Wikipedia

Ivory Coast

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na charu cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. For other uses, see Ivory Coast (disambiguation).

Ivory Coast, kumanyikwaso kuti Côte d'Ivoire,[lower-alpha 1] mwakuchichema mwaboma, Charu cha Ivory Cost, ni charu icho chili kumwera kwa Africa. Msumba wake ukuru ni Yamoussoukro, uwo uli pakatikati pa caru ici, ndipo msumba wake ukuru comene ni msumba wa Abidjan. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, na nyanja ya Atlantic. Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chifurenchi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, na Cebaara Senufo. Ku Ivory Coast kuli viyowoyero vyakujumpha 78. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana, kusazgapo awo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu, Chisilamu, na visopa vinyake nga ni Animism.[7]

Charu cha Ivory Cost
République de Côte d'Ivoire (French)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: 'Union – Discipline – Travail' (French)
'Unity – Discipline – Work'
Nyimbo: L'Abidjanaise
(English: "Song of Abidjan")
Msumba WabomaYamoussoukro (political)
Abidjan (economic)
Msumba usani Abidjan
Chiyowoyelo chaboma French
Vernacular
languages
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2018)
Mwenecharu
  • Ivorian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary presidential republic
 -  President Alassane Ouattara
 -  Vice President Tiémoko Meyliet Koné
 -  Prime Minister Patrick Achi
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house National Assembly
History
 -  Republic established 4 December 1958 
 -  Independence from France 7 August 1960 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 322,463 km2 (68th)
124,502 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 1.4[1]
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2021 census 29,389,150[2]
 -  Density 91.1/km2 (139th)
236/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate
 -  Total Increase $181.5  billion[3] (78th)
 -  Per capita Increase $6,397[3] (138th)
GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate
 -  Total Decrease$68.8  billion[3] (84th)
 -  Per capita Decrease$2,418[3] (141th)
Gini (2015)Steady 41.5[4]
medium
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.550[5]
medium ·159th
Ndalama West African CFA franc (XOF)
Mtundu Wanyengo GMT (UTC±00:00)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto right
ISO 3166 code CI
Intaneti yacharu .ci
a. Including approximately 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French people.

Pambere charu cha Ivory Coast chindambe kulamulirika, pakaŵa vyaru vinandi nga ni Gyaaman, Kong Empire, na Baoulé. Mu 1843, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, ndipo mu 1893 chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France. Charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha mu 1960, ndipo Félix Houphouët-Boigny ndiyo wakawusanga m'paka mu 1993. Nangauli charu cha Ivory Coast chikaŵa chakukhora, kweni chikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Nkhondo iyi yikachitika mu 1999, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakaŵa nkhondo ziŵiri. Likapokera dango liphya mu 2016.[8]

Cote d'Ivoire ni charu icho chili na mazaza ghakurughakuru. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, charu ichi chikaŵa na nkhongono pa vyachuma mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Kufuma waka apo mtende na mtende vikambira mu 2011, charu cha Ivory Coast chikukura chomene. Kufuma mu 2012 kufika mu 2021, chuma chikakura pa avareji ya 7.4% pa chaka mu malipoti, ndipo ichi ndicho chikaŵa chiŵelengero chachiŵiri chakukwera chomene mu Africa kweniso chachinayi pa charu chose.[9]Mu 2020, charu cha Ivory Coast ndicho chikaguliskanga chomene mbuto za koko pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vyakumera vikuluta ku vyakumera vinyake.[1]

Zina

Pakwamba, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal na France awo ŵakasanda malo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1600, ŵakagaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mu vigaŵa vinayi. Mumphepete mwa nyanja, uko Ŵacifurenci ŵakacema Côte d'Ivoire ndipo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakacema Costa do Marfim, kung'anamura "Mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Ivory", kukaŵa pakati pa Guinea de Cabo Verde na Lower Guinea. Kukaŵaso chigaŵa cha Pepper Coast, icho sono chikuchemekaso kuti "Grain Coast" (lero ni Liberia), "Gold Coast" (Ghana), na "Slave Coast" (Togo, Benin, na Nigeria). Nga ni malo agha, zina lakuti "Ivory Coast" likulongora malonda ghakuru agho ghakacitikanga pa malo agha.[10][11][12][13][14]

Zina linyake la malo agha ni Côte de Dents,[lower-alpha 2] lizgu ili likung'anamura kuti "Chipiri cha Mino".[16][10][13][14][17] Côte de Quaqua, kufuma ku ŵanthu awo Ŵachidachi ŵakaŵathya Quaqua (panji Kwa Kwa);[16][11][15]mu mphepete mwa nyanja ya Five and Six Stripes, pamanyuma pakuti mtundu unyake wa salu za thonje nawo ukaguliskikanga kwenekura,[lower-alpha 3]mu mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Windward, chifukwa cha nyengo iyo yikulutilira pa nyanja.[10][11] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito chiyowoyero ichi ku Côte d'Ivoire.

Mphepete mwa nyanja ya charu ichi pali malo ghanyake agho ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 15 na 16 ŵakaghamanyanga kuti ni "Mano" panji "Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Njovu".[18][12][17][15]Likalutilira kuŵa na zina ili m'paka apo likamba kulamulirika na France mu 1960. Zina ili likang'anamulika kale mu viyowoyero vinyake, ndipo boma likati lajiyimira palekha, likawonanga kuti ntchakusuzga chomene para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ŵafumako ku vyaru vinyake. Ntheura, mu Epulero 1986, boma likati Côte d'Ivoire (panji kuti République de Côte d'Ivoire) ndilo lizamuŵa zina lake lakwamba..[19][20][21]Nangauli boma la Côte d'Ivoire likukhumba kuti lizgu ili lilembeke mu Chingelezi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulizunura kuti "Ivory Coast" (kanandi "the Ivory Coast").[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Ivory Coast

Kusama pa malo

 
Chidindo cha malibwe ya ku Boundiali, kumpoto kwa Ivory Coast, icho chili ku IFAN Museum of African Arts ku Dakar, Senegal

Ntchakusuzga kumanya usange ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwukapo ku Ivory Coast chifukwa mu charu ichi mukaŵa chithukivu. Ndipouli, viŵiya na viŵiya vinyake ivyo vikusangika (mwakudumura, nkhwantha zakutowa izo zikadumulika mu visulo na vyakukhalira vya kuphika na kuloŵa somba) vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Upper Paleolithic (15,000 m'paka 10,000 B.C.E.), panji nyengo ya Neolithic.[29]

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ivory Coast ŵali kusidika mu malo ghanandi. Ŵasayansi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakachimbizgika panji ŵakatoleka na ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega, na Diès (Divo).[30]

Nyengo za mu nyengo ya Islamu

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakuzunulika mu Baibolo ni ŵamalonda ŵa ku North Africa (Berber) awo ŵakaguliskanga mchere, ŵazga, golide, na vinthu vinyake mu Sahara. Malo ghakumafumiro gha dazi gha nthowa za malonda izo zikafumanga ku Sahara ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa mapopa, ndipo kufuma pa malo agha, malonda ghakasazgikirangapo. Malo ghakutali chomene gha Djenne, Gao, na Timbuktu ghakazgoka malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakazingilizga maufumu gha ku Sudan.

Pakuti maufumu agha ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵankhongono, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vinyake. Maufumu gha ku Sudan nagho ghakazgoka malo ghakusambizgirako chisopa cha Cisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Berber ndiwo ŵakambiska chisopa cha Chisilamu ku Western Sudan. Kufuma waka mu ma 1100 C.E., apo mathemba gha mu maufumu gha ku Sudan ghakazomera chisopa cha Ciisilamu, chisopa ici chikamba kuthandazgika kumwera kwa Ivory Coast.

Ufumu wa Ghana, uwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha ku Sudan, ukaŵa na mazaza mu chigaŵa icho sono chili kumwera kwa Mauritania na kumwera kwa Mali pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 400 na 1300. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu uwu ukaŵa wankhongono comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, ufumu wake ukafika kufuma ku nyanja ya Atlantic m'paka ku Timbuktu. Ghana wakati wabwangandulika, ufumu wa Mali ukazgoka ufumu wankhongono wa Ŵasilamu, uwo ukafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Mali ku Ivory Coast chikaŵa ku mpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Odienné.

