Wikipedia

Zambia

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the African nation. For the 18th-century BC king of Isin, see Zambiya. For the part of Kaliningrad Oblast, see Sambia Peninsula.
Wonani vinandi: Name of Rhodesia

15°S 30°E / 15°S 30°E / -15; 30

Charu cha Zambia
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: 
"One Zambia, One Nation"
Nyimbo: "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free"
Location of Zambia
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Lusaka
Chiyowoyelo chaboma English, Nyanja and Icibemba (Bemba)
Viyowoyelo vyakumanyikwa vyamuvigaŵa
List
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2010[1])
List
Vipembezo Christianity (official)
Mwenecharu Zambian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary presidential republic
 -  President Hakainde Hichilema
 -  Vice President Mutale Nalumango
 -  Speaker Nelly Mutti
 -  Chief Justice Mumba Malila
Independence from the United Kingdom
 -  North-Western Rhodesia 27 June 1890 
 -  Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia 28 November 1899 
 -  North-Eastern Rhodesia 29 January 1900 
 -  Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia 17 August 1911 
 -  Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1 August 1953 
 -  Republic of Zambia 24 October 1964 
 -  Current constitution 5 January 2016 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 752,617 km2[2] (38th)
290,587 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 1
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 19,610,769[3] (63rd)
 -  Density 26.1/km2
67.6/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$76.325 billion[4] (102nd)
 -  Per capita Increase$3,803[4] (158th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$27.02 billion[4] (112nd)
 -  Per capita Increase$1,348[4] (160th)
Gini (2015)57.1[5]
high
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.565[6]
medium ·154th
Ndalama Zambian kwacha (ZMW)
Mtundu Wanyengo CAT (UTC+2)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto left
Intaneti yacharu .zm

Zambia (Zambiya), mwalamulo Republic ya Zambia, ntcharu icho chilije nyanja icho chili pamphambano ya Central, Southern na East Africa,[7] nangauli kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti chili kumwera kwa Africa ndipo chili pakatikati.[8]Charu ichi chili na vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of the Congo kumpoto, Tanzania kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, Malawi kumafumiro gha dazi, Mozambique kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Zimbabwe na Botswana kumwera, Namibia kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Angola kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa Zambia ni Lusaka. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakukwana 20.1 miliyoni (2023) ndipo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Lusaka kumwera na Copperbelt Province kumpoto.

Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku Khoisan ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakati ŵafika mu caru ici mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na mafuko 73. Mu 1911, vyaru ivi vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia. Mu nyengo yose iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain, boma la Zambia likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakimikika kufuma ku London.

Pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Zambia yikajiyimira pawekha ndipo nduna yikuru Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Gulu la Kaunda la United National Independence Party (UNIP) likalutilira kuwusa kwambira mu 1964 m'paka mu 1991. Kaunda wakawovwira comene pa nkhani ya ndyali, ndipo wakakolerananga comene na boma la United States pakusanga nthowa zakumazgira nkhondo izo zikaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, na Namibia.[9] Kufuma mu 1972 kufika mu 1991 Zambia yikaŵa chalo cha chipani chimoza na UNIP nga chipani chimoza pera cha ndyali pasi pa fundo yakuti "Zambia Yimoza, Charu Chimoza" icho chapangika na Kaunda. Mu 1991, Frederick Chiluba wa Social-Democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy ndiyo wakamusankhira Kaunda. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Zambia chili na vipani vinandi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kusintha mazaza mwa mtende.

Mu Zambia muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kusanga vyakurya, vyakumera, makuni, maji ghawemi, na malo ghakukolerana.[10] In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia one of the world's fastest economically reformed countries.[11] Wupu wa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) uli ku Lusaka.

Kazilo ka zina

Chigaŵa cha Zambia chikachemekanga Northern Rhodesia kufuma mu 1911 m'paka 1964. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu ichi chikati chafwatuka ku boma la Britain, chikachemeka Zambia. Zina lakuti Zambia lili kufuma ku zina la Mlonga wa Zambezi.[12]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya Zambia

Mbili ya nyengo ya chiyamwaka

Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu Dambo la Zambezi na ku Kalambo Falls vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vyakale ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa msasa kufupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000.

Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku Broken Hill (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Kabwe Man) ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 B.C.E., vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.[13] Munthu wa ku Broken Hill wakasangika ku Zambia mu chigaŵa cha Kabwe.

Khoisan na Batwa

 
Vinthu vyakale (kweni vili kulembeka pa malibwe) mu mphanji ya Nsalu, ku Kasanka National Park kumpoto kwa Zambia

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan na Batwa m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha.[14] Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku East Africa ndipo ŵakapharazgika kumwera vyaka 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa kwa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue Flats na Lukanga Twa awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Lukanga Swamp. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na malukwa agho ghakaŵako kale chomene ku Zambia, nga ni ivyo ŵakulemba pa malukwa gha Mwela, Mumbwa, na Nachikufu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto ku Central na Southern Africa.

The Bantu (Abantu)

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Bantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Africa. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Zambia cili pa mphambano ya caru ca Central Africa, Southern Africa, na Africa Great Lakes, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi.

Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza, ntheura mbiri ya Zambia, nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, yingalongosoreka makora yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku ghakulembeka, ndipo ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakalembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa yayi.[15]

Bantu origins

 
Ŵalovi ŵa ku Batonga ku Southern Zambia. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanakazi ŵakucita milimo yakuzirwa comene.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakukhala kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka 4,000 na 3,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusazgikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakacita. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakumera mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: Yimoza yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu Nyanja zikuru za mu Africa.[16]

First Bantu settlement

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa. Ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ndipo pakati pawo pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakuchemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanandi") na ŵa Ba-Ila na Namwanga, awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga ŵakulemba vikulongora kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru".

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi.

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakurya. Kweniso ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na viŵeto vikuruvikuru vya ng'ombe.[17]

 
Vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika ku Great Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Kalanga/Shona ŵa ufumu uwu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda pa Ingombe Ilede.

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakamanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira pawekha. Yumoza wa ŵamishonale aŵa wakati: "Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, na vya mu nyumba, ŵakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka ŵasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita".

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakachitanga malonda pa malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Pa malo agha, ŵakakumana na ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa Kalanga na Shona ŵakufuma ku Great Zimbabwe kweniso ŵa Swahili ŵakufuma ku East Africa. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵa gha ku Swahili nga ni Sofala.

Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa vyakuvwara, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake ivi vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku India, China, na vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia..[18] The African traders were later joined by the Portuguese in the 16th century.[19]

Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede..

Second Bantu settlement

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakenda nthowa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ndipo ndiwo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia.[20]

Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba, kweni palije ukaboni.

Luba-Lunda states
 
Chithuzi cha mulongozgi wa Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, wakupokelera Ŵapwitikizi mu luŵaza lwa ufumu mu ma 1800.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa icho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga chikaŵa na ŵalimi ŵakwambilira na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwambira m'ma 300.

