Wikipedia

Liberia

charu cah ufumu Kumanjililo gha Dazi gha Afilika
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na charu chamu Afilika. For ntchito zinyake, see Liberia (disambiguation).

Liberia (/laɪˈbɪriə/ (pulikizgani machemelo)), mwalamulo Ripabuliki ya Laibeliya, ni chalo icho chili mumphepete mwa Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Sierra Leone kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, Guinea kumpoto, Ivory Coast kumafumiro gha dazi, na Atlantic Ocean kumwera na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 111,369 km2. Nangauli chiyowoyero chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chingelezi, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 20. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Monrovia.

Charu cha Liberia
Mbendela Coat of arms
Chiluso: "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here"
Nyimbo: "All Hail, Liberia, Hail!"
Makhalilo gha  Liberia  (dark green)
Makhalilo gha  Liberia  (dark green)
Makhalilo gha  Liberia  (dark green)
Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Monrovia
Chiyowoyelo chaboma English
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2008[1])
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Liberian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary presidential constitutional republic
 -  President George Weah
 -  Vice President Jewel Taylor
 -  House Speaker Bhofal Chambers
 -  Chief Justice Sie-A-Nyene Yuoh
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house House of Representatives
Formation and Independence from American Colonization Society
 -  American Colonization Society settlement January 7, 1822 
 -  Independence declared July 26, 1847 
 -  Republic of Maryland annexed March 18, 1857 
 -  Recognition by the United States February 5, 1862 
 -  United Nations membership November 2, 1945 
 -  Current constitution January 6, 1986 
 -  Maji (%) 13.514
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 5,358,483[2] (121st)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$8.84 billion[3] (167th)
 -  Per capita Increase$1,667[3] (184th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$3.90 billion[3] (171st)
 -  Per capita Increase$735[3] (180th)
Gini (2016)35.3[4]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.481[5]
low ·178th
Ndalama Liberian dollar (LRD)
Mtundu Wanyengo GMT (UTC )
Kalembelo kasiku mm/dd/yyyy
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .lr
Website
www.emansion.gov.lr Executive mansion

Liberia yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo wupu wa American Colonization Society (ACS) ukagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵazamusanga wanangwa na vinthu vinandi mu Africa kuluska ku United States.[6]Pakati pa 1822 na 1861 apo Nkhondo ya ku America yikambanga, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Africa awo ŵakababika ŵanangwa ŵakakwana 15,000. Pachoko na pachoko, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kumanyikwa kuti mba ku America na Liberia. Pa Julayi 26, 1847, charu cha Liberia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha, ndipo boma la United States likamanya yayi kuti ni charu ichi m'paka pa Febuluwale 5, 1862.[7][8]

Liberia yikaŵa charu chakwambilira ku Africa kuŵa na wanangwa ndipo ndiyo yikaŵa charu chakwambilira na chakale chomene mu Africa. Pamoza na Ethiopia, ni yimoza mwa vyaru viŵiri vya mu Africa ivyo vikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Africa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Liberia chikakhozgera nkhondo ya ku United States na Germany, ndipo chikapokera ndalama zinandi za ku America izo zikawovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na vinthu vinandi. Pulezidenti William Tubman wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe pa nkhani ya vyachuma na ndyali.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakolerananga yayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kru na Grebo ŵakamba kuwukira malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakaŵa ŵachoko chomene ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wakuŵa ŵenekaya m'paka mu 1904.[9][10]

Mu 1980, apo boma la William R. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Americo-Liberia likamalizga kulamulira charu ichi. Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yacitika, pakaŵa boma la ŵasilikari la People's Redemption Council. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu 250,000 ŵafwe (pafupifupi 8 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose) ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo. Mu 2003, pakaŵa phangano la mtende ilo likawovwira kuti paŵe maungano gha demokilase mu 2005.[11]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya Liberia

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira

Michael Omolewa ndiyo wakasimikizgira kuti ku West Africa kukaŵa vinthu vya ku Oldowan ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakaŵako.[12]

Vinthu vya ku Acheulean (ESA) ivyo vikulongora nyengo iyo vikaŵirako vili kulembeka makora mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba pa nyengo ya Middle Stone Age (MSA) vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyamabuchi mu nyengo ya Chibanian (~780-126 000 years ago) mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Sahelian. Ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵaŵe ŵacinyamata comene mu Africa. Kweni pali mphambano yikuru pa nkhani ya umo vyakumera vya mu nkhorongo vikuŵira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya malibwe ŵakalongora kuti vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya tekinoloje.[13]

Ivyo vili kulembeka vikulongora kuti vinthu vya ku West Africa ivyo vikapangika mu nyengo ya Stone Age (LSA) vikukolerana, ndipo vikulongora kuti mafakitale ghakupambanapambana ghakupanga vinthu ivi kufuma mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka kumpoto. Vinthu ivi vingaŵa vyakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri pa charu panji umo ŵanthu ŵakutemwera kusangwa na vinthu vinyake.

Mu nyengo ya pakati pa nyengo ya Holocene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupangira vyakurya. Pakati pa vyaka pafupifupi 4.5 na 3.5 C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kupanga vyakurya, panyake chifukwa cha kukumana na ŵaliska na ŵalimi ŵa kumpoto. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ŵakalutilira kukhala mu nkhorongo m'paka nyengo yikati yajumphapo.[13]

 
A European map of West Africa and the Grain Coast, 1736. It has the archaic mapping designation of Negroland.

Kukura kwa mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa Mande

Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Mande ŵakamba kufumako kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo mitundu yinandi yichoko yikachimbilira kumwera ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola, na Kissi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwambilira kulembeka mu malo agha.[14]

Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa Ufumu wa Mali mu 1375 na Ufumu wa Songhai mu 1591. Apo vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu vikazgoka mapopa, ŵanthu ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. [14]Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakiza na maluso ghanyake nga nkhunjilira katoni, kupanga salu, kusungunura visulo, kulima mpunga na sorghum, kweniso vinthu vinyake vya ndyali ivyo vikafuma ku maufumu gha Mali na Songhai. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mane ŵakapoka chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Vai awo ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Mali ŵakasamukira mu chigaŵa cha Grand Cape Mount County. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Kru ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Vai, ndipo ŵakachita phangano na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Mane kuti ŵaleke kwizaso.[14]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakazenganga maboti ndipo ŵakaguliskanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa kufuma ku Cape Verde m'paka ku Gold Coast.

Chikoloni chakuchelezga chakwamba

Kwambira mu 1461 m'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1600, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal, Netherlands, na Britain ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵamalonda ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha.