Ufumu wa Songhai ukayamba kuchepa mu ma 1400, pamanyuma pa kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambenge kulimbana. Kweniso Songhai wakasuzgika cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pawo. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalute kumwera. Nkhorongo iyo yikaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi yikatondeskanga ŵandyali awo ŵakaŵa kumpoto. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mizi panji vikaya vinandi, ndipo ŵakendanga na ŵamalonda awo ŵakendanga mtunda utali. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyi ndipo ŵakenderanga vyakurya na ulovi.[31]

Nyengo ya ku Europe

 
Maufumu gha ku Europe

Mu nyengo ya ku Europe, mu Ivory Coast mukaŵa vyaru vikuruvikuru vinkhondi. Ufumu wa Muslim Kong ukakhazikiskika na ŵa Dyula mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto na chapakati uko kukaŵa Ŵasenifo, awo ŵakachimbiranga ku ufumu wa Mali. Nangauli msumba wa Kong ukaŵa wakulimira, wamalonda, na wa mawoko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana vikapangiska kuti ufumu uwu uleke kwenda makora. Mu 1895, msumba wa Kong ukapokeka na Samori Ture wa Ufumu wa Wassoulou.

Ufumu wa Abron wa Gyaaman ukaŵako mu 17th century na gulu la Akan, Abron, awo ŵakachimbira ku Ashanti Confederation ya Asanteman mu Ghana wa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Abron ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Dyula ku Bondoukou. Bondoukou wakaŵa msumba ukuru wa malonda na wa chisopa cha Cisilamu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Baibolo ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakakopanga ŵana ŵa sukulu kufuma ku vigaŵa vyose vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Côte d'Ivoire, magulu ghanyake gha Ŵaakan agho ghakachimbira ku Asante ghakazenga ufumu wa Baoulé ku Sakasso na maufumu ghaŵiri gha Agni, Indénié na Sanwi.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Baoulé, nga mbanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ashanti, ŵakaŵa na ndondomeko ya ndyali na ya ndyali iyo yikendeskekanga na mafumu ghatatu. Paumaliro, charu ichi chikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vichoko. Nangauli ufumu wawo ukabwanganduka, kweni Ŵabaule ŵakakana kuti ŵaŵawusenge ku France. Ŵana ŵa mafumu gha Agni ŵakayezga kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵekha mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu cha Ivory Coast chikapokera wanangwa.[32]

Kukhazikiska muwuso wa France

Kuyaniska na Ghana, Ivory Coast, nangauli yikaŵa na ŵazga ŵanandi kweniso ŵakuguliska ŵazga, kweni yikaŵa na masuzgo ghacoko comene. Ngalaŵa za ŵazga na zamalonda za ku Europe zikakhumbanga kuluta ku malo ghanyake mumphepete mwa nyanja.[33] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ŵakaŵa Ŵapwitikizi. Msumba wakwamba wa ku French ku West Africa, wa Saint-Louis, ukazengeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600 ku Senegal. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Ŵachidachi ŵakapeleka malo ku Ŵachifurenci ku Gorée Island, kufupi na Dakar. Mu 1687, ku Assinie, kufupi na mphaka ya Gold Coast (uko sono ni Ghana), kukaŵa ofesi ya ŵapharazgi ŵa ku France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalekeska ŵazga awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakakanizga ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga.

Kweni Assinie wakasuzgika chomene kuti waleke kuparanyika. Mu 1843-44, Admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez wa ku France wakalemba mapangano na mafumu gha Grand-Bassam na Assinie, ndipo malo agha ghakazgoka chivikiliro cha France. Ŵalendo ŵa ku France, ŵamishonale, ŵamalonda, na ŵasilikari, ŵakamba kwenda pachokopachoko kufuma ku chigaŵa cha nyanja iyi. Kufika mu 1915, caru cikaŵa pa mtende.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakondwa chomene na mizi iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja, chomenechomene iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa milonga yikuru ya Senegal na Niger. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakamba kupenja malo mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., kweni ŵakenda pachokopachoko. Mu ma 1840, ŵa ku France ŵakachita mapangano ghanandi na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku West Africa. Malo ghakwambilira agho ŵakazenga ghakaŵa ku Assinie na Grand-Bassam. Pa maungano agha, ŵakaŵapa mazaza gha kuwusa mu vigaŵa vyawo kweniso ŵakaŵapa mwaŵi wa kuchita malonda. Ŵacifrenchi ŵakakhorwa yayi na ndondomeko iyi cifukwa cakuti malonda ghakaŵa ghacoko, ndipo kanandi pakaŵanga kuleka kupulikiska vinthu. Ndipouli, boma la France likalutilira kukolerana na mapangano agha. Kweniso caru ca France cikakhumba kuti ciŵepo mu cigaŵa ici kuti cikanizge mazaza gha Britain agho ghakaŵa pafupi na nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea.[34]

 
Louis-Gustave Binger wa ku French West Africa mu 1892 wakasaina phangano na ŵalongozgi ŵa Famienkro, mu chigaŵa cha N'zi-Comoé, Ivory Coast

Nkhondo ya ku France na Prussia yikati yamara mu 1871, ndipo boma la France likapoka chigaŵa cha Alsace-Lorraine. Ntheura boma la France likagongowa na kufumiska ŵasilikari ŵake ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Malo gha malonda gha Grand-Bassam ghakalekeka kwa Arthur Verdier, uyo mu 1878 wakachemeka Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.

Mu 1886, kuti France yikhozgere ivyo likayowoya kuti ni charu icho ŵakakhalanga, yikambaso kulamulira malo agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku West Africa. Mu 1887, Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Louis-Gustave Binger, wakamba ulendo wa vyaka viŵiri wa kujumpha mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Ivory Coast. Paumaliro wa ulendo wake, wakaŵa kuti wacita mapangano ghanayi agho ghakakhazikiska vyaru vya ku France ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Ivory Coast. Kweniso mu 1887, Marcel Treich-Laplène, uyo wakaŵa wakizi wa Verdier, wakachita mapangano ghanyake ghankhondi agho ghakawovwira kuti charu cha France chiŵe na mazaza pa charu chose kufuma ku Niger m'paka ku Ivory Coast.[35]

Nyengo ya French colonial

 
Mubali Louis-Gustave Binger uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa French West Africa, wakiza ku Kong mu 1892.

Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1880, caru ca France cikamba kuwusa vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo mu 1889, Britain yikazomera mazaza gha caru ici. Mu chaka chenechichi, boma la France likimika Treich-Laplène kuŵa kazembe wa chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1893, Ivory Coast yikazgoka koloni la France, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ukaŵa Grand-Bassam.[35]Mu 1892 ŵakakolerana na charu cha Liberia, ndipo mu 1893 ŵakakolerana na charu cha Britain kuti ŵanozge mphaka ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Kweni mphaka ya kumpoto yikamara yayi m'paka mu 1947 chifukwa chakuti boma la France likakhumbanga kuti chigaŵa cha Upper Volta (lero ni Burkina Faso) na French Sudan (lero ni Mali) viŵe ku Ivory Coast.

Cakulinga cikuru ca France cikaŵa kukhozga vyakurya vyakutumizga ku vyaru vinyake. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima khofi, koko, na mafuta gha maolive mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ku Ivory Coast ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵaŵe na cigaŵa cimoza ca vigaŵa vitatu vya minda ya koko, khofi, na nthowa ndipo ŵakamba kugwiriska nchito mwankhongono.

 
Colonies of French West Africa circa 1913

Mu vyaka vyakwambilira, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatumizganga ŵasilikari ŵawo ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakakhazikiske malo ghaphya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakasuskanga yayi kuti Ŵafarisi ŵanjire mu vyaru vyawo, nanga ni mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakaŵa na mapangano ghakuŵavikilira. Pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chomene pakaŵa Samori Ture, uyo mu ma 1880 na ma 1890, wakambiska ufumu wa Wassoulou, uwo ukaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, na Ivory Coast. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ture ŵakaŵa na vilwero vinandi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vyose. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakacicizga ŵasilikari ŵa Ture kuti ŵalutilire kuthandazga caru. Nkhondo za ku France zakususkana na Ture, izo zikaŵa zakusuzga, zikakura comene pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1890 mpaka apo wakakoleka mu 1898 ndipo ufumu wake ukamara.