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu na vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5. Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuwa, visulo, na mchere kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.[21]

Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene.

Mu Ufumu wa Luba mukaŵa mabuku ghanandi. Nkhani yinyake yakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano iyo yilipo pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba.

Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yakufipa, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mwanalume wakuloŵera ndiposo wankhaza, ndipo Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe ni karonga muwemi ndiposo wakuzika. Nkongolo the Red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni gha ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu.[22]

 
A drawing of Lunda houses by a Portuguese visitor. The size of the doorways relative to the building emphasizes the scale of the buildings.

Mu chigaŵa chenechicho cha kumwera kwa Congo ŵanthu ŵa Lunda ŵakazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Luba ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa Luba. Mwakuyana na nthano za Lunda, Chibinda Ilunga, mwana wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba, wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda mu 1600 apo wakatora Lueji. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wa Luba. Ndipouli, mafumu gha Lunda ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mafumu ghanyake ndipo ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi.[21]

Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Apo muwusi Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.[21]

Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakakolerananga chomene na ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga. Kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, iwo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ku vyaru vyose viŵiri.

Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Democratic Republic of the Congo kuluta ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.[23]

The Maravi Confederacy

Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga kuti Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa (Achewa), awo ŵakamba kusangana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nga mba Tumbuka.[24]

 
The kalonga (ruler) of the AChewa today descends from the kalonga of the Maravi Empire.

Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) wa fuko la Phiri, limoza mwa mafuko ghakurughakuru. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi likaŵa nga ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ŵakendanga na mino gha zovu ndipo ŵakaghaguliskanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili.

Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵajikorenge malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal.

Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵamaravi ŵakiza na mitheto iyo yikazgoka gulu lakubisika la Nyau kufuma ku Upemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutemwa kuvina na masks.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika cifukwa ca mphindano za umo ŵakakhalira mu ufumu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.[25]

Mutapa Empire and Mfecane
 
Three young Ngoni chiefs. The Ngoni made their way into Eastern Zambia from KwaZulu in South Africa. They eventually assimilated into the local ethnic groups.

Apo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa pafupi kumara, yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵa charu ichi, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumamo mu ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakuchemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake.

Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Apo Mutapa wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakatumanga golide na njovu ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵazakapokere silika na vinthu vinyake vya ku Asia.[26]

Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu mu ufumu wawo mwa kupanga misika na kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Ici cikakwiyiska comene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu uwu na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu ya njovu. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi.

Mu ma 1600, Mutapa wakamba kunangika cifukwa ca mphindano na nkhondo za mukati. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakarwa nawo.

Kweniso Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru ghakuchemeka Prazos. Ŵakaŵasambizganga umo ŵangacitira nkhondo na kuŵapa vilwero. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani ŵa njovu ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chikunda. Ŵakati ŵamara kuwusa, Ŵachikunda ŵakaluta ku Zambia.[27]

 
Inside the palace of the Litunga, ruler of the Lozi. Due to the flooding on the Zambezi, the Litunga has two palaces one of which is on higher ground. The movement of Litunga to higher land is celebrated at the Kuomboka Ceremony.

Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na mtundu wa nkhondo wa WaZimba wa Ŵamaravi, awo ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵapwitikizi, ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵankhondo.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.[28]

Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakalutilira kuthandazgika mwa kupoka ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona ku nkhondo, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake.

Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania.

Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakufuma mu fuko la Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi awo ŵakafuma mu vigaŵa vya Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Kololo m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakagalukira na kuwiskira pasi Ŵakololo.

Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu.[29][30] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono.

Colonial Period

Europeans

 
An 1864 photograph of the Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone

Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha wakaŵa Francisco de Lacerda wa ku Portugal. Lacerda wakalongozga ulendo kufuma ku Mozambique kuya ku Kazembe ku Zambia (uyo wakakhumbanga kuwona na kwambuka kumwera kwa Africa kufuma ku nyanja yimoza m'paka ku yinyake kakwamba), ndipo wakafwa pa ulendo uwu mu 1798. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, mubwezi wake Francisco Pinto ndiyo wakalongozganga ulendo uwu. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa Mozambique na Angola.

Mu ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku Europe nawo ŵakiza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa David Livingstone, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga. Wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ku Europe kuwona maji ghakunyang'amira gha mu Mlonga wa Zambezi mu 1855. Wakalongosora kuti: "Ŵangelo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakawonanga vinthu viwemi comene apo ŵakachimbiranga".

Ku malo agha, maji agha ghakucemeka "Mosi-o-Tunya" panji "musi wakugolera" mu ciyowoyero ca Lozi panji Kololo. Tawuni ya Livingstone, kufupi na maji gha Falls, yili na zina lake. Nkhani za maulendo ghake izo zikaŵa zakumanyikwa comene zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe, ŵamishonale na ŵamalonda ŵize ku malo agha.

British South Africa Company

Mu 1888, British South Africa Company (BSA Company), yakulongozgeka na Cecil Rhodes, yikapokera wanangwa wa migodi kufuma ku Litunga wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lozi, Mulara Mulara wa ku Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu chigaŵa icho pamasinda chikazgoka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.[31]

Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, mu Disembala 1897 gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Angoni panji Ngoni (awo ŵakafuma ku Zululand) ŵakagalukira Tsinco, mwana wa Themba Mpezeni, kweni ŵakathereskeka. Cigaŵa ici cikacemekanga Rhodesia wa kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1895, Rhodes wakapempha Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu cha America, kuti wapenje tumaji na nthowa zakwendeskera milonga mu chigaŵa ichi.[32]

North-Eastern Rhodesia na Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia ghakaŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1911, apo vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia, boma la Britain. Mu 1923, kampani ya BSA yikapeleka mazaza gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ku boma la Britain pamasinda pakuti boma la Britain likakana kuwezgerapo chikalata cha kampani iyi.

British colonisation

Mu 1923, charu cha Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain. Mu 1924, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, boma la Northern Rhodesia likasamira ku British Colonial Office.

Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

Mu 1953, boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland likapangiska kuti Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, na Nyasaland (lero ni Malawi) viŵe chigaŵa chimoza. Ivi vikacitika nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakususka mu 1960-61. Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro. Pakwamba, chipani cha African National Congress (ANC) cha Harry Nkumbula ndicho chikalongozganga kampeni iyi, ndipo pamasinda chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) cha Kenneth Kaunda ndicho chikamba.

Independence

 
Kenneth Kaunda, first Republican president, on a state visit to Romania in 1970

Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. [citation needed]

Boma ili likamara pa 31 Disembala 1963, ndipo mu Janyuwale 1964, Kaunda wakathereska pa chisankho cha pera cha Prime Minister wa Northern Rhodesia. Kaunda wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na kazembe wa vigaŵa, Evelyn Hone. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ku mpoto kwa charu kukawuka chigaluka chakuchemeka Lumpa Uprising icho chikaŵa na Alice Lenshina.

Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala 1964, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. John Willson ndiyo wakawovwirapo. Mu 1964, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakujumpha 70,000, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na nchito yikuru comene.[33]

Post-independence

Kaunda wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Patriotic Front kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Rhodesia, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha ndyali. Malo ghakuzenga magesi gha Kariba agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Zambezi ghakaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi nangauli charu cha Rhodesia ndicho chikaŵa na magesi agha.

Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia mu 1965 yikakhwaska vyaru ivyo vikaŵa paubwezi na ŵandyali.

Pa 3 Seputembala 1978, ndege ya ŵanthu wose, ndege ya Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yikadumulika kufupi na Kariba na Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). Ŵanthu 18, kusazgapo ŵana, ŵakapona pa ngozi iyi kweni ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yikazgora na Operation Gatling, kuwukira maboma gha Nkomo mu Zambia, chomene ku likuru lake la ŵasilikari kufupi na Lusaka. Pa zuŵa lenelili, maofesi ghanyake ghaŵiri mu Zambia ghakaŵawukira na vilwero vya nkhondo vya mu mlengalenga na vya ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha.[34]

Njanji yakuya ku Dar es Salaam ku Tanzania, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 1975 na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola. M'paka apo njanji iyi yikamalira, nthowa yikuru ya ku Zambia yakwendeskera katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku vyaru vinyake yikaŵa mu nthowa ya TanZam Road, iyo yikendanga kufuma ku Zambia kuya ku misumba ya ku Tanzania. Kweniso ŵakanozga nthowa yakufumiskira mafuta ya Tazama kufuma ku Dar es Salaam kuluta ku Ndola ku Zambia.

Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1970, Mozambique na Angola vikafwatuka ku Portugal. Boma la ku Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, likapeleka chikalata cha kujithemba mu 1965, ndipo likakolerana na ivyo chikalembeka mu 1979 mu phangano la Lancaster House.

Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Portugal kweniso nkhondo ya wanangwa ya ku Namibia, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafume mu vyaru ivi. Msewu wa njanji wa Benguela, uwo ukajumphanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kujumpha mu Angola, ukajalika ku Zambia kuumaliro wa ma 1970. Boma la Zambia likapeleka wovwiri ku gulu lakulimbana na apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC).[35]

Economic troubles

Pakati pa ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa, uwo ni usambazi ukuru wa ku Zambia, ukakhira comene pa caru cose. Mu Zambia, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mkuwa mu malo ghatali zikaŵa zinandi. Zambia wakaluta ku vyaru vinyake na ku vyaru vinyake kukapempha wovwiri, kweni cifukwa cakuti mtengo wa mkuŵa ukakhala waka pacoko, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti wapeleke ngongoli yake. Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1990, nangauli ngongoli yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni ngongoli ya Zambia yikaŵa yitali comene pa caru cose.[36]

Democratisation

Mu Juni 1990, vivulupi vya ku Kaunda vikakura comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na boma mu Juni 1990.[37][38] Mu 1990 Kaunda wakapona ku chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ndipo mu 1991 wakazomera kuwezgerapo demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, wati wakhazikiska boma la chipani chimoza pasi pa Chona Commission ya 1972. Pa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi, Kaunda wakafumiskika pa udindo wake (wonani pasi apa).

Pa Disembala 30, 1991, pa ciphikiro cinyake, Frederick Chiluba, pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, wakapharazga kuti Zambia ni caru ca Cikristu.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma chikakhazikika, ndipo mu 2006 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ndalama chikakwera chomene. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska kuti charu ichi chikure ni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuguliska mu migodi kweniso chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkuwa pa charu chose. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵambe kukondwa na wovwiri uwo ŵapeleka.

Pa 20 Janyuwale 2015, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu wakathereska mavoti 807,625.

Vya ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Zambia
 
Zambia National Assembly building in Lusaka

Ndyali mu Zambia zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya presidental representative democratic republic, apo President wa Zambia ni mutu wa boma na mutu wa boma mu ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza.

Mu Okutobala 1964, charu cha Zambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 22 January 2015, ŵakachita chisankho cha pulezidenti. Pa 24 January 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe purezidenti wa 6. Wakawina mavoti 48.33% ndipo wakuluska Hakainde Hichilema uyo wakaŵa pafupi nayo pa 46.67%.[39] Ŵanyake 9 wose ŵakapokera pacoko waka pa 1 peresenti. Mu Ogasiti 2016 pa mavoti gha chalo cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya.

Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia pa chiphikiro icho chikaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa vyaru kusazgapo mulongozgi wa Commonwealth icho chikachitikira ku Heroes Stadium mu msumba wa Lusaka.[40]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Wonani vinandi: Foreign relations of Zambia
 
President Edgar Lungu with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 26 July 2018

Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, vyalo vya ku Zambia vikaŵa vyakukhora chomene pakuwovwira maboma gha ku Southern Africa, nga African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana.

Military

Nkhani ikulu: Zambian Defence Force

Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army (ZA), Zambia Air Force (ZAF), na Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yili kupangika kuti yikhozge nkhondo.

Mu chaka cha 2019, Zambia yikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.[41]

Administrative divisions

Wonani vinandi: Provinces of Zambia
 WesternNorth-WesternCopperbeltNorthernMuchingaSouthernLuapulaCentralLusakaEastern

Boma la Zambia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 10 mu vigaŵa 116, na vigaŵa 156 na vigaŵa 1,281.

Provinces
  1. Central Province
  2. Copperbelt
  3. Eastern Province
  4. Luapula
  5. Lusaka
  6. Muchinga
  7. North-Western Province
  8. Northern Province
  9. Southern Province
  10. Western Province

Human rights

Wonaniso: Human rights in Zambia and LGBT rights in Zambia

Boma likujipulika makora para ŵanthu ŵakususka panji kuŵasuska, ndipo likuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro pakususka awo ŵakuŵasuska. Malango ghakususkana na ŵanthu ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyowoya mwakufwatuka kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulemba nkhani.[42]

Ku Zambia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakugonana yayi.[43][44] Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2010, wakalongora kuti pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia, 2 pera ndiwo ŵakuwona kuti kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka.[45]

Mu Disembala 2019, vikayowoyeka kuti kazembe wa United States ku Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "wakakhuŵara chomene" chifukwa cha kukakika kwa Japhet Chataba na Steven Samba. Foote wakapempha boma la Zambia kuti liwoneso mulandu uwu kweniso malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Foote wakasuzgika chomene ndipo wakaleka kuwonekera pa wumba chifukwa cha kuthaskika pa social media.[46]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Malo gha Zambia and Geology of Zambia
 
Zambia map of Köppen climate classification

Charu cha Zambia chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mphepo yakotcha. Ili na malo ghakukwana 290,587 sq mi ndipo ni caru ca nambara 38 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose, ndipo ni cicoko comene kuluska Turkey. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 8° na 18°S, na longitude 22° na 34°E.