Ku United States, pakaŵa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakababika ŵanangwa na awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakhalenge mu Africa. Ŵakaŵasuskanga chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, ŵakaŵakananga wanangwa wawo wa ndyali, kweniso ŵakaŵakananga wanangwa wa kusopa. Wupu wa American Colonization Society (ACS), uwo ukaŵako mu 1816, ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa Quaker kweniso awo ŵakaŵa na ŵazga. ŴaQuaker ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵangaŵa na mwaŵi ukuru wa kufwatuka mu Africa kuluska mu U.S.[6][15] Nangauli awo ŵakaŵa na ŵazga ŵakasuskanga ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga, kweni ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti para ŵazga ŵaŵafumiska mu charu chawo, mbwenu ŵazga ŵaleke kugaluka.

Mu 1822, wupu wa American Colonization Society ukamba kutuma ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ku Pepper Coast kuti ŵakakhazikiske malo agha. Pa ŵanthu 4,571 awo ŵakiza ku Liberia pakati pa 1820 na 1843, 1,819 pera ndiwo ŵakapona. Kuzakafika mu 1867, wupu wa ACS (na wupu unyake) ukawovwira ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku United States na ku Caribbean kuti ŵalute ku Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa aŵa na ŵana ŵawo ŵakatorana mu cikaya cawo ndipo ŵakacemekanga kuti Americo-Liberians. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakasambira ku America. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na mitheto iyo yikakolerananga na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakagomezganga pa nkhani ya ndyali na Chikhristu.[16]

 
Mapu gha Liberia Colony mu ma 1830, agho ghakalembeka na ACS, kweniso ghakulongora Mississippi Colony na ma colony ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na boma.

Wupu wa ACS, uwo ukawovwirika na ŵandyali ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku America nga ni Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, na James Monroe, ukagomezganga kuti "kuwelera kwawo" nkhuwemi kuluska kuti ŵazga ŵakhale mu United States. Wupu wakuyana waka uwo ukaŵa na boma ukambiska vyaru vinyake ku Mississippi mu Africa, Kentucky mu Africa, na Republic of Maryland, ivyo pamanyuma Liberia yikavitora. Ndipouli, mu 1862 Lincoln wakati Liberia "nkhukondwa waka", ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵalute ku Chiriquí, ku Panama.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakakolerananga yayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, chomenechomene awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo ghakutali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kru na Grebo ndiwo ŵakawukira malo agha. Kanandi para munthu wasangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu thengere, wakacitanga nkhaza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakagomezganga kuti mbakupambana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, kweniso kuti ŵali na maluso ghanandi kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pakukhumba kuyezga charu cha South America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakamba kuvwara malaya nga ni masiketi na malaya gha ku msana. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa charu chawo m'paka mu 1904. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakaciska mawupu gha cisopa kuti ghaŵike maofesi na masukulu kuti ghaŵasambizge ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.[17]

Gulu la ndale

 
Malo ghakukhalamo Joseph Jenkins Roberts, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Liberia, pakati pa 1848 na 1852.

Pa Julayi 26, 1847, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalemba chikalata chakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo ŵakalemba dango la boma. Likakhazikiska charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Liberia. Pa Ogasiti 24, charu cha Liberia chikapeleka ndembera yake ya vigaŵa 11. Boma la United Kingdom ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kuzomerezga kuti Liberia njambura mazaza. Boma la United States likamanya yayi kuti Liberia ni charu cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1862.[18][19][20]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu chiphya ichi. Pakwamba, ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za ndyali na vyachuma mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1865, ŵakalemba dango lakuti ŵaleke kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake.[21]

 
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaluta ku Liberia, 1896. Mu 1904, gulu la ACS likatuma ŵanthu ŵaumaliro ku Liberia.

Kuzakafika mu 1877, True Whig Party yikaŵa chipani champhamvu comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya ndyali, vyachuma, na vya ndyali m'paka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakasankhiranga maudindo mu chipani, ndipo para munthu wasankhika na chipani, vinthu vikendanga makora.

Boma la United Kingdom, ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Sierra Leone kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, na la France, na ivyo likakhumbanga kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, vikachitiska kuti charu cha Liberia chileke kuŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi. Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku chigaŵa ichi vikaŵa vyawo. Ku Liberia kukaŵa kwakusuzga kukopa ŵanthu kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito vinthu vyawo vyapasi na kuŵa na cuma cikuru.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vikamba kunangika ku Liberia, ndipo boma likaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama. Pa Julayi 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks wakakumana na Fumukazi Victoria ku Windsor Castle ndipo wakayipa bulangete lakupangika na mawoko. Ricks wakati: "Nkhapulika kanandi waka kufuma apo nkhaŵa mwana kuti Fumukazi yikaŵa yiwemi comene ku ŵanthu ŵakwithu.[22]

Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900

 
Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba, pulezidenti wa 17 wa Liberia (1920-1930), pamoza na ŵanthu ŵake pa makwelero gha Nyumba ya Mtende, ku The Hague (Netherlands), 1927.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku America na vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa charu chose. Mu 1914, caru ca Germany cikaguliskanga vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya malonda gha ku Liberia. Ici cikapangiska kuti boma la Britain ku Sierra Leone na la France ku French Guinea na Ivory Coast ŵambe kwenjerwa cifukwa cakuti vinthu vikalutilira kuhenipa ku Germany.[23]

Nkhondo za caru cose na nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Liberia in World War I
Wonaniso: Liberia in World War II

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, caru ca Liberia cikaŵa cambura kunjilirapo pa ndyali mpaka pa Ogasiti 4, 1917, apo cikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany. Pamanyuma, Liberia yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru 32 ivyo vikachitako ungano wa Versailles Peace Conference mu 1919, uwo ukamazga nkhondo na kukhazikiska League of Nations.[24]

Mu 1927, pa mavoti gha mu caru ici pakawonekaso kuti True Whig Party yikaŵa na mazaza, ndipo mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakupambana comene na ghanyake.[24] (Uyo wakatondeka wakapokera mavoti pafupifupi 60 peresenti.)[24]

Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuyowoya kuti ku Liberia kuli wuzga wa mazuŵa ghano. Ŵakasanga kuti maboma ghakugwirako ntchito zachiwawa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu ichi. Pa cifukwa ca lipoti ili, Pulezidenti Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba na Wupu Wakulongozga Allen N. Yancy wakaleka nchito.[24]

Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Liberia chikamba kusinthasintha na wovwiri wa ku America. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, boma la United States likanozga vinthu vinandi kuti likhozge nkhondo ya ku Africa na Europe. Wakapanga Freeport of Monrovia na Roberts International Airport mu ndondomeko ya Lend-Lease pambere wandanjire Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.