Mu 1900, boma la France likakhazikiska msonkho wa munthu yumoza kuti liwovwire pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakawonanga kuti msonkho uwu ukuswa malango gha boma chifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti France yikukhumba kuti mafumu gha mu charu ichi ghaŵapenge msonkho wakuyana na uwo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuguliska. Ŵanandi, comenecomene awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, ŵakawonanga msonkho kuŵa cimanyikwiro ca kuyuyulika. Mu 1905, ŵa ku France ŵakalekeska wuzga mu vyaru vinandi vya ku French West Africa. Kufuma mu 1904 m'paka 1958, Ivory Coast yikaŵa chigaŵa cha French West Africa. Yikaŵa malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa boma la Republic III. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca France cikapeleka ŵasilikari kufuma ku Ivory Coast kuti ŵarwe nkhondo mu caru ici. M'paka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikambira, boma la France likalongozganga vinthu ku West Africa kufuma ku Paris. Ndondomeko ya ku France ku West Africa yikalongosoreka comene na fundo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Africa mu Ivory Coast ŵakaŵa "ŵanthu" ŵa ku France, kweni ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuyimilira ŵanyawo mu Africa panji mu France.[36]

 
Samori Touré,wakayambiska na mulongozgi wa ufumu wa Wassoulou uwo ukakananga muwuso wa France ku West Africa

Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku France, ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga na ŵanyawo.[37] Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti Cifurenci nchiwemi comene kuluska caru cawo, fundo iyi yikang'anamuranga kuti ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci, malango, na mitheto viŵikikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ndondomeko ya kuwungana yikayowoyaso kuti Ŵacifurenci ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵapachanya comene mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo, kweni yikaŵa na malango ghakupambana. Kuyana na ndondomeko iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ivory Coast ŵakazomerezgekanga kusunga mitheto yawo usange yikukolerana na fundo za ku France.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakasambizgika vinthu vya ku France ndiwo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Africa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vya m'ma 1930, ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakaŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakapika wanangwa wa kupempha kukhala ku France. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakaŵa pasi pa boma la France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa ndyali ŵakaŵa pasi pa boma la France. Ŵakacemekanga kuti ŵakagwirenge nchito mu migodi, mu minda, kuŵa ŵakunyamura katundu, na kuzenga vinthu vya boma. Ŵakeneranga kuŵa ŵasilikari ndipo ŵakalondezganga malango gha boma.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, boma la Vichy likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 1943, apo boma la Charles de Gaulle likapoka chigaŵa chose cha French West Africa. Ungano wa ku Brazzaville mu 1944, ungano wakwamba wa Republic yacinayi mu 1946, na kuwonga kwa caru ca France cifukwa ca kugomezgeka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vikapangiska kuti boma lipange vinthu vinyake mu 1946. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Africa ŵakapika wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca France, ŵakazomerezgekaso kwendera ndyali, ndipo nchito zinandi zacicicizgo zikamara. Pakati pa 1944 na 1946, maboma gha ku France na gha ku Ivory Coast ghakakolerana pa maungano ghanandi. Kuumaliro wa 1946, boma likasintha vinthu ndipo likazomerezga ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa French kuŵa ŵenekaya.

M'paka mu 1958, ŵakazembe awo ŵakimikika ku Paris ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Ivory Coast. Kweniso boma la France likagwiliskiranga ntchito fundo ya kugaŵikana na kuwusa. Ŵanalume ŵa ku France ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu charu cha Ivory Coast ŵakhorwenge na umo vinthu viliri sono mwakuti ŵaleke kutinkha France na kupempha kuti charu ichi chijilamulire. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakasuskanga comene fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe mu wupu, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusambira ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵangaŵa ŵakuyana waka mu caru ca ku France cifukwa ca kujiyaniska na caru cawo. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Ivory Coast laŵikapo mtima kusintha vinthu, ŵalongozgi ŵa charu ichi ŵakamanya kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵafika pa mtende na ŵanthu ŵa ku France, mbwenu ŵaŵenge ŵankhongono kuluska ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast.[37]

Kujiyimila

 
President Félix Houphouët-Boigny and First Lady Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny in the White House Entrance Hall with President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.

Félix Houphouët-Boigny, uyo wakaŵa mwana wa mulongozgi wa Ŵabaule, ndiyo wakawovwira kuti charu cha Ivory Coast chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira. Mu 1944, wakambiska wupu wakulongozga vyakurya mu caru ici. Cifukwa ca kukwiya cifukwa cakuti boma la France likakondweskanga ŵeneco ŵa minda, ŵa wupu uwu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagure ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Houphouët-Boigny wakazgoka munthu wakumanyikwa comene ndipo mu caka cimoza wakasankhika kuŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Paris. Pakati pajumpha caka cimoza, Ŵacifurenci ŵakalekeska ŵanthu kugwira nchito mwakucicizgika. Houphouët-Boigny wakambiska ubwezi wakukhora na boma la France, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti Ivory Coast yizamusanga candulo na ubwezi uwu. France wakamusankha kuŵa nduna, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Africa kuŵa nduna mu boma la ku Europe.

Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu vyaru vya ku France. Mu 1956, ŵakalemba buku la Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre). Pa Disembala 4, 1958, Ivory Coast yikaŵa chigaŵa chakujiyimira paŵekha cha French Community, icho chikanjira m'malo mwa French Union.[38]

Kufika mu 1960, caru ici cikaŵa cakukondwa comene mu vyaru vya French West Africa. Apo Houphouët-Boigny wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba, boma lake likapeleka mitengo yiwemi ku ŵalimi pa vyakurya vyawo kuti viŵawovwire kupanga vyakurya vinandi. Vyakumera vya khofi vikasazgikira comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti charu cha Ivory Coast chiŵe pa malo ghacitatu pa caru cose, pamanyuma pa Brazil na Colombia. Kuzakafika mu 1979, caru ici cikaŵa cakuluska caru cose pa kupanga koko. Kweniso ndilo likakura comene pa vyakurya vya mu Africa nga ni anise na mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵakacitiska "cinthondwe ca ku Ivory Coast". Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵati ŵajiyimira ŵekha, kweni ku Ivory Coast, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakanjira. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakakura kufuma pa 30,000 pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha kufika pa 60,000 mu 1980, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi, ŵalaŵiliri, na ŵakupeleka fundo. Kwa vyaka 20, chuma cha charu ichi chikakuranga pafupifupi 10 peresenti pa chaka.

Boma la Houphouët-Boigny

Boma la chipani chimoza la Houphouët-Boigny likaŵa lakukanizgika. Laurent Gbagbo, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Ivory Coast mu 2000, wakacimbira mu caru ici mu ma 1980 pamanyuma pakuti wakakwezga ukali wa Houphouët-Boigny mwa kuzenga gulu la Front Populaire Ivoirien.[39] Houphouët-Boigny wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵamutemwenge, ndipo ŵakalutilira kumusora. Wakasuskika cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa kupanga vinthu vikuruvikuru.

Ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskira ntchito pakusintha muzi wake wa Yamoussoukro kuŵa msumba wa ndyali zikaŵa zawakawaka. Ŵanyake ŵakakolerana na ivyo wakayowoya kuti waŵe na malo gha mtende, masambiro, na chisopa mu charu ichi. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1980, suzgo la vyachuma pa caru cose na chilangalanga mu caru ici vikapangiska kuti caru ca Ivory Coast ciŵe na masuzgo. Cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya makuni yikakwera comene kweniso shuga yikakhira comene, ngongoli ya caru yikasazgikira katatu. Uheni ukakura comene mu msumba wa Abidjan cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga mu muzi uwu. Mu 1990, ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa boma ŵakamba kunjilirapo, ndipo ŵasambiri nawo ŵakamba kunjilirapo. Chifukwa cha masuzgo agha, boma likamba kukhozgera vyaru vinandi. Houphouët-Boigny wakamba kulopwa comene ndipo wakafwa mu 1993. Wakakhumbanga kuti Henri Konan Bédié ndiyo waŵe mulondezgi wake.

