Caru Cose yikalutilira kulemba Uganda pa nambara ya vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi.

Ni nyengo zose yayi apo ukavu ukumara chifukwa cha kukura kwa chuma. Nangauli pakati pa 2000 na 2003, ukavu ukakuranga pa ciŵelengero ca 2.5 peresenti pa caka, kweni pa nyengo iyi ukavu ukakwera pa 3.8 peresenti. Ivi vikulongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kuti tileke kuŵa na nchito zinandi, ndipo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti nchakukhumbikwa kuŵa na nchito zinandi mu caru cose.[60]

 
Coffee fields in southwestern Uganda

Pakuti maburosha gha ndalama gha ku Uganda ghakakhazikiskika mu 1996, maburosha ghanandi gha ndalama ghakalembeka. Boma likugwiliskira nchito msika wa masheya kuŵa nthowa yakucitira vinthu vyawo. Vinthu vyose ivyo boma likupeleka vikusangika pa masheya. Wupu wa Capital Markets Authority uli kupeleka malayisensi ku mabroker 18, ŵalaŵiliri ŵa katundu, na ŵapeleka ulongozgi wa ndalama, kusazgapo: African Alliance Investment Bank, Baroda Capital Markets Uganda Limited, Crane Financial Services Uganda Limited, Crested Stocks and Securities Limited, Dyer & Blair Investment Bank, Equity Stock Brokers Uganda Limited, Renaissance Capital Investment Bank na UAP Financial Services Limited. Pakuŵa yimoza mwa nthowa izo zingawovwilira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo ndalama zinandi mu nyumba zawo, ndondomeko yakunozga ndarama za penshoni ndiyo yikukhumbikwa chomene (2007).

Mwaciyelezgero, charu ca Uganda cikuthemba pa Kenya kuti chifike ku dowoko la Mombasa ku Indian Ocean. Ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵajare nthowa yaciŵiri yakunjilira mu nyanja kwizira mu dowoko la Bukasa ku Uganda na Musoma ku Tanzania, ndipo njanji iyi yikunjilira mu dowoko la Arusha ku Tanzania na ku dowoko la Tanga ku Indian Ocean.[61] Uganda ni ciŵaro ca wupu wa East African Community ndipo wangaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuŵa mu wupu wa East African Federation.

Mu charu cha Uganda muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku United States na United Kingdom. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakawovwira chomene kuti chuma cha charu cha Uganda chikure. Kuyana na Banki ya Charu Chose, Uganda yikapokera mu 2016 ndalama zakukwana US$1.099 billion kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, yaciŵiri kwa Kenya (US$1.574 billion) mu East African Community. ndipo yaciŵiri mu Africa.

Wupu wakuwona vya ndyali ku Uganda ukati mu Novembala 2016 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskika na suzgo ili chikaŵa pa 4.6 peresenti. Pa 29 June 2018, wupu wakuwona vya manambara ku Uganda ukati charu ichi chikakhira pa 3.4 peresenti mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2017/18 pakuyaniska na 5.7 peresenti mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2016/17.[62]

Ma kamupani

Boma la Uganda lili pa malo gha nambara 102 pa vyaru vya pasi pa chiŵelengero cha GDP (Gross Domestic Product) na International Monetary Fund na GDP ya 26,349 (US$ million). Banki ya Caru cose yikalongora kuti caru ca Uganda cili pa nambara 99 pa nkhani ya GDP, na GDP ya 25,891 (US$ million). Kuyana na GDP na nkhongono zakugulira, IMF yikaŵika Uganda pa nambara 86 (91,212 million of current Int$) ndipo World Bank yikaŵika Uganda pa nambara 90 (79,889 million of current Int$).

Kwamba m'ma 1990, chuma cha Uganda chikukura. Pa nyengo ya 1990-2015, GDP yikakura pa ciŵelengero ca 6.7% pa caka, apo GDP pa munthu yikakura pa ciŵelengero ca 3.3% pa caka.[63]

Ukavu

Nkhani ikulu: Poverty in Uganda

CCharu cha Uganda ntchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2012, pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose, 37.8 ŵakakhalanga na ndalama zichoko chomene pa zuŵa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi ŵali kuhara chomene, kweni ŵakavu ŵachali palipose.[64]Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya ku Uganda ŵakuthemba pa ulimi kuti ndiwo uŵape ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵanakazi 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku mizi ŵakugwira nchito ya ulimi. Padera pa mulimo wa kulima, ŵanakazi ŵa ku mizi ndiwo ŵakupwelelera mbumba zawo. Mwanakazi munyake wa ku Uganda wakumalira maora 9 pa zuŵa pa milimo ya pa nyumba, nga nkhuphika na kuvwara, kutolera maji na nkhuni, kupwelelera ŵacekuru, ŵalwari, na ŵalanda. Ntheura, ŵanakazi ŵakugwira nchito maora ghanandi kuluska ŵanalume, maora 12 m'paka 18 pa zuŵa.