Nkhondo yikati yamara, pulezidenti William Tubman wakachiska ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo mu ma 1950, Liberia yikaŵa na chuma chakujumpha vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Mu vyaru vinyake, wupu uwu ukaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations, ndipo ukasuskanga chomene muwuso wa apartheid wa ku South Africa. Liberia nayo wakawovwirapo pakupeleka ndalama ku wupu wa African Unity Organization.[25]

 
Wakaŵa mulembi wa munthavi mu msumba wa Monrovia mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru cose ya ku Liberia.

Kusintha kwa ndyali m'ma 1900

Pa Epulero 12, 1980, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mubali Samuel Doe ŵakathereska pulezidenti William R. Tolbert Jr. Pamanyuma pake, Doe na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakolerana nayo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nduna ya Tolbert na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma la Americo-Liberia kweniso ŵa True Whig Party.[26] Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵakambiska wupu wakuchemeka People's Redemption Council (PRC) kuti uwuse caru. Wupu uwu ukaŵa wakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima.

Ku Liberia kukaŵa dango liphya mu 1985, ndipo pamanyuma pake, Doe wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Pa Novembala 12, 1985, Thomas Quiwonkpa wakawuskapo boma, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakanjira mu siteshoni ya wayilesi.[27] Boma likalutilira kukaka ŵanthu, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Doe ŵakaŵakoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Gio na Mano mu chigaŵa cha Nimba.

Gulu lakugaluka la National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), ilo likulongozgeka na Charles Taylor, likambiska chigaluka mu Disembala 1989 kwimikana na boma la Doe na wovwiri wa vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Burkina Faso na Ivory Coast. Ivi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Liberia. Kuzakafika mu Seputembala 1990, ŵasilikari ŵa Doe ŵakaŵa na malo ghacoko waka kuwaro kwa msumba ukuru, ndipo mu mwezi wenewura ŵakamukora na kumukoma.

Mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghakupambanapambana. Wupu wa Economic Community Monitoring Group wa Economic Community of West African States, ukanozga gulu la ŵasilikari kuti liŵawovwire pa suzgo ili. Kufuma mu 1989 mpaka mu 1997, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 60,000 m'paka 80,000 ŵa ku Liberia ŵakafwa, ndipo mu 1996, ŵanthu ŵanyake pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo mu vyaru vyapafupi. Mu 1995, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mtende.

Mu muwuso wa Taylor, Liberia yikamanyikwa pa caru cose nga ni boma lakuyuyulika cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito malibwe gha ndopa na makuni ghambura kuzomerezgeka kuti yivikilire gulu la Revolutionary United Front mu Nkhondo ya ku Sierra Leone. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikamba mu 1999 apo gulu la ŵakugaluka lakucemeka Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, ilo lili kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, likambiska kuwukira Taylor.[28]

Vyaka vyamuma 2000

Mu Malichi 2003, gulu laciŵiri la ŵakugaluka, la Movement for Democracy in Liberia, likamba kuwukira Taylor kufuma kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu Juni wa chaka chenechicho, ku Accra kukamba kudumbiskana vya mtende pakati pa magulu agha, ndipo mu mwezi wenewuwu, khoti lapadera la Sierra Leone likamupa mulandu Taylor chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha boma.[29] Mu Julayi 2003, ŵakugaluka ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Monrovia. Mu boma la Malawi, boma la Malawi likapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku boma la Malawi. Paumaliro wa mwezi wenewura, ŵakacita phangano la mtende.

Wupu wa United Nations ku Liberia ukamba kwiza mu Seputembala 2003 kuti uŵape civikiliro na kulaŵilira umoza wa mtende..[30]Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti maungano agho ghakacitika mu 2005, ndigho ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka comene na ghakugomezgeka comene mu mbiri ya Liberia. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, nkhwantha ya vyachuma iyo wakasambira ku America, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya vya ndalama ndipo pamasinda wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba mwanakazi mu Africa. Pakunjira pa udindo wake, Sirleaf wakapempha kuti Taylor wafumiskike ku Nigeria na kumutumizga ku SCSL kuti wakeruzgike ku The Hague.

Mu 2006, boma likakhazikiska komiti yakuwona vya unenesko na kuwezgerapo mphindano kuti yiwonenge ivyo vikambiska nkhondo iyi. Mu 2011, pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakapharazga kuti pa Julayi 26 paŵenge Zuŵa la Wanangwa wa Charu. Mu Okutobala 2011, Leymah Gbowee, uyo wakaŵa wakulimbikira mtende, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha mulimo wake wa kulongozga gulu la ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhumbanga mtende. Mu Novembala 2011, pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasankhikaso kuti wazakalamulire vyaka 6.

Pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 2017 ku Liberia, George Weah, uyo wakachitanga maseŵero gha mpira, yumoza wa woseŵero ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Africa, wakapika mazaza pa 22 Janyuwale 2018. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na demokilase mu vyaka 74. Weah wakayowoya kuti kulimbana na vimbundi, kunozga chuma, kulimbana na kuleka kusambira na kulemba, na kusintha umoyo wa ŵanthu ni vilato vikuru vya muwuso wake.[31]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Liberia
 
A map of Liberia

Charu cha Liberia chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 4° na 9°N, na longitude 7° na 12°W.

Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali chomene, ndipo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kuli vyakumera vya mangrove.[32]

Makuni ghakututuka ghakutandazga mapiri, ndipo vyakumera vikuru vikupambana na vyakumera vinyake.[32]

Mu charu cha Liberia, maji ghakwenda kufuma kumwera m'paka kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ku Cape Mount, kufupi na mphaka na Sierra Leone, ndiko kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene.[32]

Malire gha kumpoto kwa charu cha Liberia ghali na Mlonga wa Mano, ndipo kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli Mlonga wa Cavalla. Mlonga ukuru comene wa ku Liberia ni St. Paulosi wakufuma pafupi na msumba wa Monrovia, mu mlonga wa St. John pa Buchanan, na Mlonga wa Cestos, wose awo ŵakuthira mu nyanja ya Atlantic. Mlonga utali comene mu caru ici ni Cavalla, uwo uli na mtunda wa makilomita 510.[32]

Malo ghapacanya comene mu Liberia ni Phiri la Wuteve ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,440 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Liberia. Kweni Phiri la Nimba ilo lili pafupi na Yekepa, lili pachanya pa mamita 1,440 kweni lili mu charu cha Liberia yayi. Phiri ili lili pafupi na charu cha Guinea na Ivory Coast.[33]

Climate

Wonaniso: Climate change in Liberia
 
Liberia map of Köppen climate classification.

Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kuli chithukivu chaka chose, ndipo kukulokwa chomene kufuma mu Meyi m'paka Okutobala. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, kwamba Novembala m'paka Malichi, mphepo za kuuma na za fuvu izo zikufuma ku vyakumera vyakuchemeka harmattan, zikuwuska masuzgo ghanandi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha.[32] Kusintha kwa nyengo ku Liberia kukupangiska masuzgo ghanandi chifukwa charu ichi chikusuzgika na kusintha kwa nyengo. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vinandi mu Africa, Liberia nayo wali na masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na cilengiwa kweniso masuzgo ghanyake. Chifukwa chakuti chili ku Africa, chikuŵa pangozi chifukwa cha vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika pa nyengo iyi. Ŵanthu ŵakukhazga kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kuzamukhwaska chomene chuma cha Liberia, chomenechomene ulimi, somba, na makuni. Dziko la Liberia lakhala likugwira ntchito mwakhama pa kusintha kwa ndondomeko za pa caru cose na za pa malo.[34]

Biodiversity and conservation

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Liberia
Wonani vinandi: Environmental issues in Liberia
 
A Liberian tropical forest

Nkhorongo za mumphepete mwa nyanja zikuzura na makuni gha mangrove agho ghakumera mchere. Nyengo yake ni ya ku equator, ndipo mu mwezi wa Meyi na Okutobala kukulokwa vula zinandi. Charu cha Liberia chili na nkhorongo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya nkhorongo ya ku Upper Guinea. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, msumba uwu ndiwo ukapanganga mphira. Ku Liberia kuli vyaru vinayi: Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Western Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.79/10, ndipo chili pa malo 116 pa vyaru 172.[35]

 
Loggers and logging truck, early 1960s

Ku Liberia kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene pa charu chose.[36]

 
Nkhumba zigwiti gwiti mphepete mwa nyanja vya mtundu wa Pygmy ni vinyake mwa vyamoyo ivyo vikuphyoka ku Liberia. Wupu wa World Conservation Union ukuti mu caru muli viyuni vyambura kukwana 3,000 vya tuyuni utu.[37]

Vinyama ivyo vili pa ngozi ya kutayika vikuŵawukwa kuti ŵanthu ŵarye. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikupenja cakurya ku Liberia ni njovu, mphoyo, mphoyo, na vinyama vinyake. Kanandi nyama za ku nkhorongo zikuguliskika ku vyaru vya Sierra Leone na Ivory Coast, nangauli boma likukanizga kuguliska nyama za ku nkhorongo.

Mu Liberia ŵanthu ŵakurya chomene nyama za mu nkhorongo. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2004, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Monrovia ŵakutemwa chomene nyama. Mu nyumba izo ŵakalyeranga nyama za mu thengere, ŵanthu 80 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakuphika nyama za mu thengere "kanyengo kanyake". Kafukufuku uyu wakacitika mu nyengo ya nkhondo yaciŵiri ya caru cose, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵakurya comene nyama za mu nkhorongo.[38]

Nyama iyi yikusangika mu viŵeto vinyake, nga ni viŵeto vyamunyumba na vyamuthondo. Ici cikupangiska nthenda ya nagana. Ku viŵeto vya ng'ombe kuno na ku Ivory Coast, ivyo vikusazgapo Tbg gulu 1. Tbg na Glossina palpalis gambiense ni vyakumera ivyo vikusangika nyengo zose mu nkhorongo za kuno. Mu ma 1970, Mehlitz na Gibson ŵakachita kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na Tbg. Ntcheŵe yakucemeka paria nayo yikutolera TBG.

Pa malo agha pakusangika kanandi waka mberere za mu mapopa.

Mu chigaŵa ichi, ciŵiya cinyake ico cikucemeka Nycteris hispida cikulwara maleriya.

Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita ni kulima na kotcha makuni gha ku Liberia. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa UN ilo likalembeka mu 2004, likati ŵanthu 99% ku Liberia ŵakotcha makara na nkhuni kuti ŵaphikire na kotcha, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti makuni ghamare.

Kufuma waka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Caru yaŵirako mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakukoma makuni kwambura kuzomerezgeka. Mu 2012, Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakazomerezga makampani kudumura makuni 58 pa 100 gha mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamba kususka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵaleka yayi. Mu Seputembala 2014, Liberia na Norway ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kudumura makuni ghose mu charu ichi.

Ku Monrovia, suzgo likuru ndakuti ŵanthu ŵakunanga vinthu. Kwambira mu 2006, wupu wa vyachuma wa pa caru cose ukupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kusonkha na kumazga viswaswa vyose mu msumba wa Monrovia kwizira mu Banki ya Caru Cose.[39]

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Administrative divisions of Liberia
 Bomi CountyBong CountyGbarpolu CountyGrand Bassa CountyGrand Cape Mount CountyGrand Gedeh CountyGrand Kru CountyLofa CountyMargibi CountyMaryland CountyMontserrado CountyNimba CountyRivercess CountyRiver Gee CountySinoe County
A clickable map of Liberia exhibiting its fifteen counties.
 
Kuwona nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Bomi

Charu cha Liberia chili na vigaŵa 15, ndipo vigaŵa ivi navyo vili na vigaŵa 90. Vigaŵa vyakale chomene ni Grand Bassa na Montserrado, ivyo vyose vikapangika mu 1839 pambere Liberia yindaŵe na wanangwa. Gbarpolu ni chigaŵa chiphya chomene, icho chikapangika mu 2001.[40] Nimba ndiyo yikuru chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), apo Montserrado ndiyo njichoko chomene pa vigaŵa vyose ivi pa ukuru wake 737,069 sq mi (1,909.00 km2).[40] Montserrado ni chigaŵa icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,144,806.

Vigaŵa vyose 15 vikulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti. Ndondomeko ya boma yikukhumba kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa na ŵa vigaŵa ŵasankhike, kweni maungano agha ghaleka kuchitika kwambira mu 1985 cifukwa ca nkhondo na suzgo la ndalama.[41]

Kuyana na vigaŵa vya boma, mu charu ichi muli vigaŵa vya mizi na matawuni. Pasono mu Liberia mulije dango la malango panji malango ghakwendera fundo za boma. Maboma ghose agho ghalipo sono nga ni misumba, matawuni, na maboma gha vigaŵa, ghakaŵako cifukwa ca malango gha boma la Liberia.