Mu Zambia muli milonga yikuruyikuru yiŵiri: Yachiŵiri ni ya Zambezi na Kafue iyo yili pakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera. Chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Rukwa, ku Tanzania.

Mu chigaŵa cha Zambezi, muli milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, na Zambezi, iyo yikwenda mu charu ichi kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikumalira ku Namibia, Botswana, na Zimbabwe. Mlonga uwu ukufuma ku Zambia, kweni ukuzgokera ku Angola. Mlonga wa Cuando ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, ndipo para wajumpha mu mlonga wa Chobe, maji ghanandi ghakunjira yayi mu mlonga wa Zambezi.

Mlonga uŵiri ukuru comene wa Zambezi, Kafue na Luangwa, ukwenda mu Zambia. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukukumana na msumba wa Chirundu na Luangwa. Pambere mlonga wa Luangwa undanjire mu maji, ukuŵa mphaka ya Zambia na Mozambique. Kufuma mu tawuni ya Luangwa, Mlonga wa Zambezi ukufuma mu Zambia na kunjira mu Mozambike, ndipo paumaliro ukujumpha mu Mozambique Channel.

Mlonga wa Zambezi ukuwa mtunda wa mamita 100 pachanya pa Victoria Falls, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1.6. Dambo la Zambezi, ilo likwenda mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumwera, ndakuzika kweniso ndakupambanapambana. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Kariba, yikupangika na ma graben ndipo nga ni madambo gha Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, Mweru-wa-Ntipa na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ni dambo la chipalamba.

Kumpoto kwa Zambia kuli mapiri ghanandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Barotse Floodplain, icho chili pa mlonga wa Zambezi, ndipo chikuzura kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Juni. Cigumula ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili na maji ghanandi mu caru ici ŵaleke kukondwa na umoyo wawo.

Victoria Falls

Mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa Zambezi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika chikukwelera kumpoto, ndipo chikuwuka mwambura kuwoneka kufuma pa mamita 900 kumwera m'paka mamita 1,200 pakati, kufika mamita 1,800 kumpoto kufupi na Mbala. Malo agha ghali kumpoto kwa Zambia ndipo World Wildlife Fund yikuti ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ku Central Zambezian miombo woodlands.

Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Dambo la Luangwa likupatura chipalamba ichi kufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri na mapiri vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya chipalamba ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chipalamba cha Nyika (2,200 m panji 7,218 ft) pa mphaka ya Malawi.

Mapiri gha Muchinga, agho ghali pakati pa Zambezi na Congo, ghakukolerana na dambo la Luangwa ndipo ghakuŵa kumpoto kwake. Phiri la Mumpu lili kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo lili na mamita 1,892 (6,207 ft). Mphaka ya Congo Pedicle yikazingilizgika na phiri ili.

Mlonga wa Congo uwo uli kumwera chomene ukufuma ku Zambia ndipo ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi na kujumpha mu chigaŵa chakumpoto. Mlonga wa Luapula ukwenda kumwera kufuma apo kumanjiliro gha dazi pambere undazgoke kumpoto m'paka ku Nyanja ya Mweru. Mlonga unyake ukuru uwo ukufuma kumafumiro gha dazi ni Kalungwishi. Mlonga wa Luvua ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Mweru, ndipo ukufuma kumpoto kwa nyanja iyi kuya ku Mlonga wa Lualaba (Upper Congo River).

Nyanja ya Tanganyika nayo njimoza mwa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Congo. Mlonga wa Kalambo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo ili. Mlonga uwu uli na maji ghaŵiri ghatali comene mu Africa.

Climate

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Zambia

Charu cha Zambia chili pa mapiri gha ku Central Africa, pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 1,600. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,200. Nyengo ya ku Zambia njakuthukira, ndipo yikusintha para munthu wakwera. Mu charu cha Köppen, chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili na vyakumera vyamuthondo panji vyamuthondo.

Nyengo zikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, nyengo ya vula (kwambira Novembala m'paka Epulero) iyo yikukolerana na chihanya, na nyengo ya chilangalanga (May/June m'paka Okutobala/November), iyo yikukolerana na nyengo ya chiwuvi. Nyengo ya chilangalanga yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (May/June mpaka August), na nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (September mpaka October/November). Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghali pachanya chomene, nyengo ya mu charu ichi njakukondweska chomene.[47]Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, mu myezi yinkhondi na yitatu panji kujumpha apa, mu mwezi umoza, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 20 °C.

Biodiversity

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Zambia
 
Rhodesian giraffe in South Luangwa National Park
 
African fish eagle, the national bird of Zambia
 
Zambian barbet, Zambia's only true endemic bird species

Mu Zambia muli vyakumera vinandi, nga ni nkhorongo, makuni, na vyakumera vinyake.

Ku Zambia kuli mitundu ya vyamoyo pafupifupi 12,505. 63% ya vyamoyo, 33% ya vyakumera, 4% ya bakiteriya na vyamoyo vinyake.[citation needed]

Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi.

Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.[48]

Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi.

Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.[49]

Ŵanthu

Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale
ChakaŴanthu±%
1911 821,536—    
1921 983,835+19.8%
1931 1,344,447+36.7%
1946 1,683,828+25.2%
1951 1,930,842+14.7%
1956 2,172,304+12.5%
1963 3,490,540+60.7%
ChakaŴanthu±%
1969 4,056,995+16.2%
1980 5,661,801+39.6%
1990 7,383,097+30.4%
2000 9,885,591+33.9%
2010 13,092,666+32.4%
2015 (est.) 16,212,000+23.8%
Note: In censuses carried out during the British colonial administration prior to 1963, the black African population was estimated rather than counted.
Source: Central Statistical Office, Zambia
Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Zambia

Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakaŵa 13,092,666. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana 73. Mu nyengo iyo boma la Britain likalamuliranga charu ichi kufuma mu 1911 m'paka mu 1963, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Europe na ku India. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakafumako ku Europe, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakakhalako.

 
The Mwata Kazembe opens the Mutomboko ceremony.

Pa kalembera wakwamba uyo wakacitika pa Meyi 7, 1911, pakaŵa ŵanthu 1,497 ŵa ku Europe, 39 ŵa ku Asia, na 820,000 ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakuwaro ŵakalembeka yayi mu 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951 na 1956, pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Kuzakafika mu 1956, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu 65,277, ku Asia 5,450, ndipo ku Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 2,100,000.

Zambia yikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakucemeka kuti "ŵakutowa" panji Goffal, gulu ilo likupangika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakufipa ŵa ku Africa na ŵazungu ŵa ku Britain (nyengo zinyake ŵa ku India). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵandalembekepo pa kalembera wa ŵanthu kufuma apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa mu 1964 ndipo ŵalije wanangwa wakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake (ŵazgani: Goffal).