Kuti ŵasangirepo ndalama zinandi, ŵanakazi ŵa ku mizi ŵakuchita bizinesi yichoko waka nga nkhusunga na kuguliska viŵeto vya mu mizi yawo. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca nchito yinandi iyo ŵakucita, ŵalije nyengo yakucitira vinthu ivi. Ŵakavu ŵakutondeka kupeleka ndalama zakovwira ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu, ndipo kanandi ŵasungwana ŵakuleka sukulu kuti ŵateŵetere pa nyumba panji kutengwa. Ŵanakazi ŵanyake ŵakugwira nchito ya kugonana. Pa cifukwa ici, ŵanakazi ŵawukirano ŵakutemwa kuŵa na ŵanyawo ŵalara msinkhu ndiposo ŵakumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya kugonana, ndipo ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵasangike na nthenda ya HIV.

Kuleka kuyana kwa ŵanakazi na ŵanakazi ni suzgo likuru chomene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska ukavu. Ŵanakazi ŵali na udindo wapasi kuluska ŵanalume. Ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ici cikovwira kuti ŵaleke kujiyimira paŵekha, kuti ŵaleke kusuzgika na ŵanalume awo ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza..[65]

 
Entebbe International Airport

Ndege

Ku Uganda kuli ma eyapoti 35. Makampani ghakwendeskera ndege ghakwendeska ndege za ŵanthu pa ndege zinayi. Pasono ku Uganda kuli chiŵanja chimoza cha ndege cha Entebbe International Airport, icho chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 40 kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kampala. Mu 2017, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.53 miliyoni ŵakenda pa chiŵanja cha mlengalenga ichi. Malo gha ndege ghaciŵiri, Hoima International Airport, ghali kuzenga.[66]

Misewu

Wonaniso: List of roads in Uganda
 
Road to Murchison

Mtundu wakuzirwa comene wa mendero mu Uganda ni msewu. Mtundu wa misewu ya mu Uganda uli na utali wa makilomita 129,469. Pafupifupi vigaŵa 4 pa vigaŵa vyose vya misewu iyi vili na misewu yakukhoma. Mitundu yakupambanapambana ya misewu ni misewu ya boma (22,009 km (13,676 mi) 17%), misewu ya chigaŵa (33,661 km (20,916 mi) 26%), misewu ya mu matawuni (9,062 km (5,631 mi) 7%), na misewu ya ŵanthu (64,734 km (40,224 mi) 50%). Misewu ya mu vyaru vinandi yikuŵa na malo ghakukwana 17% pa misewu yose, kweni yikwendeska magalimoto ghakujumpha 80%. Mu Uganda muli magalimoto 83,000 agho ghakung'anamura magalimoto 2.94 pa ŵanthu 1000.[67]

Njanji

Mtundu wa njanji mu Uganda uli na utali wa makilomita 1,260 (780 mi). Mzere wautali kwambiri ndi mzere waukulu kuchokera ku Kampala kupita ku Tororo (249 kilometres (155 mi)), mzere wakumadzulo kuchokera ku Kampala kupita ku Kasese (333 kilometres (207 mi)), mzere wakumpoto kuchokera ku Tororo kupita ku Pakwach (641 kilometres (398 mi)).[68]

Kuyowoyeskana

Nkhani ikulu: Communications in Uganda

Pali makampani 7 agho ghakugwira ntchito ya kutumizga mauthenga agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni. Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni.

Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito foni ya m'manja na ya pa foni chikakwera kufuma pa 20 miliyoni kufika pa 21 miliyoni.[69]

Foni na mitengo yakuimbila[69]
Indicators Q4 2014 Q1 2015 Change (%)
Mobile Subscriptions (prepaid) 20,257,656 21,347,079 5.4
Mobile Subscriptions (post-paid) 108,285 110,282 1.8
Fixed subscriptions 324,442 349,163 7.6
Tele-density 56.5 62.5 10.6
National status 20,690,383 21,806,523 5.4

Magesi

Wonaniso: Energy in Uganda

Mu charu cha Uganda muli magesi ghanandi chomene, ndipo ghali palipose. Vinthu ivi ni magesi gha maji, mafuta, zuŵa, geothermal, peat, na mafuta.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, nkhongono zinandi mu Uganda zikafumanga ku malasha na makuni. Ndipouli, mu chigaŵa cha Lake Albert ŵakasanga mafuta ghakukwana 95 miliyoni gha cubic metres (3.4×109 cu ft).[70] Heritage Oil yikasanga mafuta ghanandi chomene mu Uganda, ndipo yikulutilira kugwira nchito kwenekura.

Pa 13 September 2016 charu cha Uganda na Tanzania vikalembeska chiphangano icho chikukhumba kuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vizenge nthowa yakuzenga mafuta ya makilomita 1,445 ya mtengo wa madola 3.5 biliyoni. Uganda-Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline (UTCOP), iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) yizamuŵa yakwamba ya mtundu uwu ku East Africa, yizamumaniska chigaŵa cha Hoima icho chili na mafuta ghanandi ku Uganda na nyanja ya Indian Ocean kwizira ku doko la Tanga ku Tanzania.

