Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Zambia na Zimbabwe)

Chitonga
Chitonga
Zambezi
isiTonga
Native to	Zambia, Zimbabwe
Ethnicity	Tonga, Kafwe Twa?
Native speakers	1.5 million (2001–2010 census)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Botatwe Chitonga; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Plateau Tonga; Valley Tonga (We); Leya; Mala; Ndawe; Dombe;
Writing system	Latin (Tonga alphabet); Tonga Braille
Official status
Official language in	Zimbabwe
Recognised minority; language in	Zambia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	toi – inclusive code; Individual code:; dov – Dombe
Glottolog	tong1318 Tonga; domb1246 Toka-Leya-Dombe
Guthrie code	M.64
ELP	Dombe

ChiTonga (Chitonga), icho chikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Zambezi, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (Batonga) awo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Southern, Lusaka, Central na Western ku Zambia, kweniso kumpoto kwa Zimbabwe. Chiyowoyero ichi chikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Iwe, Toka na Leya, panji na ŵanthu ŵa Kafwe Twa (panji Ila), kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia na Zimbabwe awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero viŵiri. Ku Zambia, chiyowoyero cha Tonga chikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Southern Province, Lusaka na Central Provinces.

Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Zambia pamoza na chiBemba, Lozi na Nyanja. ChiTonga cha ku Malawi, icho Guthrie wakuchilongora kuti chili mu chigaŵa cha N15, chili pafupi yayi na chiTonga cha ku Zambia, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha M64, ndipo chingawoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake.

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Tonga ndiwo mbakale chomene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli viyowoyero viŵiri: chiyowoyero cha mu chipalamba cha Tonga na chiyowoyero cha ku mapiri. Chigwa cha Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene mu chigwa cha Zambezi na kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga (Ŵanthu ŵa Tonga) apo chigaŵa cha Plateau Tonga chikayowoyeka chomene kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Monze na kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Batonga.^[3]

Chiyowoyero cha Chitonga (Chitonga panji isiTonga) chikamba kuyowoyekanga ndipo chikalembeka yayi m'paka apo ŵamishonale ŵakafikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chimoza ŵakulemba mazgu ghakupambana.^[4]

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuŵa na chiyowoyero cha milomo yiŵiri apo viyowoyero vinyake vyapafupi vikuŵa na chiyowoyero cha /mw/, nga umo vikuŵira na mwana'mwana' na kunwa 'kumwa.'^[5]

Maho (2009) wakuwuskamo ciyowoyero ca Shanjo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake, ndipo nchambura kukolerana comene.

Kuyowoya mazgu

Mazgu

		Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar		Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		Bilabial	Labio-dental	plain	pal.	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n			ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p		t		t͡ʃ	(c)	k
	voiced	b		d		d͡ʒ	(ɟ)	ɡ
	prenasal vd.	ᵐb		ⁿd		ⁿd͡ʒ	(ᶮɟ)	ᵑɡ
	prenasal vl.	ᵐp		ⁿt
Fricative	voiceless		f	s	sʲ	ʃ			h
Fricative	voiced	β	v	z	zʲ	ʒ		ɣ	(ɦ)
Tap				(ɾ)
Lateral				l
Semivowel	voiced						j	w
	breathy						(j̤)	w̤
	voiceless						(j̊)	w̥

/l/ can also be heard as a tap sound [ɾ] in free variation.
Post-alveolar affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ⁿd͡ʒ/ can also be heard as palatal stops [c, ɟ, ᶮɟ] in free variation among dialects.
/w/ can also be heard as a labio-palatal [ɥ] when occurring before /i/.
/f, v/ can also be heard as glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] in the Plateau dialect.^[6]
/sʲ, zʲ/ are heard as voiceless and breathy palatal approximants [j̊, j̤] in the Northern dialects.^[7]

Ma vawelo

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Ntchito

Viyowoyero vya ku Tonga na Chitonga vikuyana waka. Lizgu limoza lingaŵa na lizgu la munthu, lizgu la nyengo, lizgu la munthu, panji lizgu linyake.