Mu 2010, pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeka, ŵanthu 99.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo 0.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake.

Zambia ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001).[50]

Largest towns

Wonani vinandi: List of populated places in Zambia

The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial.[51] Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone.

 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Zambia
According to the 2010 Census[1]
Mndandanda Province Ŵanthu Mndandanda Province Ŵanthu
 
Lusaka
 
Kitwe 		1 Lusaka Lusaka 1,747,152 11 Solwezi North-Western 90,856  
Ndola
 
Kabwe
2 Kitwe Copperbelt 501,360 12 Mansa Luapula 78,153
3 Ndola Copperbelt 451,246 13 Chililabombwe Copperbelt 77,818
4 Kabwe Central 202,360 14 Mazabuka Southern 71,700
5 Chingola Copperbelt 185,246 15 Kafue Lusaka 71,573
6 Mufulira Copperbelt 151,309 16 Kalulushi Copperbelt 51,863
7 Livingstone Southern 134,349 17 Choma Southern 51,842
8 Luanshya Copperbelt 130,076 18 Mongu Western 49,818
9 Chipata Eastern 116,627 19 Kapiri Mposhi Central 44,783
10 Kasama Northern 101,845 20 Nakonde Muchinga 41,836

Ethnic groups

Ethnic Groups in Zambia
Ethnic Groups percent
Bemba
 
 19%
Tonga
 
 13.6%
Tumbuka
 
 8.4%
Chewa
 
 6.4%
Lozi
 
 5.7%
Nsenga
 
 4.3%
Ngoni
 
 4%
Lala
 
 3.1%
Kaonde
 
 2.9%
Namwanga
 
 2.8%
Lunda (Northern)
 
 2.6%
Mambwe
 
 2.5%
Luvale
 
 2.2%
Lamba
 
 2.1%
Ushi
 
 1.9%
Bisa
 
 1.6%
Lenje
 
 1.6%
Mbunda
 
 1.2%
Lunda (Luapula)
 
 0.9%
Senga
 
 0.9%
Ila
 
 0.8%
Lungu
 
 0.8%
Tabwa
 
 0.7%
Soli
 
 0.7%
Kunda
 
 0.7%
Ngumbo
 
 0.6%
Chishinga
 
 0.5%
Chokwe
 
 0.5%
Nkoya
 
 0.5%
Other Zambian
 
 5.4%
Major Racial
 
 0.8%
Not Stated
 
 0.4%

Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 73, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia pafupifupi 90 peresenti ŵali mu mitundu 9 yikuru: Nyanja-Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Tumbuka, Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Nkoya na Lozi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake. Magulu ghanandi ngambura kumanyikwa. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose iyi ŵakusangika mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt. Padera pa chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Zambia.[52]Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakukolerana na mbumba zawo panji ŵamazaza. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.[53]

 
Tribal and linguistic map of Zambia

Ŵalendo, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain panji ŵa ku South Africa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵali kufuma ku Britain, ŵakukhala comene mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kumpoto kwa Zambia, uko ŵakugwira nchito mu migodi, mu vyamalonda na milimo yinyake. Mu 1964, mu Zambia mukaŵa ŵanthu 70,000 ŵa ku Europe, kweni ŵanandi ŵali kufumamo mu caru ici.

Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Asia, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku India na ku China. Gulu ili lili na mazaza chomene pa vyachuma ndipo likulongozga makampani. Ku Zambia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵa ku China. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵafumamo mu Zimbabwe cifukwa cakuti boma la Zambia likaŵacema kuti ŵambe kulima mu cigaŵa ca kumwera.

Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵafipa na ŵatuŵa mu malo gha ŵanthu wose nga ni masukulu, vipatala, na mu nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakusazgikira cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikukura comene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵakulembeka yayi pa kalembera kweni ŵakuwoneka kuti mbacoko mu Zambia.

Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika ku United States mu 2009, Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakakhumbanga malo ghakubisamamo pafupifupi 88,900. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachimbilira mu charu ichi ŵakafuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo (ŵanthu 47,300 ŵakufuma ku DRC awo ŵakakhalanga mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100; wonani Ŵangoza mu Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) na Rwanda (4,900). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakutemwa kupokelera ŵalendo.

Kwambira mu Meyi 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Zambia chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku South Africa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000 ŵakuchimbilira ku misasa ya ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakukhala mu misasa iyi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuchimbilira ku Zambia kuti ŵakagwire nchito ŵakwenera kupempha makalata ghakuŵazomerezga, agho ghangaŵa na mtengo wa madola 500 pa caka.[54]

Religion

Wonani vinandi: Religion in Zambia

Zambia ni "mtundu wa Cikristu" mwakuyana na dango la boma la 1996, kweni wakuzomerezga wanangwa wa kusopa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska pacanya pa pacanya ŵatatu pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, kweni Cikristu ca ku Zambia cikupambana comene.

Pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵali mu visopa vya Chiprotesitanti, nga ni Anglicanism, New Apostolic Church, Lutheranism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵiri ni ŵa Katolika.

Cikristu cikafika mu Zambia kwizira mu mulimo wa umishonale mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ndipo visambizgo na magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakulongora umo mulimo wa umishonale ukasinthiranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Cikatolika cikafuma ku Mozambique, uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, apo Cikatolika cikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitiranga kumwera. Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku tchalitchi linyake kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ku North America na Germany. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi awo ŵakagomezganga mu Baibolo ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita mulimo wa umishonale. Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu wa Pentekoste, wakati waŵa pulezidenti mu 1991, mipingo ya Pentekoste yikakura comene mu caru cose.[55]

Religious affiliation in Zambia[56]
Religion Percent
Protestant
 
 75.3%
Roman Catholic
 
 20.2%
Animist
 
 2.5%
Atheist
 
 1.8%
Muslim
 
 0.5%
Distribution of population by religious affiliation

Mu Zambia muli visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu ivyo ni vichoko. Mu caru ici ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵa cisopa ca Seventh-day Adventist pa caru cose. Tchalitchi la Lutheran of Central Africa lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 11,000 mu caru ici. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova awo ŵakhala mu Zambia kwambira mu 1911, ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 190,000. Ndipo pafupifupi 800,000 ŵakiza pa Cikumbusko ca nyifwa ya Khristu mu 2021. Ŵanthu 12 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Zambia ŵali mu tchalitchi la New Apostolic; ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni.[57]

Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu chisopa chautesi ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu misumba. Ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 160,000, panji 1.5 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu. Pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia, pafupifupi hafu Mbasilamu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi Mbahindu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 500 ŵali mu cisopa ca Ahmadiyya, ico ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuciwona nga ni cisopa ca Cisilamu panji cisopa cautesi.[58] Paliso Ŵayuda ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Ashkenazi.