Vinthu vyakukondweska ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha Uganda ndiposo ndalama zinandi izo maboma ghapachanya ghakugwiliskira nchito, ni mwaŵi wapadera comene kuti vifiskike vilato vya Power Africa. Uganda ni yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara ivyo vili na masitoro gha magesi agho ghali na ndalama zinandi. Pali wupu wakuwona vya magesi uwo ukuwona vya magesi. Kampani yikuru chomene ya UMEME njakuguliska vinthu, ndipo yili na wanangwa wa kuguliska na kuguliska vinthu vyaka 20. Ndipouli, caru cili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 13 vya uteŵeti wa ku mizi, ndipo vigaŵa 6 vya vigaŵa ivi vikwendeskeka na mabungwe ghacoko waka. Pa nyengo yasono, awo ŵakupanga magesi na magesi ŵekha ndiwo ŵakupanga pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya magesi. Pali masuzgo ghanandi pa nkhani ya ndondomeko ya ndalama.

Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa

Nkhani ikulu: Water supply and sanitation in Uganda

Kuyana na lipoti ilo likalembeka mu 2006, vyalo vya maji na vyalo vya maji vya ku Uganda vyaluta panthazi comene mu malo gha matawuni kwambira m'ma 1990.[71]:3–4 Pa nyengo ya 1998 m'paka 2003, maboma ghakasintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani ya maji, nga ni National Water and Sewerage Corporation iyo yikugwira ntchito mu misumba na misumba yikuruyikuru.[72]:15

Nangauli charu chose chawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kusintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani iyi, kweni mu 2010, ŵanthu 38 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵavya maji ghawemi. Pa nkhani ya malo ghawemi ghakukhala, ŵanthu ŵakupambana comene. Kuyana na maukaboni gha boma, mu 2011, ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ku mizi ndipo 81 pa 100 ŵakaŵa mu misumba.

Ntchito ya maji na maofesi ghakugeziskira vinthu vikamanyikwa kuti ni vyakuzirwa chomene mu ndondomeko ya kulekeska ukavu ya mu 2004, iyo ni ndondomeko yikuru ya Uganda ya kumazga ukavu.:182 188 Kuyana na lipoti ilo likalembeka mu 2006, pakaŵa ndondomeko yikuru ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ndalama, boma, na mawupu ghambura vya boma.[73]:5 PEAP yikati kwamba mu 2001 m'paka mu 2015, pakakhumbikwanga ndalama zakukwana madola 1.4 biliyoni, panji kuti madola 92 miliyoni pa chaka, kuti maji ghapelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵakukwana 95 peresenti.[74]:182–183

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Uganda

Nangauli masambiro gha ku Uganda ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa mu vigaŵa vinandi, kweni ghakasintha chomene kwamba m'ma 1990. Ŵana ŵakusambira vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri pa sukulu ya pulayimare, vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri pa sukulu ya sekondare, na vyaka vitatu panji vinkhondi pa sukulu ya sekondare. Mu 1997, boma likati ŵana wose ŵasambirenge kwaulere. Ndondomeko iyi yawovwira comene. Mu 1986, ŵana 2 miliyoni pera ndiwo ŵakasambiranga ku pulayimale. Kuzakafika mu 1999, ŵana mamiliyoni ghankhondi na limoza ŵakaŵa pa sukulu za pulayimale, ndipo ciŵerengero ici cikulutilira kukwera. Kufuma waka mu 1997, apo sukulu ya pulayimale yikambira, charu cha Uganda ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Boma la Uganda likati lachita nthena, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro gha kusekondale chikakwera pafupifupi 25 peresenti pakati pa 2007 na 2012.

 
Ŵasambiri ku Uganda

Pa kalembera uyo wakacitika mu 2002, mu Uganda ŵanthu 66.8 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakamanyanga kulemba na kulemba. Ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 5.2 peresenti ya GDP ya 2002-2005.[75]

Kufika mu chaka cha 2020, webusayiti ya NCHE yikalembapo ma yunivesite 46 ghapachanya agho ghakumanyikwa na boma.

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Uganda and HIV/AIDS in Uganda

Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kukaŵa ŵadokotala 8 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2001, boma la Uganda likawuskapo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakulombera ku maofesi gha munkhwala. Ndondomeko iyi yikulongosoreka kuti njakuzirwa comene pakovwira Uganda kufiska vilato vyake vya m'ma 1000. Nangauli pali ndondomeko iyi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukana kupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala usange ŵakupeleka yayi munkhwala wawo, nga umo vikaŵira na Jennifer Anguko. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhorwa yayi na wovwiri wa chipatala, kweniso ŵakukhala kutali chomene na awo ŵakupeleka wovwiri uwu. Kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵakavu na awo ŵakukhala ku mizi, pamoza na kusazgikira kwa vinthu vya boma na vya ŵanthu ŵekha, vyaŵa vyakuzirwa kuti ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika ŵasangenge wovwiri.[76]

 
Development of life expectancy

Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 63.4. Mu 2012, pa ŵana 1,000, ŵana 61 ŵakafwanga.

Mu Julayi 2012, ku Kibaale kukaŵa nthenda ya Ebola. Pa Okutobala 4, 2012, Unduna wa vya Umoyo ukazomerezga kuti nthenda iyi yamara.

Unduna wa vyaumoyo ukati pa 16 August 2013, ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakafwa kumpoto kwa Uganda chifukwa cha nthenda ya Congo Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever.

Charu cha Uganda chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakulwara nthenda ya HIV. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi, kweni kuumaliro wa 2008 ŵakakhala waka pa ŵanthu 6.4 pa ŵanthu 100. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuleka kumwa chomene.