Boma la Bédié

Mu Okutobala 1995, Bédié wakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wakamba kulamulira ndyali, ndipo wakakaka ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerananga nayo yayi. Mwakupambana na ivi, vinthu vikenda makora, cifukwa ca kukhira kwa ndalama na kuyezga kumazga ngongoli. Mwakupambana na Houphouët-Boigny, uyo wakachenjeranga comene kuti waleke kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo wakazomerezga ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake kuti ŵanjire mu mauteŵeti. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakaŵako yayi. Pakati pa mafuko ghakupambanapambana pakaŵa mphindano, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ziŵiri.

Mwakuyana waka, Bedié wakawuskamo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu gulu lake. Kuumaliro wa 1999, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo boma likachita, ŵakawuska ŵasilikari na kwamba kuwukira boma. Bedié wakacimbilira ku France. Ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵakachepeskako vigeŵenga na vimbundi, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakachichizganga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kunanga vinthu.

Nkhondo Yakwamba

Nkhani ikulu: First Ivorian Civil War


Mu Okutobala 2000, kukaŵa mavoti gha pulezidenti agho Laurent Gbagbo wakathereska Guéï, kweni ghakaŵa ghamtende yayi. Pa nyengo iyo vikaŵa pafupi kuchitika, pakaŵa vivulupi vya ŵasilikari na ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka uko kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 180 ŵafwe, mwaluŵiro Guéï wakasintha na Gbagbo. Khoti Likuru Chomene mu charu ichi likakana Ouattara cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa wa ku Burkina Faso. Ndondomeko ya boma yikazomerezganga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana na boma ŵachitenge mavoti. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakamukhozganga, comenecomene awo ŵakafuma kumpoto kwa caru ici, ŵambe kulimbana na ŵapolisi ku Yamoussoukro.

Mu maora ghakwambilira gha 19 Seputembala 2002, apo Gbagbo wakaŵa mu Italy, kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari kukacitika. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakeneranga kufumiskika ŵakagaluka na kwamba kuwukira misumba yinandi. Nkhondo ya kupoka nyumba za ŵasilikari mu Abidjan yikalutilira mpaka pakati pa mulenji, kweni pa nyengo ya mise, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakakora Abidjan. Ŵakaleka kulamulira kumpoto kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakamba kukhazikika mu msumba wa Bouaké. Ŵapanduki ŵakayezga kuti ŵalutilirenge ku Abidjan, ndipo France wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵakanizge ŵasilikari aŵa. Ŵafarisi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵawo ku ngozi, kweni ŵakawovwiraso ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Nangauli vikaŵa vyambura maukaboni kuti Ŵacifurenci ŵakawovwiranga cigaŵa cilicose, kweni cigaŵa cilicose cikayowoya kuti Ŵacifurenci ŵakovwira cigaŵa cinyake. Tikukayikira usange vyakucita vya ku France vikovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora panji viheni comene. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo vikacitika usiku wenewura.

 
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Côte d'Ivoire pafupi na galimoto ya French Foreign Legion, 2004

Boma likati pulezidenti wakale Robert Guéï ndiyo wakadangiliranga kuwukira boma, ndipo TV ya boma yikalongoranga vithuzi vya thupi lake lakufwa mu msewu. Ouattara wakabisama mu ofesi ya boma la Germany, cifukwa nyumba yake yikawotcheka. Pulezidenti Gbagbo wakadumulizga ulendo wake wa ku Italy ndipo wakati wawerako wakayowoya pa wayilesi kuti ŵakugaluka ŵanyake ŵakabisama mu mizi iyo mukaŵa ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakawotcha nyumba zinandi, ndipo ŵakamba kuwukira ŵanthu. Ŵasilikari ŵakagomezga yayi kuti ŵaleke kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto, ntheura nkhondo yikalutilira pa malo ghakutowa chomene. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kuti ŵakakhozge mtende, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Liberia na Sierra Leone ŵakamba kuwukira vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Mu Janyuwale 2003, Gbagbo na ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵakugaluka ŵakasaina mapangano ghakuzenga "boma la kukolerana". Ŵakawuskapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiza ku nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakendeskanga mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Boma ili likaŵa lambura kukhazikika, ndipo pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi. Mu Malichi 2004, ŵanthu 120 ŵakakomeka pa ungano wa ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira. Lipoti linyake likati ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakomeka mwakuchita kunozgekera. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakatumika kuti ŵakhozge "Malo gha Cigomezgo", kweni ubwezi pakati pa Gbagbo na ŵakususka ukalutilira kunangika.

Kukwambilira kwa Novembala 2004, pamanyuma pakuti phangano la mtende latondekapo cifukwa cakuti ŵakugaluka ŵakakana kufumiska vilwero, Gbagbo wakalangura kuti ŵankhondo ŵaŵawukire. Pa 6 November, 2004, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo yinyake iyo yikacitikira ku Bouaké. Ŵakazgora na kuparanya ndege zinandi za ŵasilikari ŵa Ivory Coast (ndege ziŵiri za Su-25 na helikopita zinkhondi), na ku Abidjan kukawuka viwawa vyakofya vyakwimikana na vya ku France.

Nyengo iyo Gbagbo wakaŵira pulezidenti yikamara pa Okutobala 30, 2005, kweni vikawoneka kuti vingachitika yayi kuti paŵe maungano gha mtende. Ntheura nyengo yake yikasazgikira na chaka chimoza, kuyana na ndondomeko iyo yikalembeka na wupu wa African Union ndipo yikazomerezgeka na wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Pakuti nyengo yakumalizgira maungano yikaŵa pafupi kukwana mu Okutobala 2006, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti maungano agha ghangakwaniskika yayi. Pa Novembala 1, 2006, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomerezga kuti Gbagbo walutilire kuwusa kwa chaka chimoza. Kweni chikalata ichi chikati wanangwa wa Charles Konan Banny ukwenera kusazgikira. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, Gbagbo wakayowoya kuti fundo zinyake izo zikuwoneka kuti zikususkana na malango gha boma zizamufiskika yayi.

Pa Malichi 4, 2007, boma na ŵakugaluka ŵakasazga phangano la mtende, ndipo pamasinda, Guillaume Soro, mulongozgi wa gulu ili, wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakawona kuti vinthu ivi vikakhozga comene Gbagbo. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati paumaliro wa nkhondo iyi, maji na malo ghakukhala ghakasakazika comene. Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kunozga maji.[40]

Nkhondo yachiŵiri

Nkhani ikulu: Ivorian presidential election, 2010 and Second Ivorian Civil War
   
Alassane Ouattara
President kufuma mu 2010 		Daniel Kablan Duncan
Prime Minister kufuma mu 2012 mpaka 2017

Chisankho cha pulezidenti icho chikeneranga kuchitika mu 2005 chikaŵa chakuti chichitikenge mu Novembala 2010. Paumaliro, Gbagbo wakatondeka kulondezga Ouattara. Chipani cha FPI icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikatenge ivyo vyalongosoreka vikaŵa vyautesi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitikanga ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakayowoya. Ŵakati ŵapulika ivyo vikachitika, pakaŵa mphindano zikuru na nkhaza. Wupu wakulongozga malango, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Gbagbo, ukati ivyo vikachitika mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya kumpoto ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka ndipo Gbagbo ndiyo wakathereska mavoti 51%. Pamanyuma pa kuŵikika kwa Gbagbo, Ouattara, uyo wakamanyikwa na vyaru vinandi na wupu wa United Nations kuti ndiyo watonda, wakanozga kuti paŵe maungano ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kopa kuti nkhondo yingambaso. Wupu wa African Union ukatuma Thabo Mbeki, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa South Africa, kuti waŵe mupayiniya. Wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukazomera fundo yakuti Ouattara ndiyo watonda pa mavoti agha, mwakuyana na umo wupu wa Economic Community of West African States ukacitira.