Viyowoyelo

TChiŵelengero cha viyowoyero vya ku Zambia nchakumanyikwa yayi, nangauli mabuku ghanandi ghakuyowoya kuti ku Zambia kuli viyowoyero na viyowoyero 73. Ntheura, viyowoyero vya ku Zambia ni 20 panji 30 pera.[59]

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Zambia
Widely spoken languages[60]

██ ChiBemba - 33.5 ██ ChiNyanja - 14.8 ██ ChiTonga - 10.4 ██ ChiTumbuka - 5.8 ██ ChiLozi - 4.2

██ vinyake - 30.3

Chiyowoyero cha boma mu Zambia ni Chingelezi, ndipo chikuyowoyeka pa nkhani za bizinesi na kusambizga ŵanthu. Chiyowoyero chikuru ku Lusaka ni Nyanja (Chewa), ndipo chiyowoyero chinyake ni Bemba. Mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, chiyowoyero cha Bemba ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ndipo cha Nyanja ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bemba na Nyanja mu matawuni. Viyowoyero ivi ni Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda, na Luvale.[61][59][62]

 
Density map of dominant regional languages[63]
██ Bemba ██ Chewa ██ Lozi ██ Lunda ██ Nyanja ██ Tonga

Ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni nyengo zinyake ŵakupambaniska chiyowoyero cha ku mizi na cha ku mizi.

Ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bemba na Nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Cingelezi cikugwiliskirika nchito pa nkhani za boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya makora pa nyumba zawo. Ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Lusaka na misumba yinyake yikuruŵikulu ŵayowoyenge viyowoyero vya ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ciphwitikizi caŵikikamo mu masukulu cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.[64] French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the University of Zambia (UNZA).

Education

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Zambia
 
Pupils at the St Monica's Girls Secondary School in Chipata, Eastern Province

Dango la Zambia likuti waliyose wakwenera kusambira mwakuyana.[65] Dango la vya masambiro la mu 2011 likovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirenge mwakuyana. Unduna wa vya masambiro ukulaŵilira masambiro ghapacanya kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro.

Cakulinga cikuru ca masambiro mu Zambia nchakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakusambira ŵasambizgike vinthu vya thupi, vinjeru, umo ŵangakhalira na ŵanyawo, umo ŵangajipulikira, makhaliro ghawo, na vyauzimu. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yili na vigaŵa vitatu: masambiro ghakwambilira na ghakwambilira (magiredi 1 na 7), masambiro ghaciŵiri (magiredi 8 na 12) na masambiro ghapacanya. Pali mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵalara kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba.

Ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu zikukwera kufuma pa 16.1 peresenti mu 2006 kufika pa 20.2 peresenti mu 2015.

Health

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Zambia and Healthcare in Zambia

Ku Zambia kuli nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara nthenda iyi.[66] Ndipouli, mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca Indonesia caŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS..[67] Vinthu vinyake vya umoyo navyo vyasintha chomene, nangauli pa caru cose vinthu vili makora yayi. Ŵana awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo mu 2014 ŵakafwanga 398 pa ŵanthu 100,000, kweni mu 2007 ŵakafwanga 591.

Chuma

Wonani vinandi: Economy of Zambia
 
A proportional representation of Zambia exports, 2019

Pasono, caru ca Zambia cikuguliska vinthu vya mu vyaru vinyake vyakukwana $7.5 na $8 biliyoni pa caka. Mu 2018, caru ici cikaguliska vinthu vinyake vyakukwana madola 9.1 biliyoni. Mu 2015, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu cikakwera comene kufuma pa 60.5% mu 2010. Ŵakavu ku mizi ŵakaŵa 76.6% ndipo mu misumba ŵakaŵa 23.4%. Pa charu chose, ukavu ukafika pa ZMK 214 (US$12.85) pa mwezi.[68] Kuŵavya nchito na ŵanthu ŵambura nchito mu matawuni ni masuzgo ghakuru. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vikaya vya ku Zambia ŵalimi.

Budget expenditure in 2023[69]
Sector Percent
General Public Services
 
 39.5%
Defence
 
 4.9%
Public Order and Safety
 
 3.1%
Economic Affairs
 
 20.9%
Environmental Protection
 
 0.6%
Housing and Community Amenities
 
 1.5%
Health
 
 10.4%
Recreation, Culture and Religion
 
 0.3%
Education
 
 13.9%
Social Protection
 
 4.9%
2023 annual budget expenditure

Pa vyaru 128, Zambia yikaŵa pa nambara 117 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka pa 2007 Global Competitiveness Index. Kweni mu 2019 Zambia yikakhira pa malo 19 mu Africa na 120 pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu 2020 Zambia yili pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha Ease of Doing Business mu Africa na 85 pa vyaru 190. Vigaŵa vya umoyo wa ŵanthu vikulutilira kuchepa, comenecomene pa nkhani ya umoyo uwo munthu wakulindilira para wababika (pafupifupi vyaka 40.9) na kufwa kwa ŵanakazi (830 pa ŵanakazi 100,000).

Mu ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa ukakhira chomene mu charu cha Zambia. Boma la Socialist likawovwira kuti ndalama zileke kunangika cifukwa cakuti likayezgapo kanandi waka kuti likhazikiske mapulogiramu ghakukhozga vinthu gha International Monetary Fund (IMF). Ndondomeko ya kuleka kuguliska vinthu kwizira mu nthowa yikuru yakupelekera vyakurya na njanji yakuya ku nyanja, yikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na masuzgo ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa muwuso wa Kaunda, (kwamba mu 1991) maboma ghakulondezgapo ghakamba kusintha vinthu vinyake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa vyambura ndalama mpaka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990. Mu 2007, Zambia yikaŵa na cuma cakukwera comene kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri. Kukwera kwa ndalama kukakwera kufika pa 8.9%, kufuma pa 30% mu 2000.[70]

 
Zambia Export Treemap (2014)

Boma la Zambia lichali kulimbana na masuzgo gha vyachuma nga ni ukuru wa boma, kweniso kusintha nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu vya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa charu pali malango ghanandi ghakwendeskera vinthu vya ndalama, ndipo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na malayisensi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu. Ndalama zose izo Zambia yili nazo ku vyaru vinyake zikajumpha $6 biliyoni apo charu ichi chikapokera wovwiri wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative) mu 2000, kweni chikeneranga kufiska fundo zinyake. Pakwamba, Zambia yikagomezganga kuti yizamumalizga ndondomeko ya HIPC, ndipo yizamugowokereka ngongoli yikuru mu 2003.