Pa ŵanakazi wose ŵambura kutengwa awo ŵakugonana, ŵanakazi ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wakukanizga nthumbo. Kweni mu 2011, pa ŵanakazi ŵakutorana, 26 pera ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa zakulera. Ŵanakazi ŵakavu (~15%) na ŵasambazi (~40%) ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa zakukanizgira nthumbo mwakupambana. Ntheura, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Uganda ŵali na ŵana pafupifupi 6, apo iwo ŵakutemwa kuŵa na ŵana pafupifupi 4. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2011 ku Uganda (Uganda Demographic and Health Survey, DHS), ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 40 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakubabika ŵakukhumba yayi. Mu 2010, Unduna wa vya Umoyo wa ku Uganda ukati nthumbo izo zikufumiskika kwambura kuvikilirika ni 8 peresenti ya nthumbo izo zikufwa. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006 wakulongora kuti chaka chilichose ŵanakazi pafupifupi 6,000 ŵakufwa chifukwa cha nthenda izo zikuŵapo para ŵatora nthumbo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongora kuti chiŵelengero ichi chingachepeka chomene para ŵanthu ŵangapokera ndalama zakwendeskera masitima.[77][78]

Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, mwanakazi yumoza pera pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose mu Uganda ndiyo wali kupika nthumbo.[79]

Vyongo na malango

Mu Uganda, gulu la Allied Democratic Forces likuwoneka kuti ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka awo ŵakususka boma la Uganda. Ŵalwani aŵa mbalwani ŵa gulu la Uganda People's Defence Force ndipo ŵakuŵawona nga ni gulu la Al-Shabaab.[80]

Wupu wakukopa ŵalendo

Nkhani ikulu: Tourism in Uganda
 
Mapiri gha Rwenzori ku Uganda

Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene vyalo vya ku Uganda. Ndiwo ukwendeskera ntchito, ndalama na ndalama zakunja, ndipo ukovwira ndalama zakujumpha 4.9 trillion Uganda shillings (US$1.88 billion panji €1.4 billion pa August 2013) ku GDP ya Uganda mu chaka cha ndalama cha 2012.[81] Bungwe la Uganda Tourism Board ndilo likuwona za kusungilira vinthu vyakukhwaskana na maulendo gha ku Uganda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuluta ku malo ghakusungirako nyama. Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ni Mountain Gorillas ivyo vikusangika mu Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) na Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (MGNP). Ku Uganda kuli viyuni vinandi ivyo vili na viyuni vyakujumpha 1073. Mu charu cha Uganda muli mapiri gha Rwenzori na Great Rift Valley.

Sayansi na vyakupangapanga

Nkhani ikulu: Science and technology in Uganda

Ndondomeko ya sayansi, matekinoloje na vyakupanga vinthu yikwamba mu 2009. Cakulinga cake cikuru nchakuti "cikhozge luso la caru cose la kupanga, kusamuska na kugwiliskira nchito umanyi wa sayansi, maluso na macitiro gha sayansi agho ghakupangiska kuti vinthu vyakuthupi vicitikenge makora kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Uganda". Ndondomeko iyi yikudangira Uganda Vision 2040, iyo yikayambika mu mwezi wa Epulero 2013 kuti'mbumba ya Uganda yisinthe kufuma ku mlimi kuya ku chalo cha mazuŵa ghano na chakukondwa mu vyaka 30,' mu mazgu gha nduna. Uganda Vision 2040 yikulayizga kukhozga maboma gha wanangwa, kunozga masambiro na masambiro, kunozga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa na vyalo vyakusama na vyalo vya ulimi, kukhozga makampani na kukhozga muwuso uwemi. Vinthu ivyo vingapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora ni mafuta na gasi, vyakusanguluska, vinthu vyakununkhira, na vyakupharazga.

Boma la Uganda lili pa nambala 119 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 102 mu 2019.[82][83][84][85]Pakati pa 2008 na 2010, ndalama zakovwira pa kafukufuku zikakwera kufuma pa 0.33% kufika pa 0.48% ya GDP. Pa nyengo yeneyiyi, chiŵelengero cha ŵasayansi chikakwera kaŵiri kufuma pa 1 387 kufika pa 2 823, kuyana na lipoti la UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Ichi chikulongora kuti pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni, pa nyengo yeneyiyi pakaŵa ŵasayansi 44 ndipo pakaŵa 83 pera. Munthu yumoza pa ŵasayansi ŵanayi waliyose ni mwanakazi. Boma la Uganda likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 70 pakupanga galimoto yakucemeka Kiira. [86]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Uganda

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ŵakakwera kufuma pa 9.5 miliyoni mu 1969 kufika pa 34.9 miliyoni mu 2014. Pakuyaniska na cilimika caumaliro (September 2002), mu vyaka 12 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cajumpha 10.6 miliyoni. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 mu Uganda ndiwo mbacoko comene pa caru cose.[7] Charu cha Uganda chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakaŵa 80,000 mu Uganda pambere Idi Amin wandachimbizge ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda ŵa ku Asia (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India) mu 1972, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 7,000. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India ŵakawelera ku Uganda mu 1979 apo Amin wakathereskeka. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵa ku Uganda ŵakukhala ku Kampala.