Map no. boma Msmba ukulu Population
(2008 Census)[40]		 Malo
(mi2)[40]		 Year
created
1   Bomi Tubmanburg 82,036 749 sq mi (1,940 km2) 4 1984
2   Bong Gbarnga 328,919 3,386 sq mi (8,770 km2) 12 1964
3   Gbarpolu Bopolu 83,758 3,740 sq mi (9,700 km2) 6 2001
4   Grand Bassa Buchanan 224,839 3,064 sq mi (7,940 km2) 8 1839
5   Grand Cape Mount Robertsport 129,055 1,993 sq mi (5,160 km2) 5 1844
6   Grand Gedeh Zwedru 126,146 4,047 sq mi (10,480 km2) 3 1964
7   Grand Kru Barclayville 57,106 1,503 sq mi (3,890 km2) 18 1984
8   Lofa Voinjama 270,114 3,854 sq mi (9,980 km2) 6 1964
9   Margibi Kakata 199,689 1,010 sq mi (2,600 km2) 4 1985
10   Maryland Harper 136,404 886 sq mi (2,290 km2) 2 1857
11   Montserrado Bensonville 1,144,806 737 sq mi (1,910 km2) 4 1839
12   Nimba Sanniquellie 468,088 4,459 sq mi (11,550 km2) 6 1964
13   Rivercess Rivercess 65,862 2,159 sq mi (5,590 km2) 6 1985
14   River Gee Fish Town 67,318 1,974 sq mi (5,110 km2) 6 2000
15   Sinoe Greenville 104,932 3,913 sq mi (10,130 km2) 17 1843

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Liberia
 
Wapampando wakale Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Boma la Liberia lili nga ni boma la United States. Boma lili na maofesi ghatatu: wupu wakulongozga, uwo ukulongozgeka na pulezidenti; wupu wakwimika malango, uwo uli na makhoti ghaŵiri; na wupu wakweruzga, uwo uli na Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghachoko waka.[1]

Mulongozgi wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, kweniso ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Liberia. Ntchito zinyake za pulezidenti ni kusaina panji kukana malango, kugowokera ŵanthu, na kwimika ŵanthu ŵa mu nduna, ŵeruzgi, na ŵantchito ŵanyake. Pamoza na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pulezidenti wakusankhika kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza mwa mavoti ghanandi mu ndondomeko ya vigaŵa viŵiri ndipo wangateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri.[1]

Nyumba ya Malango yikupanga Nyumba ya Malango. Nyumba ya Malango, yakuwusika na mulongozgi, yili na mamembara 73, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa vigaŵa 15 mwakuyana na kalembera wa caru cose, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na mamembara ghaŵiri. Munthu waliyose wakuyimira chigaŵa chakusankhira mu chigaŵa icho chikusankhika na National Elections Commission ndipo wakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa chawo kwa vyaka 6. Nyumba ya mafumu yili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose, ndipo wose pamoza ŵalipo 30. Ŵabali ŵa mu wupu uwu ŵakuŵa na vyaka 9 ndipo ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa Senate, ndipo pakuŵavya pulezidenti wakuteŵetera.

Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Liberia lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa khoti ili ŵakusoleka na pulezidenti ndipo ŵakukhozgeka na Senate, ndipo ŵakuteŵetera m'paka ŵaŵe na vyaka 70. Ŵeruzgi ŵali kugaŵika mu makhoti gha dera na ghapadera, makhoti gha ŵeruzgi na ŵeruzgi ŵa mtende. Boma ili likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu wose. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi mu charu ichi, mu vigaŵa ivi muchali makhoti ghakupambanapambana.

Kufuma mu 1877 m'paka 1980, boma likalongozgekanga na True Whig Party. Mazuŵa ghano, pali vipani vya ndyali vyakujumpha 20 mu charu ichi. Maphwando ghanandi ghakusuzgika cifukwa ca kuleka kwendera ndondomeko. Mu 2005, aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti chipani cha pulezidenti chileke kusanga vithuzithuzi vinandi mu wupu wakulongozga.[42]

Ŵankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Armed Forces of Liberia

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Liberia (AFL) ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ili likamba kumanyikwa kuti Liberian Frontier Force mu 1908. Pa nyengo yose iyo gulu ili likaŵirako, boma la United States likapelekanga vinthu vinandi na wovwiri. Mu nyengo ya 1941-89, ŵabali ŵa ku United States ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanyawo, ndipo nawo ŵakasambiranga nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa fundo ya UN Security Council 1509 mu Seputembala 2003, United Nations Mission ku Liberia yikafika kuti yilute na ŵasilikari ŵakufuma ku Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, na China kuti ŵakawovwire boma liphya la Liberia.[43]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

 
Pulezidenti Sirleaf pamoza na Secretary of State wa United States John Kerry, Pulezidenti wa Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, na Prime Minister wa Britain David Cameron mu September 2015
Wonani vinandi: Foreign relations of Liberia

Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Liberia yikati yayamba, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu ichi. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, caru ca China nchakuzirwa comene pa mulimo wa kuzengaso caru.

Kumanyuma uku, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili pafupi na Liberia, Guinea na Sierra Leone, vikanenanga Liberia kuti vikovwira ŵakugaluka mu vyaru vyawo.[44]

Law enforcement and crime

Wonani vinandi: Crime in Liberia

Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Liberia ndiwo ŵakuvikilira charu. Mu Okutobala 2007, boma ili likaŵa na ŵasilikari 844 mu maofesi 33 mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na msumba wa Monrovia.[45] Sukulu Yakusambizgira Ŵapolisi yili mu msumba wa Paynesville. Para ŵapolisi ŵakuchita vimbundi, ŵanthu ŵakuŵagomezga yayi. Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende mu charu ni kuswa malango.

Ku Liberia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka na kuyuzgika. Mu charu cha Liberia ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanakazi. Kucicizga ŵanthu kuti ŵacite uleŵi ni mulandu uwo ukuyowoyeka kanandi comene. Ŵasungwana ndiwo kanandi ŵakusuzgika, ndipo pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya awo ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza mbanalume ŵakukhwima awo ŵakuŵamanya makora.

Ku Liberia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha mbambura kuzomerezgeka.[46][47]Pa Julayi 20, 2012, ŵalara ŵa boma ku Liberia ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵalekeske nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha.[48]

Corruption

Wonani vinandi: Corruption in Liberia

Vimbundi vili palipose mu boma la Liberia. Apo Pulezidenti Sirleaf wakamba kuwusa mu 2006, wakayowoya kuti vimbundi ni "mulwani mukuru wa ŵanthu". Mu 2014, kazembe wa United States ku Liberia wakayowoya kuti vimbundi vikupweteka ŵanthu chifukwa cha "kupeleka ndalama zambura kwenelera pa vinthu na mauteŵeti agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakutondeka kugura".[49]

Mu 2010, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya vimbundi ivyo vikwendera pa chiŵerengero chakufuma pa 10 (chakutowa chomene) m'paka pa 0 (chakunanga chomene). Ichi chikapangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe pa malo gha nambara 87 pa vyaru 178 pa charu chose, kweniso pa malo gha nambara 11 pa vyaru 47 mu Africa. Ivi vikulongora kuti vinthu vyasintha chomene kwambira mu 2007, apo charu ichi chikaŵa pa nambara 2.1 ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 150 pa vyaru 180. Para ŵakuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵanthu 89 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Liberia ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵali kupokerapo vimbundi.[50]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Liberia
 
Kuŵikapo mtima kuti vinthu vyendenge makora ku Liberia. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti ku Liberia kuli maboti 3,500 agho ghakukwera ndembera ya charu chose.[51][52]
 
Liberia, trends in the Human Development Index 1970–2010.
 