 
GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)

Mu Janyuwale 2003, boma la Zambia likaphalira wupu wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank kuti likukhumba kwambiraso kudumbiskana vinthu vinyake ivyo likakolerana kuti vichitike. Nangauli ŵakakolerana pa nkhani izi, kweni cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, ŵakacedwa kulekeska ngongoli za ŵa HIPC kufuma kuumaliro wa 2003 m'paka kukwambilira kwa 2005. Kuti ŵamalizge ndondomeko ya HIPC mu 2004, boma likanozga bajeti yakukhozga vinthu mu 2004, ndipo likakanizga malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma na kusazgirako misonkho. Kukwezga misonkho na kukanizga ŵantchito kusanga malipiro ghakupambanapambana. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Febuluwale 2004 pa charu chose paŵe chiwawa.[71]

Boma la Zambia likuyezgayezga kusintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani ya ndalama kuti ndalama zichepe. Ntchito iyi yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa Zambia ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi. Mu Julayi 2018, Pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan na Pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu ŵakasazgapo mapangano 12 mu msumba wa Lusaka pa nkhani zakupambanapambana kufuma pa malonda na ndalama mpaka pa vyaulendo na udumura..[72][73]

Mining

Wonani vinandi: Mining in Zambia

Vyaka vinandi, chuma cha Zambia chikuthemba pa migodi ya mkuwa. Mu 1998, mulimo wa kupanga mkuŵa ukakhira kufika pa matani 228,000 pamanyuma pa vilimika 30 ivyo mulimo uwu ukakhira cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama, mitengo ya mkuŵa yikaŵa yakukhora, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kumanya usange mulimo uwu ucitikenge mwamahara. Mu 2002, pamanyuma pakuti makampani agha ghaŵikamo ndalama zawo, mkuwa uwo ŵakapanganga ukakwera kufika pa matani 337,000. Vinthu vikwenda makora pa msika wa mkuwa wa pa caru cose, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti ndalama zinjire comene.

 
The major Nkana open copper mine, Kitwe

Mu 2003, vyakununkhira vyakusangika mu vyaru vinyake vikasazgikira na 25%, ndipo vikaŵa na 38%. Boma la Zambia lili kupeleka malaisensi ku makampani gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi nga ni nickel, tin, copper, na uranium. Boma la Zambia likugomezga kuti nikele ndiyo yizamunjira mu malo mwa mkuwa. Mu 2009, ku Zambia kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma.[74]

Agriculture

Wonani vinandi: Economy of Zambia § Agriculture

Ku Zambia kuli vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga ntchito kuluska migodi. Ŵalimi ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵapokelera mu Zambia ŵakati ŵachimbizgika na Robert Mugabe. Ŵakulima vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni hona, tirigu, na chizi. Maluso agho ŵakasanga, pamoza na kuweleramo mu vya cuma mu nyengo ya pulezidenti Levy Mwanawasa, ghakawovwira kuti vinthu vyambe kwenda makora mu Zambia. Mu 2004, aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu vyaka 26 kuti Zambia yigeŵetere vyakurya vinandi kuluska ivyo yikaguliskanga. Mu Disembala 2019, boma la Zambia likadumura mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge kumwa munkhwala wa cannabis pa vilato vya munkhwala na vyakutumizga katundu pera.[75]

Energy

Wonani vinandi: Economy of Zambia § Energy
Wonaniso: List of power stations in Zambia

Mu 2009, Zambia yikapanga magesi ghakukwana 10.3 TWh ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono ya dazi na magesi gha maji. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa 2015, Zambia yikamba kusoŵa magesi chifukwa cha vula iyo yikalokwa yayi mu 2014/2015, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene pa chiziŵa cha Kariba. Mu Seputembala 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 150 miliyoni mu famu ya nkhongono ya dazi ya 50 megawatt (MW), pamoza na chigodobu cha ulimi wa milonga na kusazgirako nkhongono ya tirigu ya matani 80,000.[76]

Mwambo

 
Nshima (top right corner) with three types of relish

Pambere charu cha Zambia chindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikaŵa kukura kwa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakamba kukhala pamoza mu matawuni na misumba, ndipo waliyose wakasambizganga munyake. Kweniso ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya charu chose, chomenechomene umo ŵakavwariranga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo ŵanji ŵali kusintha nkharo zawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake mu Zambia ŵakuchemeka kuti 'ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia' apo awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia" chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia wose ŵakuŵako.[77]Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kusangana na kusintha mitheto iyi kuti ŵafiske ivyo ŵakuvichema kuti "thuto la ku Zambia".

 
A Yombe sculpture, 19th century

Ku Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakuchita viphikiro vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita viphikiro na maluso agha pa viphikiro vyapadera, nga ni viphikiro vya kukumbukira ivyo ŵacita, viphikiro vya mazuŵa ghaumaliro, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, vya kuwombora na kutozgeka, vya kumalizga masambiro, vya kujipeleka, viphikiro vya kugomezgeka kwa Yesu, vya kutora na kutengwa, viphikiro vya nyifwa, vya kubabika, na vinyake.[77]

Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakucita viphikiro na maluso agho ghakuvumbukwa na agho ghakuleka kuvumbukwa. Vinthu ivi ni kalendala, nyengo, masuzgo, kuwukwa, kuphalizgana, na viphikiro vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuleka kuvumbura ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita mwakubisilizga, nga ni awo ŵakwimba Nyau na Nakisha, kweniso awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi pa nthengwa nga mbanakazi ŵa ku Alangizi. Mu Disembala 2016, boma la Zambia likazomerezga viphikiro vya kalendala 77, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chizamukwera.[77] Maungano agha ghakuchitika kamoza pa chaka, ndipo ghakuŵa ku Nc?? wala, Kulonga, Kuoboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, na Lyenya. Ivi ni viphikiro vya ku Zambia. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni: Kuomboka na Kathanga (Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mutomboko (Chigaŵa cha Luapula), Kulamba na Ncwala (Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi), Lwiindi na Shimunenga (Chigaŵa cha Kumwera), Lunda Lubanza (Chimwera cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Likumbi Lyamize (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mbunda Lukwakwa (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Chibwela Kumushi (Chigaŵa chapakati), Vinkhakanimba (Chigaŵa cha Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto).

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu nga ni viŵiya, vyakuŵikamo viŵiya (nga ni viŵiya vya ku Tonga), vyakuŵikamo vinthu, vyakuvwara, mphasa, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya makuni, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya mino gha zovu, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya waya, na vya mkuŵa. Sumu zinandi za ku Zambia zikufuma ku viŵiya (na vyakwimbira vinyake) na kwimba na kuvina. Mu matawuni, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwimba sumu za ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene za rumba za ku Congo, za ku Africa na America, na za reggae za ku Jamaica.

Media

Nkhani ikulu: Media in Zambia and Telecommunications in Zambia

Unduna wa vya makani na mawayilesi ku Zambia ndiwo uli na udindo wa Zambia News Agency, apo paliso maboma ghanandi mu chalo ichi agho ghakusazgapo: ma TV, manyuzipepara, mawayilesi gha FM, na mawebusayiti gha nkhani pa intaneti.