Kuyana na UNHCR, ku Uganda kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni awo ŵali kuhara mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2021..[87][88] Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi na Africa, chomenechomene South Sudan (68.0 peresenti) na Democratic Republic of Congo (24.6 peresenti). Mu Ogasiti 2021, charu cha Uganda chikapokelera ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuchimbira kwawo kufuma ku Afghanistan pamanyuma pa kuwusa kwa Taliban.[87]

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Uganda
 
Mapu gha chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda

ChiSwahili, icho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu vigaŵa vya mu Africa, chikazomerezgeka kuŵa chiyowoyero chachiŵiri mu 2005.[6][89]Cingelezi cikaŵa ciyowoyero cimoza pera mpaka apo dango likasinthira mu 2005. Nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Chibantu ŵakutemwa yayi Ciswahili, kweni mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Ciswahili. Kweniso likugwiliskirika nchito comene mu ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari, cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa caru ici. Ntheura chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili chikuŵa na maudindo ghakupambanapambana. Mwaciyelezgero, Idi Amin, uyo wakafuma kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, wakapharazga kuti Ciswahili ni ciyowoyero ca caru cose.[90]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Uganda
 
Tchalitchi la Saint Mary's Cathedral ku Rubaga, ndilo tchalitchi likuru la Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala.

Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic ndilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene (39.3 peresenti, kufuma pa 41.6 peresenti mu 2002), ndipo la Anglican Church of Uganda (32 peresenti, kufuma pa 35.9 peresenti). Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵali mu chisopa chautesi likakura chomene, kufuma pa 4.7% mu 2002 kufika pa 11.1% mu 2018. Matchalitchi gha Adventist na ghanyake gha Protestanti ghakaŵa na Ŵakhristu ŵanandi, nangauli pakaŵaso mpingo ucoko wa Eastern Orthodox.[91][92] Chisopa chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu Uganda ni Chisilamu. Mu charu ichi, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 13.7 peresenti.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembeka mu 2014 ŵakasopanga visopa vyaunenesko (0.1 peresenti, kufuma pa 1% mu 2002), visopa vinyake (1.4 peresenti), panji ŵalije chisopa (0.2 peresenti).[91]

Misumba yikuru

 
 
Misumba panji matauni urban centres mu charu cha Uganda
Mndandanda District Ŵanthu
 
Kampala 		1 Kampala Kampala 1,507,114
2 Nansana Wakiso 365,857
3 Kira Wakiso 317,428
4 Makindye Ssabagabo Wakiso 282,664
5 Mbarara Mbarara 195,160
6 Mukono Mukono 162,744
7 Gulu Gulu 149,802
8 Lugazi Buikwe 114,163
9 Kasese Kasese 103,293
10 Masaka Masaka 101,557

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Uganda, Music of Uganda, Ugandan cuisine, List of African writers (by country)#Uganda, and List of Ugandans
 
Cultural celebrations in Northern Uganda
 
Woman in Rwenzori – Western Uganda

Chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia (ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku India) awo ŵakachimbizgika mu nyengo ya Idi Amin ŵawelera ku Uganda.[93]

Wayilesi

Wonani vinandi: Mass media in Uganda

Mu charu cha Uganda muli mawayilesi ghanandi agho ghakupharazga pa charu chose. Ŵakupharazga nkhani, magazini, maseŵero, bizinesi, na vyakusanguluska.

Manyuzipepara ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Uganda ni agha:

Mapulogalamu ghakutchuka chomene pa TV ku Uganda ni agha:

Vyose ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu manyuzipepara vikulongozgeka na Uganda Communications Commission (UCC).[94][95]

Maseŵera

Wonani vinandi: Uganda at the Olympics and Uganda at the Commonwealth Games

Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero gha ku Uganda. Chikwata cha mpira cha dziko la Uganda, chotchedwa "The Cranes" chikulamulidwa ndi Federation of Uganda Football Associations. Ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuchitako maseŵero gha pa caru cose. Ŵakaŵa ŵaciŵiri pa maseŵera gha Africa Cup of Nations mu 1978. Pakati pa makalabu, SC Villa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene, pakuti yikapoka mphaka ya chalo kankhondi na kamoza na kufika paumaliro wa African Cup of Champions Clubs mu 1991, icho chikapangiska kuti Simba SC nayo yikhale na mphaka mu 1972. KCCA yili pa chiŵiri pa kuwina mu ligi ya chalo na 13.

Kufika mu 2020, charu cha Uganda pa Olimpiki chawina mendulo ziŵiri za golide, zitatu za siliva, na ziŵiri za mkuŵa. Boma la Uganda pa maseŵera gha Commonwealth likatora mendulo ya golide 13 na mendulo zinandi 49, zose mu nkhonya na maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi.

Gulu la nkhonya la ku Uganda likucemeka The Bombers. Ŵakawina mendulo zinayi pa maseŵero gha ku Summer Olympics kufuma mu 1968 m'paka mu 1980, kweniso mendulo ziŵiri pa maseŵero gha ku World Amateur Boxing Championships mu 1974. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Cornelius Boza-Edwards, Justin Juuko, Ayub Kalule, John Mugabi, Eridadi Mukwanga, Joseph Nsubuga, Kassim Ouma, Sam Rukundo na Leo Rwabwogo.