Real GDP per capita development, since 1950

Banki Yikuru ya ku Liberia ndiyo yikupanga na kusunga ndalama za ku Liberia, ndalama yikuru ya ku Liberia (ndalama za ku United States nazo ni ndalama za boma mu Liberia).[53] Liberia ni yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵanthu 15 pa 100 ŵali na nchito. GDP pa munthu yumoza yikafika pa US$496 mu 1980, apo yikaŵa yakuyana na ya ku Eguputo. Mu 2011, GDP ya charu ichi yikaŵa US$1.154 billion, apo GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa US$297, iyo yikaŵa yachitatu pasi pa yose. Mbiri yikulongora kuti chuma cha ku Liberia chikuthemba chomene pa wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyaru vinyake, na katundu uyo wakusangika ku vyaru vinyake nga ni visulo, ghamusi, na makuni.[32]

Economic history

Mu 1979, chuma cha ku Liberia chikakura chomene ndipo pamanyuma pa boma kuwukira mu 1980, chikachepa chomene. Kuchepa uku kukakoleskeka comene na nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikacitika mu 1989; GDP yikakhira na 90 peresenti pakati pa 1989 na 1995. Nkhondo yikati yamara mu 2003, ciŵelengero ca GDP cikakwera comene, ndipo cikafika pa 9.4% mu 2007. Mu 2009, suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose likapangiska kuti GDP yichepe kufika pa 4.6%, kweni viŵeto vya vyakurya vikakura comene cifukwa ca katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake.[54]

Vinthu ivyo vikutondeska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora ni msika uchoko wa mu caru, vinthu vyambura kukwana, ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vinthu, malonda ghambura kwenda makora na vyaru vyapafupi, kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma mu ndalama za caru. Liberia yikagwiliskiranga nchito dola ya United States kufuma mu 1943 mpaka mu 1982 ndipo yikulutilira kugwiliskira nchito dola ya U.S. pamoza na dola ya Liberia.[54]

Pamanyuma pa kukhira kwa unandi wa ndalama mu 2003, unandi wa ndalama ukakwera comene mu 2008 cifukwa ca suzgo la vyakurya na magesi pa caru cose. Mu 2006, ngongoli ya ku Liberia yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 4.5 biliyoni, panji kuti 800% ya GDP. Chifukwa cha kuchepeskako ngongoli ya vyaru viŵiri, vinandi, na ya malonda kufuma mu 2007 m'paka mu 2010, ngongoli ya charu ichi yikakhira kufika pa $222.9 miliyoni mu 2011.

Apo vyakurya vinandi vikafumanga mu vyaru vinyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachimbira ku nkhondo ya pawenenawene, chuma cha ku Liberia chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kusanga vyakununkhira. Charu ichi chikaguliskanga chomene malibwe gha daimondi gha ku Sierra Leone, ndipo mu 1999 chikaguliskanga malibwe gha daimondi ghakujumpha madola 300 miliyoni. Ivi vikapangiska kuti wupu wa United Nations ukanizge vyakunjizga dayamondi ku Liberia mu 2001, ndipo mu 2007 likamazga dango ili.

Mu 2003, wupu wa United Nations ukaŵikaso vyeruzgo vinyake pa katundu wa makuni wa ku Liberia, uyo ukakwera kufuma pa madola 5 miliyoni mu 1997 kufika pa madola 100 miliyoni mu 2002. Vyakukanizgika ivi vikawuskikapo mu 2006. Chifukwa cha wovwiri wa vyaru vinyake na ndalama izo zikafuma ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa nkhondo, ku Liberia kuli suzgo likuru la ndalama, ilo likafika pa 60 peresenti mu 2008. Mu 2010, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa na wupu wakuwona vya malonda pa charu chose (WTO).

Ku Liberia ndiko kuli ndalama zinandi chomene za vyaru vinyake kufuma ku ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Pamanyuma pakuti Sirleaf wavumbukwa mu 2006, charu cha Liberia chikachita mapangano gha ndalama mabiliyoni ghanandi mu vyalo vya mafuta na mafuta gha makuni na mabungwe ghanandi, kusazgapo ArcelorMittal, BHP na Sime Darby. Makampani gha mafuta gha makuni gha maolive nga ni Sime Darby (Malaysia) na Golden Veroleum (U.S.A.) ghakususkika kuti ghakuparanya ŵanthu na kufumiska ŵanthu mu vikaya vyawo. Kwambira mu 1926, Firestone ndiyo wakaŵa na munda ukuru chomene wa mphira pa charu chose. Mu 2015, likagwiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 8,000, comenecomene ŵa ku Liberia.[55][56]

Chizindikiro cha sitima

Cifukwa ca kuŵa na ndembera yiwemi, Liberia ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndembera yikuru comene pa caru cose. Lili na ngaraŵa 3,500 izo zikuyegha ndembera yake, izo ni 11% ya ngaraŵa zose za pa caru cose.[51][52]

Major industries

Agriculture

Page 'Agriculture in Liberia' not found

Mining

Page 'Mining industry of Liberia' not found

Telecommunications

Nkhani ikulu: Communications in Liberia

Ku Liberia kuli manyuzipepara ghakuru 6, ndipo ŵanthu 65% ŵali na foni. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Liberia vikabwanganduka panji kupokeka mu nyengo ya nkhondo ziŵiri za pa cikaya (1989-1996 na 1999-2003). Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba kweniso ŵakavu mbanandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito yayi TV na manyuzipepara.[57]

Transportation

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Liberia
 
Misewu ya ku Monrovia, Malichi 2009
Page 'Transportation in Liberia' not found

Magesi

Wonani vinandi: Energy in Liberia

Boma la Liberia Electricity Corporation ndilo likupeleka waka magesi ku ŵanthu wose, ndipo likwendeska waka magesi mu chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia.[58] Ntchito zinandi za magesi zikupelekeka na maboma ghacoko. Mu charu cha Liberia, mtengo wa magesi pa kWh yimoza ngukuru comene pa caru cose. Mu 2013, nchito ya kuzenga yikaŵa na nkhongono ya 20 MW, ndipo yikakhira comene pakuyaniska na 191 MW mu 1989.