Mu 2010, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ivory Coast, Nguessan Yao, ŵakamukora ku New York. Wupu wa Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) ukamuphalira kuti wakuguliska na kutumiza pasi vilwero na mabomba: futi 4,000, mabomba 200,000, na mabomba 50,000 gha mafuta gha masozi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Ivory Coast ŵakaŵafwatura cifukwa ŵakaŵa na pasipoti ya boma. Michael Barry Shor, uyo wakaŵa muzga wa vyamalonda, wakakhalanga ku Virginia.[41][42]

 
Malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbira kwawo mu 2011

Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2010 chikapangiska suzgo la 2010-2011 la Ivory Coast na nkhondo yachiŵiri ya ku Ivory Coast. Wupu wa pa caru cose ukapharazga kuti vyaru viŵiri ivi vikuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ku Duékoué, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Mu tawuni yapafupi ya Bloléquin, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Wupu wa UN na ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo kwimikana na Gbagbo. Gbagbo wakakakika pamanyuma pa kuwukira nyumba yake pa 11 April 2011. Charu chikaŵa mu suzgo yikuru cifukwa ca nkhondo, ndipo Ouattara wakaŵa na suzgo likuru la kunozga ndyali na kuwunganya ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast. Gbagbo wakatolekera ku khoti la International Criminal Court mu Janyuwale 2016. Khoti likamuphalira kuti walije mulandu kweni ŵakamufumiska mwakufwatuka mu Janyuwale 2019. Charu cha Belgium ndicho chasankhika kuŵa chigaŵa cha ungano uwu.[43]

Boma la Ouattara

Ouattara wakuwusa caru kufuma mu 2010. Pulezidenti Ouattara wakasankhikaso pa chisankho cha 2015. Mu Novembala 2020, wakathereska nyengo yachitatu mu mavoti agho ŵakususka ŵakachita. Awo ŵakamususkanga ŵakatenge ntchakuzomerezgeka yayi kuti Ouattara wasankhike pa nyengo yacitatu. Bungwe Lolamulira la Ivory Coast lavomereza mwalamulo chisankho cha Pulezidenti Ouattara pa nthawi yachitatu mu November 2020.[44]

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Ivory Coast

Boma lili na vigaŵa vitatu: chigaŵa chakulongozga, chakupanga malango, na chakweruzgira. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Ivory Coast, yikupanga Senate iyo yikusankhika mwakudunjika na National Assembly iyo yili na mamembara 255.

Kwambira mu 1983, msumba ukuru wa Ivory Coast ni Yamoussoukro, ndipo msumba ukuru ni Abidjan. Vyaru vinandi vili na maboma ghawo mu Abidjan. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikuchitika mu Seputembala 2021. Wupu wa pa caru cose wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wawona masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo cifukwa ca umo ŵasilikari awo ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵanyawo ŵakucitira na ŵana awo ŵakucita nga mbazga.

Nangauli nkhondo yikamara kuumaliro wa 2004, kweni charu chikalutilira kugaŵikana, ndipo kumpoto kukaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa New Forces. Mu Okutobala 2005, boma likakhumbanga kuti paŵe mavoti ghaphya, ndipo mu Malichi 2007, magulu ghakwimikana ghakakolerana kuti ghachitenge ivi, kweni ghakalutilira kuchedwa m'paka Novembala 2010 chifukwa cha kuchedwa kunozgekera.

Paumaliro, mu 2010 pakaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Ungano wakwamba ukacitika mwamtende ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawona kuti ukaŵa wakufwatuka na wakugomezgeka. Pa Novembala 28, 2010, ŵakachita vigaŵa viŵiri vya chigaŵa ichi. Laurent Gbagbo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa boma ndipo wakasangana na Alassane Ouattara uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Pa 2 Disembala, wupu wakuwona vya mavoti ukati Ouattara ndiyo watonda pa mavoti gha 54% na 46%. Pakuzgora, wupu wa Constitutional Council uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Gbagbo, ukakana dango ili, ndipo boma likapharazga kuti mphaka za caru zili kujara. Muyowoyeri wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu cha Ivory Coast wakati: "Mphepete mwa nyanja, charu chapasi, na mphepete mwa mlengalenga mulije ŵanthu panji katundu".

Purezidenti Alassane Ouattara wakulongozga chalo ichi kwambira mu 2010 ndipo wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachitatu mu Novembala 2020 pa mavoti agho ghakakanika na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa mu chipani chakususka a Henri Konan Bedie na a Pascal Affi N'Guessan. Boma la Achi II lakhala likulamulira dzikolo kuyambira Epulo 2022.[45]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

 
Former President Laurent Gbagbo was extradited to the International Criminal Court (ICC), becoming the first head of state to be taken into the court's custody.[46]
Wonani vinandi: Foreign relations of Ivory Coast

Ku Africa, caru ca Ivory Coast cikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali. Mu 1959, Ivory Coast yikapangiska wupu wa Entente pamoza na Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, na Togo; mu 1965, African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); mu 1972, Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). Gulu laumaliro ili likasintha mu 1975 kuŵa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Ku Ivory Coast, uko kukaŵa wupu wakucemeka Organisation of African Unity (OAU) mu 1963 na African Union (AU) mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵakuchindika mazaza gha boma na kukolerana mu mtende.

Pa caru cose capasi, caru ca Ivory Coast cikukhumba kuti paŵe vinthu vyaunenesko pa nkhani ya malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha vyakurya na vyakurya. Ntheura, charu cha Ivory Coast chili paubwezi na mawupu gha pa caru cose. Nakuti likasazgirako malango gha wupu wa United Nations nga ni Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Protocol ya 1967, na Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa ya 1969. Ivory Coast yili mu wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, na South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.

Ivory Coast yikukolerana na vyaru vinyake vya ku Sub-Saharan kuti viwovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakusuzgika na maji na vyoto. Ivi vyacitika comene na wovwiri wa mawupu nga ni UNICEF na makampani nga ni Nestle.

Mu 2015, wupu wa United Nations ukalemba vya Sustainable Development Goals (Vinthu ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora pa charu chose). Ŵakuyowoya chomene vya umoyo, masambiro, ukavu, njara, kusintha kwa nyengo, maji ghawemi, na utozi. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima comene pa nkhani ya maji ghakutowa na kuzgora maji kuŵa mchere. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya comene nkhani izi ndiwo ŵali kulemba fundo ya WASH. WASH yikuyowoya comene za maji ghawemi, utozi, na mauto ghawemi. Gulu ili likakhwaska chomene vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, chomenechomene Ivory Coast. Kuzakafika mu 2030, ŵanthu wose ŵazamuŵa na maji ghawemi ghakumwa.[47]

Ŵankhondo

Wonani vinandi: Military of Ivory Coast

Kufika mu chaka cha 2012, vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapelekeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Ivory Coast vikaŵa masitima 10 gha T-55 (ghano ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito), masitima ghapusu ghankhondi gha AMX-13, magalimoto 34 ghakumanyiska vinthu, magalimoto 10 gha nkhondo gha BMP-1/2, magalimoto 41 gha mawilo gha APC, na vilwero vyakujumpha 36.

Mu 2012, gulu la nkhondo la Ivory Coast Air Force likaŵa na chiŵanja chimoza cha Mil Mi-24 na viŵanja vitatu vya SA330L Puma (vyeneivyo vingaŵa vyambura ntchito).

Mu 2017, charu cha Ivory Coast chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.[48]

Kugawikana kwa boma

 
Districts of Ivory Coast

Kwambira mu 2011, boma la Ivory Coast lili na vigaŵa 12 kweniso misumba yiŵiri yakujiyimira payekha. Vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 31, vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 108, ndipo vigaŵa vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 510.[49] Nyengo zinyake, mizi yinandi yikuŵa na vikaya. Vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake, kweni vili na madipatimenti, vigaŵa vichokovichoko, na matawuni. Kwambira mu 2011, maboma gha vigaŵa 12 ivyo vili na mazaza ghakujiwusa ghandasankhikepo. Pa cifukwa ici, vigaŵa ivi vindambe kugwira nchito nga ni maboma.