Mu maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, John Akii-Bua ndiyo wakapokera mendulo yakwamba ya golide ku maOlympic. Pa 1972 Summer Olympics ku Munich, wakathereska pa 400m hurdles race na world record ya 47.82 seconds. Dorcus Inzikuru wakathereska pa mpikisano wa makilomita 3000 pa maseŵera gha pa caru cose gha 2005 na maseŵera gha Commonwealth mu 2006.

Stephen Kiprotich wakathereska pa mpikisano wa marathon pa 2012 Summer Olympics ku London na pa 2013 World Championships, ndipo wakamalizga wachiŵiri pa 2015 Tokyo Marathon. Joshua Cheptegei wakathereska pa mpikisano wa makilomita 10 pa World Championships, World Athletics Cross Country Championships na Commonwealth Games, ndipo wakhazikiska ma world records pa 5 km na 15 km. Halimah Nakaayi wakathereska pa mpikisano wa mamita 800 pa mpikisano wa World Championships wa 2019.

Mu mpira wa cricket, charu cha Uganda chikaŵa mu timu ya East Africa iyo yikaluta ku Cricket World Cup mu 1975.

Charu ichi chili na timu ya basketball iyo yikwenda makora comene. Chipani ichi chikuchemeka "The Silverbacks", ndipo chikamba kuseŵera pa 2015 FIBA Africa Championship.

Mu Julayi 2011, Kampala, Uganda wakaluta ku 2011 Little League World Series ku Williamsport, Pennsylvania kakwamba, wakathereska timu ya Baseball ya Saudi Arabia Dharan LL, nangauli masuzgo gha visa ghakaŵakanizga kuluta ku viphalizgano ivi. Magulu a Little League ochokera ku Uganda adachita nawo ndipo adapita ku 2012 Little League World Series.[96]

Vyakuonelela

Nkhani ikulu: Cinema of Uganda

Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Uganda ngacoko comene. Likukura mwaluŵiro, kweni likuŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya mafilimu nga ni Amakula, Pearl International Film Festival, Maisha African Film Festival na Manya Human Rights Festival. Ndipouli, awo ŵakupangiska mafilimu ŵakulimbana na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vinyake nga ni Nigeria na South Africa.

Filimu yakwamba iyo ŵanthu ŵakayimanya kuti yikapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Uganda pera ni Feelings Struggle, iyo yikalongozgeka na kulemba na Hajji Ashraf Ssemwogerere mu 2005. Chaka ichi ndicho mafilimu ghakambira kugwira ntchito mu Uganda, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa mafilimu ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵakugwira ntchito zakupambanapambana.

Makampani gha mafilimu gha ku malo agha ghali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yiŵiri. Ŵakwamba ni awo ŵakugwiliskira nchito nthowa ya kuwukira ya mu nyengo ya filimu ya Nollywood, kupanga filimu mu masabata ghaŵiri na kuyiwoneska mu malo ghakusungirako mavidiyo. Yachiŵiri ni uyo wakupangiska mafilimu, uyo wali na luso la kupanga mafilimu, kweni wali na ndalama zichoko waka, ndipo wakukhumbikwira kupenja ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka.

Nangauli mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghakusintha, kweni ghacali na masuzgo ghakuru. Padera pa masuzgo gha luso nga nkhusintha luso la kuseŵera na kusinthira, paliso masuzgo ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na ndalama na kusoŵa wovwiri wa boma. Mu caru ici mulije masukulu ghakucitira mafilimu, mabanki ghakupeleka ngongoli yayi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakucita mafilimu, ndipo kuguliska na kuguliska mafilimu ni viheni comene.[97][98]

Wupu wa Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) ukunozga malango ghakwamba mu 2014 agho ghakukhumba kuti ma TV gha mu Uganda ghawonelerenge 70 peresenti ya nkhani za mu Uganda ndipo 40 peresenti ya nkhani izi ghaŵe gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira. Chifukwa chakuti mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghakusangika chomene ndipo malango gha UCC ghakukhumba kuti mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghawonekerenge pa TV, mafilimu gha ku Uganda ghaŵenge ghakumanyikwa chomene.[98]

Wonaniso

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Vyakulembeka

  1. ↑ Article 4(a) of the Constitution requires the state to promote public awareness through translating it into Ugandan languages and disseminating it as widely as possible[2]