Sports and games

Masewera ndi masewera ndizo zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha ku Zambia zomwe zimabweretsa anthu palimodzi kuti aphunzire, kukulitsa luso, kusangalala ndi mphindi zosangalatsa. Maseŵera na maseŵero gha ku Zambia ghakukhala na maseŵero gha mpira, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana, netball, volleyball na maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, kubisa, walyako, na sojo. Agha ni maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe paubwezi. Maseŵera ghose agha ghakukolerana na mitheto ya ku Zambia. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchitako maseŵero agha, ghakukondweska ŵanthu kweniso ghakusambizga. Vinyake mwa maseŵero agha ni ghakale comene nga umo viliri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Ndipouli, Zambia yikamba kuchitako maseŵero ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene pa maseŵero gha ku Summer Olympics mu 1964.[77]

 
National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka

Zambia yikapharazga wanangwa wake pa zuŵa la kujara maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1964, ndipo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kunjira mu maseŵero gha Olimpiki nga ni caru cimoza, na kufumamo nga ni cinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, Zambia yikawunganaso ka 13 pa maseŵera gha Olympic. Ŵakapokera mendulo ziŵiri. Ŵakapokera mendulo mu nkhonya na mu maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Mu 1984, Keith Mwila wakatora mendulo ya mkuŵa pa maseŵera gha muvi. Mu 1996, Samuel Matete wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa mtunda wa mamita 400. Zambia yindaciteko maseŵero agha.

Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola, ndipo timu ya ku Zambia yikuŵa na viwemi vinandi. Pa maseŵero gha ku Seoul mu 1988, timu ya charu ichi yikathereska timu ya ku Italy na mavoti 4 ̊0. Kalusha Bwalya, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Zambia, ndipo njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakalemba chiphalizgano ici. Ndipouli, mpaka lero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti timu yiwemi comene iyo Zambia yikaŵa nayo yikafwa pa Epulero 28, 1993, apo ndege yikawa ku Libreville, Gabon. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni mu 1996, charu cha Zambia chikaŵa pa nambara 15 pa nambara ya FIFA World Football Team. Mu chaka cha 2012, Zambia yikathereskeka kaŵiri pa mpikisano wa African Cup of Nations. Ŵakathereska Cote d'Ivoire na 8-7 pa penalty shoot-out paumaliro, uwo ukacitikira ku Libreville, mtunda wa makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma apo ndege yikawira vyaka 19 kumasinda. Mu chaka cha 2017, Zambia yikapokelera na kuthereska chiphalizgano cha mpira cha Pan-African U-20 African Cup of Nation ku wosewera ŵa vyaka 20 na pasi.

Gulu la mpira la azimayi la Zambia, pakadali pano, lachita bwino kwambiri ngati gulu loyamba lochokera kudziko lomwe lilibe nyanja ku Africa kulowa nawo FIFA Women's World Cup, pomaliza gawo lachitatu mu 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Kweniso ni nkhonya yakwamba ya pa caru cose ya ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu.

Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero nga ni rugby, nkhonya, na cricket. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, timu ya rugby ya ku Australia na South Africa yikaŵa na ŵasepuka awo ŵakababikira mu chipatala chimoza cha ku Lusaka. Mpaka mu 2014, Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya yikaŵa na Guinness World Record ya malo ghapachanya chomene pa charu chose gha rugby union. Mbiri iyi sono yili na Wednesbury Rugby Club.

Mu Zambia, maseŵero gha rugby ndicoko comene, kweni ghakukulirakulira. Pasono ŵakukhala pa malo gha nambara 73 na IRB ndipo ŵali na ŵaseŵera 3,650 na magulu ghatatu. Zambia yikaseŵeranga cricket apo yikaŵa ku Rhodesia. Zambia yikapelekaso shinty international, Eddie Tembo uyo wakababika ku Zambia uyo wakayimilira Scotland mu maseŵera gha Shinty/Hurling ku Ireland mu 2008.

Mu 2011, ku Zambia kukaŵa maseŵero gha nambara 10 gha ku Africa. Sitediyamu ya ku Lusaka yikeneranga kuŵa na ŵanthu 70,000, apo ma sitediyamu ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 50,000. Boma likakhwimiska maboma kuti ghaŵikeko mtima pakuzenga malo gha maseŵero agha cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama za boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Zambia yikaleka kuchitiska maseŵero gha ku Africa mu 2011, chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama. Mwantheura, caru ca Mozambique cikapokelera ungano uwu.

Zambia yikapangaso munthu wakudanga wa ku Africa (Madalitso Muthiya) uyo wakaseŵera mu United States Golf Open, yimoza mwa viphalizgano vikuru vinayi vya gofu.

Mu 1989, timu ya basketball ya mu caru ici yikacita makora comene apo yikafikapo pa FIBA Africa Championship ndipo yikamalizga mu magulu 10 gha ku Africa.[78]

Music and dance

Chikhalidwe cha Zambia chakhala gawo lofunikira pakukula kwawo pambuyo pa ufulu monga kuwukira kwa midzi yachikhalidwe ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Sumu iyo yikapangiska kuvina ni cigaŵa ca mitheto yawo ndipo yikulongora utozi wa umoyo wa ku Zambia, kwambira na viwoneskero vya matambulara agho ghakuyowoya mpaka ku matambulara gha Kamangu agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakumanyiska kwamba kwa ciphikiro ca Malaila. Kuvina kukuwovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana.[79]

Zamrock

Zamrock ni sumu iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Zamrock yikulongosoreka kuti yikusazga sumu za ku Zambia na ma riffs ghakuwerezgawerezga ghakuyana na magulu, ŵakwimba nga ni Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Black Sabbath, Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, na Cream. Magulu ghakuzirwa mu mtundu uwu ni Rikki Ililonga na gulu lake Musi-O-Tunya, WITCH, Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo, na Paul Ngozi na Mbumba yake ya Ngozi.[80][81]

Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa

Nkhani ikulu: Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

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  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. (2019). Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos. Lusaka, Zambia: UNZA Press. pp. 1–206. ISBN 978-9982-03-105-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ↑ 1989 African Championship for Men, ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
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  81. ↑ WITCH Archived 14 Sekutembala 2017 at the Wayback Machine on Dusted Magazine (15 April 2010)

Wonani vinandi

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  • Ferguson, James (1999). Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21701-0.
  • Gewald, J. B., et al. One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia (Brill, 2008)
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  • LaMonica, Christopher, Local Government Matters: The Case of Zambia (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010)
  • Mcintyre, Charles, Zambia, (Bradt Travel Guides, 2008)
  • Murphy, Alan and Luckham, Nana, Zambia and Malawi, Lonely Planet Multi Country Guide (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010)
  • Phiri, Bizeck Jube, A Political History of Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the 3rd Republic (Africa Research & Publications, 2005)
  • Roberts, Andrew, A History of Zambia (Heinemann, 1976)
  • Sardanis, Andrew, Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood (I. B. Tauris, 2003)

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