Mulimo wa kunozga na kusazgirako mapulaneti gha maji gha Mount Coffee, agho ghali na nkhongono ya 80 MW, ukamara mu 2018. Kuzenga magesi ghatatu gha mafuta gha mafuta ghakuthukira kukwenera kusazgirako nkhongono ya magesi na 38 MW. Mu 2013, charu cha Liberia chikamba kugura magesi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake nga ni Ivory Coast na Guinea.

Ku Liberia ŵamba kupenja mafuta gha mu nyanja. Boma likagaŵa maji gha mumphepete mwa nyanja mu vigaŵa 17 ndipo likamba kuguliska pa lupiya vya vyalo ivi mu 2004, kweniso mu 2007 na 2009.[59][60][61] Mu 2011, ŵakajura malo ghanyake 13 agho ghali kutali chomene na nyanja. Makampani ghanyake agho ghakapokera malaisensi ni Repsol YPF, Chevron Corporation, na Woodside Petroleum.[62]

Ŵanthu

 
Liberia's population from 1961 to 2013, in millions.[63] Liberia's population tripled in 40 years.[63]
 
Liberia's population pyramid, 2005. 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010.[64]
Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Liberia
Wonaniso: Liberian nationality law

Ku Liberia, ŵanthu 4,694,608 ndiwo ŵakakhalanga. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 1,118,241 ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Montserrado, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Chigaŵa cha Greater Monrovia chili na ŵanthu 970,824.[65] Chigaŵa cha Nimba ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo chili na ŵanthu 462,026. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa ku Monrovia mbanandi chomene kuluska ŵa mu vigaŵa vyose.

Pambere Census ya 2008 yindachitike, Census yaumaliro yikacitika mu 1984 ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa 2,101,628. Mu 1962, mu Liberia mukaŵa ŵanthu 1,016,443 ndipo mu 1974 ŵakakwana 1,503,368. Kufika mu 2006, caru ca Liberia cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose. Mu 2010, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vya pasi pa 15 cikaŵa 43.5%.[64]

Mtundu wa ŵanthu

Ethnic Groups in Liberia
Ethnic Groups percent
Kpelle
 
 20.3%
Bassa
 
 13.4%
Grebo
 
 10%
Gio
 
 8%
Mano
 
 7.9%
Kru
 
 6%
Lorma
 
 5.1%
Kissi
 
 4.8%
Gola
 
 4.4%
Krahn
 
 4%
Vai
 
 4%
Mandinka
 
 3.2%
Gbandi
 
 3%
Mende
 
 1.3%
Sapo
 
 1.2%
Belle
 
 0.8%
Dey
 
 0.3%
Other Liberian
 
 0.6%
Other African
 
 1.4%
Non African
 
 0.1%

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi mbanandi comene. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi, 95 ŵalipo Mbakaboni ŵa Yehova. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu 16 awo ŵakumanyikwa ni Kpelle, Bassa, Mano, Gio panji Dan, Kru, Grebo, Krahn, Vai, Gola, Mandingo panji Mandinka, Mende, Kissi, Gbandi, Loma, Dei panji Dewoin, Belleh, na Americo-Liberians panji ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo (ŵakuchemeka nthena chifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo awo ŵakafwatuka ku ngalaŵa za ŵazga, ŵakafuma ku malo agho kukaŵa mlonga wa Congo).

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kpelle ŵakukwana 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Liberia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia, awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na West Indies, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku Barbados (Bajan), ŵalipo 2.5%. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo, awo mbana ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku Congo na ŵa ku Afro-Caribbean awo ŵakiza mu 1825, ŵalipo 2.5%. Magulu ghaŵiri ghaumaliro agha ghakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900.

Dango la Liberia likuyowoya kuti munthu uyo wali na wanangwa wa kuŵa mwenekaya wa charu ichi ni "munthu wa mtundu unyake". Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵiza nga ni ŵamalonda ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyamalonda. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakutorana chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia na ŵa ku Lebanon. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Liberia awo mbazungu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali kufuma ku Europe ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi.[1]

Viyowoyelo

Wonani vinandi: Languages of Liberia

Chiyowoyero cha ku Liberia ni Chingelezi. Kufika mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 27. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuyowoyaso viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya Cileberia.[66]

Misumba ikulu

 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Liberia
According to the 2008 Census[1]
Mndandanda County Ŵanthu
 
Monrovia 		1 Monrovia Montserrado 1,021,762  
Ganta
2 Gbarnga Bong 56,986
3 Buchanan Grand Bassa 50,245
4 Ganta Nimba 42,077
5 Kakata Margibi 34,608
6 Zwedru Grand Gedeh 25,349
7 Harbel Margibi 25,309
8 Harper Maryland 23,517
9 Pleebo Maryland 23,464
10 Foya Lofa 20,569

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Liberia
Religion in Liberia (2010)[67]
Religion percent
Protestantism
 
 76.3%
Islam
 
 12.2%
Roman Catholicism
 
 7.2%
Other Christian
 
 1.6%
Unaffiliated
 
 1.4%
Other faith
 
 1.3%

Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2008, ŵanthu 85.6% ŵakasopanga Chikhristu, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa ŵachoko waka pa ŵanthu 12.2%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti nga ni Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) na African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Chikhristu. Ŵanandi ŵa visopa ivi ŵakafuma ku America ndipo ŵakaluta ku Liberia. Pakwambilira, chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti chikakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga ku America na awo ŵakafuma ku America na Liberia. Nangauli Mbakhristu, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakuchitako magulu ghachisisi gha chisopa, nga ni Poro na Sande. Ŵanakazi wose ŵa mu mpingo wa Sande ndiwo ŵakuchita ukotoli.

Mu 2008, ŵanthu 12.2% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Liberia ŵali kugaŵikana pakati pa Ŵasuni, Ŵachihiya, Ŵaahmadiyya, Ŵasufi, na Ŵasilamu ŵambura kusopa.

Mu 2008, ŵanthu 0.5% ŵakatenge ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, ndipo 1.5% ŵakatenge ŵalije chisopa. Ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵakaŵa Ŵabahai, Ŵahindu, Ŵasikh, panji Ŵabudha.

Dango la ku Liberia likupeleka wanangwa wa kusopa, ndipo boma likuchindika wanangwa uwu. Nangauli Dango likukanizga kuti tchalitchi na boma vipatukane, kweni ku Liberia kuli Ŵakhristu. Ŵana ŵakusambirako Baibolo mu masukulu gha boma, kweni ŵapapi ŵangakana. Dango likukanizga kuguliska vinthu pa zuŵa la Sabata na pa maholide ghakuru gha Ŵakhristu. Boma likuchichizga yayi ŵamalonda panji masukulu kuti ŵaleke kusopa pa Chinkhondi.[68]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Liberia
 
Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira na nyali mu chigaŵa cha Bong

Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba mu Liberia chikaŵa 60.8% (64.8% ku ŵanalume na 56.8% ku ŵanakazi). Mu vigaŵa vinyake, sukulu za pulayimare na sekondare ni zaulere ndipo munthu wakwenera kusambira kwambura kulipira para wakwaniska vyaka 6 m'paka 16. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana ŵakwenera kulipira ndalama kuti ŵasambire. Pa avereji, ŵana ŵakusambira vyaka 10. Masukulu na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa mu charu ichi ni viŵi yayi, kweniso palije ŵasambizgi ŵakwenelera.