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ "Uganda Constitution" (PDF). The State House of Uganda. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 9 Malichi 2022.
  2. ↑ "Ugandan Constitution translated in different Local Languages". Uganda Law Reform Commission.
  3. ↑ "Constitution in Luganda" (PDF). Uganda Law Reform Commission.
  4. ↑ "Constitution in Lusoga" (PDF). Uganda Law Reform Commission.
  5. ↑ "Constitution in Lumasaba" (PDF).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Parliament of the Republic of Uganda (26 Sekutembala 2005). "Constitutional Amendment Act 2005". Parliament.go.ug. Republic of Uganda. Archived from the original on 26 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 28 Ogasiti 2020. §I.3:6.(2): Swahili shall be the second official language in Uganda to be used in such circumstances as Parliament may by law prescribe.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Uganda". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 23 Janyuwale 2010.
  8. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  9. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  10. ↑ "Republic of Uganda – Census 2014 – Final Report" (PDF). Table 2.1 page 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 Sekutembala 2016. Retrieved 19 Sekutembala 2016.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "World Economic Outlook database: April 2022". imf.org. Archived from the original on 2 Meyi 2022. Retrieved 2 Meyi 2022.
  12. ↑ "Gini index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 Janyuwale 2017. Retrieved 14 Julayi 2021.
  13. ↑ "Specific country data". Archived from the original on 12 Ogasiti 2022. Retrieved 22 Disembala 2022.
  14. ↑ Britannica Book of the Year 2014 (in English). Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1 Malichi 2014. p. 745. ISBN 978-1-62513-171-3. Archived from the original on 27 Febuluwale 2023. Retrieved 2 Disembala 2021.
  15. ↑ "Buganda: Uganda's 1,000-year-old kingdom". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 11 Malichi 2023.
  16. ↑ "English rules in Uganda, but local languages shouldn't be sidelined". 5 Novembala 2015. Archived from the original on 4 Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 4 Okutobala 2022.
  17. ↑ "Uganda". freedomhouse.org. 30 Janyuwale 2019. Archived from the original on 29 Sekutembala 2019. Retrieved 22 Meyi 2019.
  18. ↑ Dunn, Peter M. (1 Meyi 1999). "Robert Felkin MD (1853–1926) and Caesarean delivery in Central Africa (1879)". Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition (in English). 80 (3): F250–F251. doi:10.1136/fn.80.3.F250. ISSN 1359-2998. PMC 1720922. PMID 10212095.
  19. ↑ Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes". The Journal of African History. 34 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1017/S0021853700032989. JSTOR 183030. S2CID 162660041. Archived from the original on 28 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 28 Febuluwale 2022.
  20. ↑ "Origins of Bunyoro-Kitara Kings". Archived from the original on 10 Disembala 2006. Retrieved 10 Disembala 2006., bunyoro-kitara.com.
  21. ↑ "The Uganda journal". ufdc.ufl.edu (in English). Archived from the original on 17 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 1 Janyuwale 2021.
  22. ↑ "The Uganda journal". ufdc.ufl.edu (in English). Archived from the original on 17 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 2 Janyuwale 2021.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pulford, Cedric (2011). Two Kingdoms of Uganda: Snakes and Ladders in the Scramble for Africa. Daventry: Ituri Publications.
  24. ↑ Beachey, R. W. (1962). "The Arms Trade in East Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 3 (3): 451. doi:10.1017/s0021853700003352. S2CID 162601116.
  25. ↑ Mamdani, Mahmood (1984). "Nationality Question in a Neo-Colony: A Historical Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly. 19 (27): 1046–1054. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4373383.
  26. ↑ Gordon Martel, "Cabinet politics and African partition: The Uganda debate reconsidered." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13.1 (1984): 5-24.
  27. ↑ Griffiths, Tudor (2001). "Bishop Alfred Tucker and the Establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda 1890-94". Journal of Religion in Africa. 31 (1): 92–114. doi:10.1163/157006601X00040. ISSN 0022-4200. Archived from the original on 28 Janyuwale 2022. Retrieved 2 Janyuwale 2021.
  28. ↑ "History of Parliament". Archived from the original on 20 Febuluwale 2010. Retrieved 18 Epulelo 2010. (Website of the Parliament of Uganda)
  29. ↑ "Buganda Kingdom: The Uganda Crisis, 1966". Buganda.com. Archived from the original on 24 Malichi 2010. Retrieved 3 Meyi 2010.
  30. ↑ Kasozi, A. B. K. (1994). The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985. Montreal: McGill-Queens's University Press. ISBN 9780773512184.
  31. ↑ Otunnu, Ogenga (2016). Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence in Uganda, 1890 to 1979. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3319331553.
  32. ↑ Kasozi (1994). The social origins of violence in Uganda, 1964–1985. p. 63.
  33. ↑ "Background Note: Uganda". Bureau of African Affairs, United States Department of State. Novembala 2008. Archived from the original on 28 Janyuwale 2022. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2017.
  34. ↑ "A Country Study: Uganda" Archived 27 Juni 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Library of Congress Country Studies
  35. ↑ "Court orders Uganda to pay Congo damages Archived 2 Janyuwale 2021 at the Wayback Machine". The Guardian. 20 December 2005
  36. ↑ Article 19. (2013). Uganda: Public Order Management Bill Archived 16 Okutobala 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Masereka, Alex. (2013). M7 Okays Public Order Bill Archived 23 Okutobala 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Red Pepper.
  38. ↑ United States Department of State (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor). (2012). Uganda 2012 Human Rights Report Archived 26 Malichi 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ Natabaalo, Grace. (2013). Ugandan Police Shutdown Papers Over 'Plot'. Al Jazeera.
  40. ↑ "Uganda election: Bobi Wine challenges result in court | DW | 01.02.2021". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 1 Malichi 2021. Retrieved 12 Malichi 2021.
  41. ↑ "Uganda elections 2021: Museveni takes lead as Bobi Wine cries foul". BBC News. 16 Janyuwale 2021. Archived from the original on 10 Malichi 2021. Retrieved 12 Malichi 2021.
  42. ↑ Independent, The (9 Janyuwale 2021). "Presidential candidate John Katumba publishes his memoir". The Independent Uganda. Archived from the original on 1 Julayi 2022. Retrieved 12 Epulelo 2022.
  43. ↑ "Maps". Data Basin. Archived from the original on 6 Sekutembala 2015. Retrieved 14 Sekutembala 2015.
  44. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  45. ↑ "About Uganda | State House Uganda". www.statehouse.go.ug. Archived from the original on 18 Juni 2022. Retrieved 19 Juni 2022.
  46. ↑ "Member States". OIC. Archived from the original on 1 Novembala 2020. Retrieved 1 Novembala 2020.
  47. ↑ "With Somalia, CAR, and South Sudan, Museveni is remaking the state – Charles Onyango Obbo". Monitor.co.ug. Archived from the original on 29 Novembala 2014. Retrieved 30 Meyi 2015.
  48. ↑ The International Center for Not-For-Profit Law. (2012). NGO Law Monitor: Uganda Archived 29 Okutobala 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ Human Rights Watch. (2013). World Report 2013 (Uganda) Archived 1 Julayi 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  50. ↑ "Uganda anti-gay law challenged in court". The Guardian. AFP. 31 Julayi 2014. Archived from the original on 31 Julayi 2014. Retrieved 1 Ogasiti 2014.
  51. ↑ "Uganda court annuls anti-gay law". BBC News. 1 Ogasiti 2014. Archived from the original on 9 Sekutembala 2019. Retrieved 1 Ogasiti 2014.
  52. ↑ "Uganda constitutional court annuls new anti-gay law". Times LIVE. AFP. 1 Ogasiti 2014. Archived from the original on 9 Sekutembala 2019. Retrieved 1 Ogasiti 2014.
  53. ↑ Nicholls, Larry Madowo,Catherine (21 Malichi 2023). "Uganda parliament passes bill criminalizing identifying as LGBTQ, imposes death penalty for some offenses". CNN (in English). Retrieved 22 Malichi 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ↑ Atuhaire, Patience (21 Malichi 2023). "Uganda Anti-Homosexuality bill: Life in prison for saying you're gay". BBC News (in British English). Retrieved 22 Malichi 2023.
  55. ↑ Okiror, Samuel (1 Malichi 2023). "Uganda MPs revive hardline anti-LGBTQ bill, calling homosexuality a 'cancer'". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 Malichi 2023.
  56. ↑ "UG – Uganda". ISO 3166. ISO. 23 Novembala 2017. Archived from the original on 17 Juni 2016. Retrieved 1 Disembala 2017.
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Vyakulemba vinyake