Pano pali ndondomeko ya vigaŵa, misumba yikuru ya vigaŵa na vigaŵa vya chigaŵa chilichose:

Nambala ya mapu. Boma Msumba wa boma Chigaŵa Mpando wa Chigaŵa Ŵanthu[50]
1 Abidjan
(District Autonome d'Abidjan) 		4,707,404
2 Bas-Sassandra
(District du Bas-Sassandra) 		San-Pédro Gbôklé Sassandra 400,798
Nawa Soubré 1,053,084
San-Pédro San-Pédro 826,666
3 Comoé
(District du Comoé) 		Abengourou Indénié-Djuablin Abengourou 560,432
Sud-Comoé Aboisso 642,620
4 Denguélé
(District du Denguélé) 		Odienné Folon Minignan 96,415
Kabadougou Odienné 193,364
5 Gôh-Djiboua
(District du Gôh-Djiboua) 		Gagnoa Gôh Gagnoa 876,117
Lôh-Djiboua Divo 729,169
6 Lacs
(District des Lacs) 		Dimbokro Bélier Region Yamoussoukro[51] 346,768
Iffou Daoukro 311,642
Moronou Bongouanou 352,616
N'Zi Dimbokro 247,578
7 Lagunes
(District des Lagunes) 		Dabou Agnéby-Tiassa Agboville 606,852
Grands-Ponts Dabou 356,495
La Mé Adzopé 514,700
8 Montagnes
(District des Montagnes) 		Man Cavally Guiglo 459,964
Guémon Duékoué 919,392
Tonkpi Man 992,564
9 Sassandra-Marahoué
(District du Sassandra-Marahoué) 		Daloa Haut-Sassandra Daloa 1,430,960
Marahoué Bouaflé 862,344
10 Savanes
(District des Savanes) 		Korhogo Bagoué Boundiali 375,687
Poro Korhogo 763,852
Tchologo Ferkessédougou 467,958
11 Vallée du Bandama
(District de la Vallée du Bandama) 		Bouaké Gbêkê Bouaké 1,010,849
Hambol Katiola 429,977
12 Woroba
(District du Woroba) 		Séguéla Béré Mankono 389,758
Bafing Touba 183,047
Worodougou Séguéla 272,334
13 Yamoussoukro
(District Autonome du Yamoussoukro) 		355,573
14 Zanzan
(District du Zanzan) 		Bondoukou Bounkani Bouna 267,167
Gontougo Bondoukou 667,185

Misumba ikulu

Wonaniso: List of cities in Ivory Coast

Template:Largest cities of Ivory Coast

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Ivory Coast
 
Köppen climate classification map of Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast ni chalo icho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Liberia na Guinea kumanjiliro gha dazi, Mali na Burkina Faso kumpoto, Ghana kumafumiro gha dazi, na Gulf of Guinea kumwera. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 11°N, na longitude 2° na 9°W. Malo gha vyakurya ghakukwana 64.8%, ndipo gha vyakumera ghakukwana 9.1%, vyakumera vyakukhalapo 41.5%, na vyakumera vyakukhalapo 14.2%. Kufipiska maji ni suzgo likuru comene ilo caru cikukumana nalo.[1]

Vinthu vyakupambanapambana

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Ivory Coast, Environment of Ivory Coast, and List of national parks of Ivory Coast

Mu charu ichi muli vyamoyo vyakujumpha 1,200, kusazgapo vinyama 223, viyuni 702, vinyama vyakukhwaŵa 125, vyamoyo 38 vyakukhala pa maji na pasi, na somba 111. Charu ichi chili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chomene mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghankhondi na ghatatu. Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo ghakuru chomene ni Assgny National Park.

Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinkhondi na cimoza: nkhorongo za kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea, nkhorongo za kumwera kwa Guinea, nkhorongo za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Guinea, nkhorongo za ku Guinea, nkhorongo za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, na nkhorongo za ku Guinea. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 3.64/10, ndipo chili pa nambara 143 pa vyaru 172.[52]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Ivory Coast
 
A proportional representation of Ivory Coast, 2019
 
GDP per capita development

Ivory Coast yili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa munthu yumoza mu chigaŵa ichi (US$1,662 mu 2017) ndipo yikovwira chomene pa malonda gha vyaru ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Charu ichi nchikuluta mu vyalo vya West African Economic and Monetary Union, ndipo chili na 40% ya GDP ya vyalo ivi. Cote d'Ivoire ni caru cacinayi pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska katundu mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.

Charu ichi ndicho chikuguliska mbuto zinandi chomene za koko pa charu chose. Mu 2009, ŵalimi ŵa mbuto za koko ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 2.53 biliyoni kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo ŵakaguliskanga. Kweniso ku Ivory Coast kuli ŵalimi 100,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga mphira.[53][54]

Kuŵa na ubwezi wakukhora na caru ca France kwambira apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1960, kupangiska vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti vifumenge mu vyaru vinyake, na kukhozga ndalama za caru cinyake, ndivyo vyawovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, charu cha Ivory Coast chili na mpikisano ukuru ndipo mitengo ya khofi na koko yikukhira chomene pa charu chose. Ivi vikusazgikana na vimbundi ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵalimi, awo ŵakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake, na ŵantchito ŵaŵe na masuzgo. Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku United States yikupanga ndondomeko ya vinthu ivyo vikupangika na ŵana panji ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito mwankhongono kwambira mu 2009.

Kufuma apo charu cha Ivory Coast chikapokera wanangwa, chuma chake chakura luŵiro chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vinandi vya mu Africa. Chifukwa chimoza icho vingaŵira nthena ni msonkho pa vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Ivory Coast, Nigeria, na Kenya, vikaŵa na misonkho yinandi yayi, chifukwa awo ŵakavilamuliranga ndiwo ŵakapanganga vyakurya vinandi. Ntheura, vinthu vikaŵayenderanga makora.

Mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 7.5 miliyoni ŵakaŵa pa nchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira nchito ŵakakhwaskika comene, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca ŵekha, mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 2000, cifukwa ca masuzgo ghanandi gha vya cuma kufuma mu 1999. Kweniso, masuzgo agha ghakapangiska kuti makampani gha visulo na mabanki ghasame. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakasoŵanga nchito, nchito yikamba kuchepa. Mu 2012, chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura nchito chikakwera kufika pa 9.4%. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kucita kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kusoŵa nchito ni kugaŵa nchito mu malonda ghacoko. Kugaŵikana kwa milimo uku kukawovwira ŵalimi na viŵeto. Boma la Ivory Coast likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya nchito ya kujikora, ndipo yikapangiska kuti nchito iyi yikure comene, ndipo yikakura na 142% mu vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kwambira mu 1995.[55]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Ivory Coast
Historical population
ChakaŴanthukukula kwa
pachaka.
19603,709,000—    
19756,709,600+4.08%
1988 10,815,694+3.78%
1998 15,366,672+3.32%
2014 22,671,331+2.56%
2021 29,389,150+3.48%
Source: 1960 UN estimate,[56] 1975–1998 censuses,[57] 2014 census,[58] 2021 census.[2]
 
Congestion at a market in Abidjan

Kuyana na kalembera wa pa 14 Disembala, 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikaŵa 29,389,150, kufuma pa 22,671,331 pa kalembera wa 2014. Pa kalembera wakwamba mu 1975, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 6.7 miliyoni. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika pa caru cose wa Demographic and Health Surveys, ŵana awo ŵakababikanga ŵakaŵa 4.3 pa mwanakazi yumoza mu 2021 (pa tawuni pakaŵa 3.6 ndipo ku mizi pakaŵa 5.3).[59]

Viyowoyelo

Wonani vinandi: Languages of Ivory Coast

Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 78 mu Ivory Coast. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa sukulu ndipo ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, chiyowoyero chinyake cha Chifurenchi icho chikuchemeka Nouchi, chafuma mu Abidjan ndipo chafika pa ŵanthu ŵachinyamata. Limoza mwa viyowoyero ivi ni Dyula, ilo likuyowoyeka mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto.[60]

Mtundu wa ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Ivory Coast#Ethnic groups

Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi mu charu ichi ni Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques panji Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Kru-speaking peoples (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), na ŵanyake (2.8%, kusazgapo 100,000 Lebanese na 45,000 French; 2004).[61] Chigaŵa chilichose chili na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana. Mwachiyelezgero, mu gulu la Ŵaakan muli Baoule, mu gulu la Voltaique muli Senufo, mu gulu la kumpoto kwa Mande muli Dioula na Maninka, mu gulu la Kru muli Bété na Kru, ndipo mu gulu la kumwera kwa Mande muli Yacouba.

Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuchemeka Ŵaivori. Pakuti Ivory Coast njimoza mwa vyaru vya ku West Africa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa ŵanthu 3.4 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbafuma ku Liberia, Burkina Faso, na Guinea. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 4 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku France, Lebanon, Vietnam, Spain, kweniso ŵamishonale ŵakufuma ku United States na Canada. Mu Novembala 2004, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku France na vyaru vinyake ŵakachimbira ku Ivory Coast chifukwa cha kuyuzgika na gulu la ŵawukirano. Padera pa ŵanthu ŵa ku France, paliso ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi.

Chisopo

Wonani vinandi: Religion in Ivory Coast, Islam in Ivory Coast, and Christianity in Ivory Coast
File:Notre dame de la paix yamoussoukro by felix krohn.jpg
The Catholic Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro.

Charu cha Ivory Coast chili na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Kuyana na maukaboni gha sonosono gha 2021, awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu (kanandi ŵa Sunni) ŵakaŵa 42.5% ya ŵanthu wose, apo awo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (kanandi ŵa Katolika na ŵa Evangelical) ŵakaŵa 39.8% ya ŵanthu wose. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 12.6% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, ndipo 2.2% ŵakalondezga chisopa chautesi.

Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2020, wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ndiwo ŵazamuŵa 44% ya ŵanthu wose, apo Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 37.2%. Kweniso likati ŵanthu 8.1% mbambura kusopa, ndipo 10.5% mbakusopa mu visopa vya ku Africa. Mu 2009, U.S. Dipatimenti ya vya Boma yikati Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 35 m'paka 40 peresenti ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 25 peresenti ŵakasopanga visopa vyautesi.

Ku Yamoussoukro ndiko kuli tchalitchi likuru comene pa caru cose, la Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.[62]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Ivory Coast

Mu 2004, ŵanalume ŵakakhaliranga na umoyo utaliko vyaka 42, ndipo ŵanakazi 47. Pa ŵana 1,000, 118 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Pa ŵanthu 100,000, pali ŵadokotala 12. Pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza mu vigaŵa vinayi vya caru ici cikukhala pasi pa ukavu wa madola 1.25 pa zuŵa. Pafupifupi ŵanakazi 36 pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵali kupokera nthenda iyi. Kuyana na ivyo vikachitika mu 2010, charu cha Ivory Coast chili pa nambara 27 pa vyaru vyose pa charu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakukomana na HIV/AIDS chikaŵa cha nambara 19 pa vyaru vyose, ndipo mu 2012 chikaŵa pa 3.20% pa ŵanthu ŵakukhwima ŵa vyaka 15-49.[63]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Ivory Coast
 
The university campus of the Université de Cocody

Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, charu cha Ivory Coast ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba.[1] Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook la mu 2019, ŵanthu 89.9% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵanakazi, mbambura kusambira. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 10 ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵa sukulu za sekondare mbanalume. Para ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵakusambira ŵakuŵa na mwaŵi wa kulemba masambiro gha baccalauréat. Pa mayunivesite ghanyake pali Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny ku Abidjan na Université Alassane Ouattara ku Bouaké.

Sayansi

Nkhani ikulu: Science and technology in Ivory Coast

Kuyana na Unduna wa vya Masambiro ghapacanya na Kupenjerezga vya Sayansi, charu cha Ivory Coast chikupeleka ndalama zakukwana 0.13% pa GDP yake ku ntchito ya GERD. Padera pa ndalama zichoko, masuzgo ghanyake nga ni kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vya sayansi, kugaŵikana kwa mawupu gha kafukufuku, kweniso kutondeka kuvikilira na kuvikilira ivyo ŵasayansi ŵasanga.[64]Ivory Coast yikaŵa pa nambala 114 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 103 mu 2019.[65][66][67][68] Chiŵelengero cha vya sayansi mu pulani ya vyaumoyo ya 2012-2015 chikulutilira kuŵa chichoko. Mu chigaŵa cha kuzenga usambazi ukuru na urunji wa ŵanthu (63.8% ya bajeti yose ya Ndondomeko iyi), 1.2% pera ndiyo yikatumika ku kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mapulogiramu gha kafukufuku gha vyaru 24 ghakukolerana pa nkhani ya kafukufuku. Mapulogiramu agha ghakukolerana na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vyakukhumbikwa comene mu 2012-2015, nga ni: umoyo, vinthu vyakudura, vyakurya, vyaru, cikaya, cilengiwa, muwuso, migodi na nkhongono; na tekinoloje.[64]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Ivory Coast, Music of Ivory Coast, and Media of Ivory Coast

Mtundu uliwose wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast uli na sumu zawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵakutemwa kugwiliskira ntchito matambulara agho ghakuyowoya, comenecomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Appolo. Vyakwimba vya ku Ivory Coast ni zoblazo, zouglou, na Coupé-Décalé. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵa ku Ivory Coast awo ŵakutumbikika pa caru cose ni Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat, AfroB, Serge Beynaud na Christina Goh, ŵa ku Ivory Coast.

Maseŵera

Wonaniso: Ivory Coast at the Olympics
 
The Ivory Coast national football team

Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ni bola. Chikwata cha mpira wa mpira cha amuna chakhala chikusewera mu World Cup katatu, ku Germany 2006, ku South Africa 2010, ndi Brazil mu 2014. Ku Côte d'Ivoire kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa pa nkhani ya maseŵero nga ni Didier Drogba na Yaya Touré. Gulu la mpira la ŵanakazi likaseŵera mu 2015 Women's World Cup ku Canada. Charu ichi chili kupokelera maseŵero ghanandi gha mu Africa, ndipo sonosono apa nkhamaseŵero gha mu Africa gha basketball mu 2013. Kumanyuma uku, mu charu ichi mukaŵa maseŵero gha ku Africa Cup of Nations mu 1984, apo timu ya Ivory Coast yikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi.

Gabriel Tiacoh uyo wakathamanga mamita 400 wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa maseŵera gha mamita 400 gha ŵanalume pa maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 1984. Charu ichi chikapokelera chiphikiro cha 8 cha Jeux de la Francophonie mu 2017. Mu maseŵero gha maseŵero ghamaseŵero ghamaseŵero gha ku malo ghakutali, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Marie-Josée Ta Lou na Murielle Ahouré.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha rugby union, ndipo timu ya rugby union yikatora malo pa maseŵero gha Rugby World Cup mu South Africa mu 1995. Ivory Coast yili kuwina viphalizgano viŵiri vya Africa Cup: cimoza mu 1992 na cinyake mu 2015. Ivory Coast yikumanyikwa na maseŵero gha Taekwondo.

Vyakuphika

 
Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya yassa. Pa cithuzithuzi apa pali yassa wa nkhuku.
Nkhani ikulu: Ivorian cuisine

Vyakurya vya mu vyaru ivi vikuyana chomene na vyakulyeramo vya mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Vyakurya vya ku Côte d'Ivoire vikusazgapo viŵiya vyakuchemeka cassava na plantains. Para munthu wakuphika mbuto, wakugwiliskira ntchito mtundu unyake wa mbuto wakuchemeka aitiu. Attiéké ni cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene ico ŵakuphika na maniyu. Cakurya ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya mu misewu ni alloco, panji kuti phere lakuphika mu mafuta gha kanjawala, ndipo ŵakulyera pamoza na somba zakuphika panji masumbi. Mu chigaŵa ichi, nkhuku zikurya comene ndipo zikunowa comene cifukwa ni nyama yambura mafuta. Vyakurya vya mu nyanja ni tuna, sardine, shrimp, na bonito, ivyo vikuyana waka na tuna. Chakurya ichi chikuŵa na nyama mu msuzi.[69]

Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya ivyo ŵakuphika pachokopachoko. Kedjenou ni cakurya ico cikusazgapo nkhuku na mphangwe izo zaphikika mu ciŵiya cakujalira. Kanandi ŵakuphika mu chiŵiya chakuchemeka canary, pa moto, panji mu uvuni. Bangui ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakumwera vinyo la mkama.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Ivory Coast ŵali na malo ghakulyerako ghacoko waka ghakucemeka maquis. Kanandi para munthu wakurya maquis wakuŵa na nyama ya nkhuku, somba yakuzura na anyezi na tomato, kweniso attiéké panji kedjenou.