Tense^[8]	Tense marker	Example
	Subject-(tense marker)-verb root-(ending)	First person "ndi" doing something s/he shouldn't be doing "kukuta"
Present Simple	-(verb root)	Ndakuta
Present Perfect	-a-(verb root)-ide	Ndikutide
Present Continuous	-la-	Ndilakuta
Habitual Present Tense	-la-(verb root)-a	Ndilakuta
Recent Past (Past of Today)	-ali-(verb root)-ide	ndalikutide
Simple Past	-aka-	ndakakuta
Recent Past Continuous	-ali-ku-(verb root)	ndalikukuta
Habitual Past Continuous	-akali-ku-(verb root)	Ndakalikukuta
Remote Past	-aka-	ndakakuta
Near Future	-la-	Ndilakuta
Simple Future	-ya-ku-(verb root)-a	Ndiyakukuta
Future Habitual	-niku-(verb root)-a	ndinikukuta
Extended Future (Tomorrow or after tomorrow)	-yaku-(verb)-a	ndiyakukuta

Kapulikikilo

Chiyowoyero cha ku Tonga chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Kuŵika mazgu mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nkhwakusuzga ndipo kukupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakwamba na A. E. Mu 1963, ŵa Meeussen ŵakayezga kuti ŵamanye malo agho ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mazgu.

Cinthu cimoza ico cikupangiska kuti mazgu ghapachanya ghaleke kukolerana na malo ghake ghakwambilira na kusamira kumazere.^[9]

íbúsi 'smoke'
ibusu 'flour'

Mu mazgu agha, lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -sí lili kusinthira ku lizgu lakuti ibu, apo lizgu lakwamba ilo likaŵa na lizgu lakuti -su lili kusintha yayi.

Cakuwonerapo ca zina la munthu ico cili pacanya apa nchipusu kulongosora. Ndipouli, mazgu agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ghakupulikikwa makora yayi. Cakuwonerapo cimoza ca mafumbo agho Meeussen na Goldsmith ŵakadumbiskana cili pasi apa:

ndi-la-lang-a 'I look at'
ba-la-lang-a 'they look at'
ndi-la-bon-a 'I see'
ba-lá-bon-a 'they see'

Mazgu ghapachanya agho ghali pa lizgu lacinayi, ghakunisuzga kupulikiska. Usange lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu lakuti bon, nchakusuzga kumanya cifukwa ico likulekera kuwoneka mu lizgu lakuti ndi-la-bon-a.

Ŵasayansi ŵanyake, nga ni Carter na Goldsmith, ŵakuti Tonga wali na mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanyake, nga ni Pulleyblank, ŵakugwiliskira nchito fundo za sumu pera, kwambura kuŵikapo mazgu.

Ukaboni

↑ Chitonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dombe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
↑ A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x
↑ Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v
↑ Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198
↑ Sibajene, Alick (2013). A dialectological study of Tonga. University of Zambia.
↑ Carter, Hazel (2002). An outline of Chitonga grammar. Lusaka, Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.
↑ Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003
↑ Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Chitonga
Glossary of Chitonga, in English and German
Chitonga Glossary
OLAC resources in and about the Tonga language
OLAC resources in and about the Dombe language
Chitonga language books^{[permanent dead link]}, Lubuto Library Special Collections

[e18-1] Chitonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dombe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[Guthrie-2] Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online

[3] A Practical Introduction to Chitonga, C.R. Hopgood, 1992 Edition, Zambia Educational Publishing House, p. x

[4] Mweenzu Wafwulwe Ulalila Bowa (An Advanced Chitonga Language Course), R.N. Moonga and F.W. Wafer, Zambia Educational Publishing House, 1997, p. v

[5] Norval Smith, Harry van der Hulst, 1988. Features, Segmental Structure & Harmony Processes, vol. 1 p. 198

[6] Sibajene, Alick (2013). A dialectological study of Tonga. University of Zambia.

[7] Carter, Hazel (2002). An outline of Chitonga grammar. Lusaka, Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.

[8] Tenses taken from Peace Corps Zambia Trainee's Book: Tonga, 2003

[9] Pulleyblank (1983) Tone in Lexical Phonology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 191.

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Chitonga
Zambezi
isiTonga
Native to	Zambia, Zimbabwe
Ethnicity	Tonga, Kafwe Twa?
Native speakers	1.5 million (2001–2010 census)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Botatwe Chitonga
Dialects	Plateau Tonga Valley Tonga (We) Leya Mala Ndawe Dombe
Writing system	Latin (Tonga alphabet) Tonga Braille
Official status
Official language in	Zimbabwe
Recognised minority language in	Zambia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`toi` – inclusive code Individual code: `dov` – Dombe
Glottolog	`tong1318` Tonga `domb1246` Toka-Leya-Dombe
Guthrie code	`M.64`^[2]
ELP	Dombe