Encyclopedias
  • Appiah, Anthony and Henry Louis Gates (ed.) (2010). Encyclopaedia of Africa. Oxford University Press.
  • Middleton, John (ed.) (2008). New encyclopaedia of Africa. Detroit: Thompson-Gale.
  • Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. CRC Press.
Selected books and scholarly articles
  • BakamaNume, Bakama B. (2011). A Contemporary Geography of Uganda. African Books Collective.
  • Robert Barlas (2000). Uganda (Cultures of the World). Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761409816. OCLC 41299243. overview written for younger readers.
  • Carney, J. J. For God and My Country: Catholic Leadership in Modern Uganda (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2020).
  • Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The great lakes of Africa: two thousand years of history. New York: Zone Books.
  • Clarke, Ian, ed. Uganda - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture (2014) excerpt Archived 14 Julayi 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  • Datzberger, Simone, and Marielle L.J. Le Mat. "Just add women and stir?: Education, gender and peacebuilding in Uganda." International Journal of Educational Development 59 (2018): 61-69 online Archived 17 Epulelo 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Griffin, Brett, Robert Barlas, and Jui Lin Yong. Uganda. (Cavendish Square Publishing, 2019).
  • Hepner, Tricia Redeker. "At the Boundaries of Life and Death: Notes on Eritrea and Northern Uganda." African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 10.1 (2020): 127-142 online Archived 25 Epulelo 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Hodd, Michael and Angela Roche Uganda handbook. (Bath: Footprint, 2011).
  • Izama, Angelo. "Uganda." Africa Yearbook Volume 16. Brill, 2020 pp. 413–422.
  • Jagielski, Wojciech and Antonia Lloyd-Jones (2012). The night wanderers: Uganda's children and the Lord's Resistance Army. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 9781609803506
  • Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert, Uganda: a modern history (1981) online
  • Langole, Stephen, and David Monk. "Background to peace and conflict in northern Uganda." in Youth, education and work in (post-) conflict areas (2019): 16+ online Archived 19 Janyuwale 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Otiso, Kefa M. (2006). Culture and Customs of Uganda. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Reid, Richard J. A history of modern Uganda (Cambridge University Press, 2017), the standard scholarly history. Buy from Amazon - online review Archived 27 Janyuwale 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Sobel, Meghan, and Karen McIntyre. "The State of Press Freedom in Uganda". International Journal of Communication 14 (2020): 20+. online Archived 15 Epulelo 2021 at the Wayback Machine

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