Wonaniso

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Vyakulembeka

  1. ↑ The latter being pronounced /ˌkoʊt diːˈvwɑːr/ KOHT dee-VWAR in English and [kot divwaʁ] ( pulikizgani machemelo) in French.[6]
  2. ↑ Joseph Vaissète, in his 1755 Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile, lists the name as La Côte des Dents ("The Coast of the Teeth"), but notes that Côte de Dents is the more correct form.[15]
  3. ↑ Côte du Vent sometimes denoted the combined "Ivory" and "Grain" coasts, or sometimes just the "Grain" coast.[10][11]
  4. ↑ Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons, as do their outlets, such as the Chinese CCTV News. Other organizations that use "Côte d'Ivoire" include the Central Intelligence Agency in its World Factbook[1] and the international sport organizations FIFA[22] and the IOC[23] (referring to their national football and Olympic teams in international games and in official broadcasts), news magazine The Economist,[24] the Encyclopædia Britannica[25] and the National Geographic Society.[26]
  5. ↑ The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country.[27] The Guardian newspaper's style guide says: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Côte d'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians."[28] ABC News, Fox News, The Times, The New York Times, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or predominantly.[citation needed]

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Côte d'Ivoire". The World Factbook. CIA Directorate of Intelligence. 30 Malichi 2022. Retrieved 16 Malichi 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire. "RGPH 2021 Résultats globaux" (PDF). Retrieved 9 Ogasiti 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  4. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 14 Julayi 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 8 Sekutembala 2022.
  6. ↑ "Cote d'Ivoire definition". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 23 Meyi 2014.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ "OVERALL DEFINITIVE RESULTS OF THE RGPH 2021: THE POPULATION USUALLY LIVING ON IVORIAN TERRITORY IS 29,389,150 INHABITANTS". PORTAIL OFFICIEL DU GOUVERNEMENT DE COTE D'IVOIRE (in French). 13 Julayi 2022.
  8. ↑ "Ivory Coast backs new constitution in landslide vote, opposition cries foul". 2 Novembala 2016.
  9. ↑ IMF. "World Economic Outlook database: April 2022". Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Duckett 1853, p. 594.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Thornton 1996, p. 53–56.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Homans 1858, p. 14.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lipski 2005, p. 39.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Plée 1868, p. 146.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Vaissète 1755, p. 185–186.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Chisholm 1911, p. 100.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Walckenaer 1827, p. 35.
  18. ↑ Blanchard 1818, p. 57.
  19. ↑ David 2000, p. 7.
  20. ↑ Lea & Rowe 2001, p. 127.
  21. ↑ Jessup 1998, p. 351.
  22. ↑ "CAF Member Associations". CAF Online. CAF-Confederation of African Football. Retrieved 20 Julayi 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 Julayi 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "Research Tools". The Economist. Archived from the original on 1 Epulelo 2010. Retrieved 20 Juni 2010.
  25. ↑ "Cote d'Ivoire". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. Retrieved 20 Juni 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ "Places Directory". nationalgeographic.com. 25 Juni 2008. Retrieved 20 Juni 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ "Country profile: Ivory Coast". BBC News. 24 Febuluwale 2010. Retrieved 30 Epulelo 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ "Guardian Style Guide: I". The Guardian. 19 Disembala 2008. Retrieved 30 Epulelo 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ Rougerie 1978, p. 246
  30. ↑ Kipré 1992, pp. 15–16
  31. ↑ Warner 1988, p. 6.
  32. ↑ Warner 1988, p. 7.
  33. ↑ Warner 1988, pp. 7–8.
  34. ↑ Warner 1988, p. 8.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Warner 1988, p. 10.
  36. ↑ "Background Note: Cote d'Ivoire". U.S. Department of State. Okutobala 2003. Archived from the original on 29 Febuluwale 2004.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Warner 1988, p. 12.
  38. ↑ "French Ivory Coast (1946-1960)". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2021.
  39. ↑ McGovern 2011, p. 16.
  40. ↑ "Water And Sanitation". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 14 Meyi 2016.
  41. ↑ "FBI nabbed colonel on official business". United Press International. 21 Sekutembala 2010.
  42. ↑ United States v. Shor, Order on appeal from summary judgment, 9th Cir. Case No. 5:10-cr-00434-RMW-1, (December 18, 2015).
  43. ↑ "Ivory Coast's ex-president Laurent Gbagbo released to Belgium". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 Malichi 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ↑ "Ivory Coast Constitutional Council confirms Ouattara re-election". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 Juni 2021.
  45. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire : un nouveau gouvernement, mais peu de changements – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2022.
  46. ↑ "Ivory Coast's former president Laurent Gbagbo oversaw 'unspeakable crimes', says ICC". The Daily Telegraph. 28 Janyuwale 2016. Archived from the original on 10 Janyuwale 2022.
  47. ↑ "Sustainable Development Goals". sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 Meyi 2016. Retrieved 20 Meyi 2016.
  48. ↑ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 Julayi 2017.
  49. ↑ Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes (GENC) second edition
  50. ↑ "Districts of Côte d'Ivoire". Statoids. Institut National de la Statistique, Côte d'Ivoire.
  51. ↑ While Yamoussoukro is the seat of Bélier region, the city itself is not part of the region.
  52. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  53. ↑ "Ivory Coast reaps more rubber as farmers shift from cocoa". Reuters. 13 Febuluwale 2013. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2014.
  54. ↑ "Cote d'Ivoire | Office of the United States Trade Representative". Ustr.gov. 29 Malichi 2009. Archived from the original on 3 Disembala 2013. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2014.
  55. ↑ Ministry of Economy 2007, pp. 176–180.
  56. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. "World Population Prospects 2022". Retrieved 9 Ogasiti 2022.
  57. ↑ Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire. "Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat 2014 - Rapport d'exécution et Présentation des principaux résultats" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 9 Ogasiti 2022.
  58. ↑ Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire. "RGPH 2014 Résultats globaux" (PDF). Retrieved 9 Ogasiti 2022.
  59. ↑ Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire and ICF International. "Enquête Démographique et de Santé - Côte d'Ivoire - 2021" (PDF). p. 10 (21). Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2022.
  60. ↑ "Manding (Dioula)". Minority Rights Group (in British English). 19 Juni 2015. Retrieved 9 Okutobala 2022.
  61. ↑ "Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique". VOA Afrique. 1 Febuluwale 2018.
  62. ↑ Mark, Monica (15 Meyi 2015). "Yamoussoukro's Notre-Dame de la Paix, the world's largest basilica - a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 37". the Guardian (in English). Retrieved 1 Okutobala 2022.
  63. ↑ "Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate". The World Factbook. CIA.gov. Archived from the original on 21 Disembala 2014.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Essegbey, Diaby & Konté 2015, pp. 498–533, "West Africa".
  65. ↑ "Global Innovation Index 2021". World Intellectual Property Organization (in English). United Nations. Retrieved 5 Malichi 2022.
  66. ↑ "Global Innovation Index 2019". WIPO. Retrieved 2 Sekutembala 2021.
  67. ↑ "RTD - Item". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 Sekutembala 2021.
  68. ↑ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 28 Okutobala 2013. Archived from the original on 2 Sekutembala 2021. Retrieved 2 Sekutembala 2021.
  69. ↑ "Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire: Recipes and Cuisine". Whats4eats.com. 3 Epulelo 2008. Retrieved 22 Meyi 2011.[unreliable source?]{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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