Masambiro ghapacanya ghakupika na maunivesite gha boma na ghapadera. Yunivesite ya Liberia ndiyo yikuru comene na yakale comene mu caru ici. Yunivesite iyi yikaŵa mu msumba wa Monrovia, ndipo yikajulika mu 1862. Mazuŵa ghano, lili na makoleji 6, kusazgapo sukulu ya vyadokotala na sukulu ya malango ya Louis Arthur Grimes.

Mu 2009, Yunivesite ya Tubman ku Harper, Maryland County yikakhazikiskika kuŵa yunivesite yachiŵiri ya boma mu Liberia. Kwambira mu 2006, boma la Japan lajuliraso masukulu ghapachanya ku Buchanan, Sanniquellie, na Voinjama.[69][70][71]

Chifukwa cha kususka kwa ŵana ŵa sukulu mu Okutobala 2018, pulezidenti muphya George M. Weah wakawuskapo malipiro gha masambiro gha ku yunivesite ya boma ku Liberia.[72]

Private universities

  • Yunivesite ya Cuttington yikakhazikiskika na Episcopal Church of the USA mu 1889 ku Suakoko, Bong County, nga ni cigaŵa ca mulimo wake wa umishonale wa kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Iyi ni yunivesite yakale comene mu caru ici.
  • Stella Maris Polytechnic, ni sukulu yapachanya ya ŵanthu ŵambura nchito. Sukulu iyi yikambika mu 1988, ndipo yikwendeskeka na Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia. Sukulu iyi yili pa Capitol Hill ndipo yili na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 2,000.[73]
  • Adventist University of West Africa, malo gha masambiro gha ku sekondare agho ghali mu chigaŵa cha Margibi County, pa Roberts International Airport.[74]
  • Yunivesite ya United Methodist, yunivesite ya Chikhristu iyo yili ku Liberia, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, yikumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti UMU. Mu 2016, sukulu iyi yikaŵa na ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 9,118. Wupu uwu ukaŵako mu 1998..[75]
  • African Methodist Episcopal University, yunivesite ya sukulu yapachanya iyo yikapangika mu 1995.[76]
  • Yunivesite ya Starz, ni yunivesite ya vya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yikakhazikiskika ku United States mu chaka cha 2007, ndipo yikalembeka mu boma la Monrovia, mu chaka cha 2009; na chilato cha kumazga suzgo la Information Technology (IT) ku Liberia.[77]
  • St. Clements University College (Liberia), sukulu yapachanya ya ŵanthu ŵekhaŵekha iyo yikambika mu 2008.[78]

Umoyo

Wonani vinandi: Health in Liberia
 
Umoyo wa ŵanthu

Mu vipatala vya ku Liberia muli chipatala cha John F. Kennedy Medical Center mu Monrovia na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Liberia ŵakulindilira kukhala vyaka 64,4 mu 2020. Mu 2010, pa ŵanakazi 100,000 ŵakababikanga 990 ndipo mu 2017, pa ŵanakazi 100,000 ŵakababikanga 1,072.[79][80]Matenda ghanyake ghakwambukira ghakuthandazgika chomene, nga ni chikhoso cha TB, nthenda ya kusulura na maleriya. Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na HIV chikaŵa 2% pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15-49, apo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na TB chikaŵa 420 pa ŵanthu 100,000 mu 2008. Pafupifupi ŵanakazi 58.2% na 66% ŵali kupokera nthenda iyi.

Charu cha Liberia chikugura mpunga wakukwana 90 peresenti. Mu 2007, ŵana 20.4% ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 17% pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na malo ghawemi ghakusoperapo.

Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya maofesi gha munthavi gha mu charu ichi ghakabwanganduka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira mu 2003. Mu 2009, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vyaumoyo zikaŵa madola 22 gha ku United States, panji kuti 10.6% ya GDP. Mu 2008, ku Liberia kukaŵa dokotala yumoza na manesi 27 pa ŵanthu 100,000.

Mu 2014, nthenda ya Ebola yikathandazgikira ku Liberia kufuma ku Guinea. Pa Novembala 17, 2014, ŵanthu 2,812 ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi. Mu Ogasiti 2014, charu cha Guinea chikajara mphaka na charu cha Liberia kuti chileke kuthandazga nthenda iyi. Pa Meyi 9, 2015, charu cha Liberia chikapharazgika kuti chilije Ebola, pamanyuma pa masabata 6 kwambura nthenda yiphya.

Kuyana na lipoti la Overseas Development Institute, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo ni 64.1% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vyakupwelelera umoyo.[81]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Liberia
 
Vyakurya vya Bassa. Chisoti cha Sande Society (Ndoli Jowei), Liberia, m'ma 1900. Muziamu wa Brooklyn.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Americo-Liberia ŵakakhalanga ku South America pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakavwaranga chisoti chakutowa na mizati ndipo ŵakachitanga nga mbazga ŵa ku South. Ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu la Masonic Order of Liberia, ilo likachitanga ndyali.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kusona na kupangaso salu. Mu 1857 na 1858, ku Liberia kukaŵaso viphikiro vya viŵeto. Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵakapanganga kofi ku Liberia wakaŵa Martha Ann Ricks, uyo wakapeleka cikozgo ca khuni la khofi ku Fumukazi Victoria mu 1892. Apo pulezidenti Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wakasamukiranga ku Executive Mansion, wakapanga chibenekelero mu ofesi yake.

Ku Liberia kwajumpha vyaka 100 kufuma apo mabuku ghakambira kulembeka. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Bai T. Moore, Roland T. Dempster na Wilton G. S. Sankawulo wali pakati pa ŵalembi ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia. Buku la Moore lakuti Murder in the Cassava Patch ndilo ndakumanyikwa comene mu Liberia.[82]

Kutora mitala

Wonani vinandi: Polygamy in Liberia

Pa ŵanakazi ŵakutora ŵa ku Liberia, ciŵelengero ca awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ni ŵanakazi ŵatatu pa ŵatatu. Dango la cikaya likuzomerezga mwanalume kutora ŵanakazi ŵanayi.[83]

Kuphika

Nkhani ikulu: Liberian cuisine
 
Ku Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia, ŵanthu ŵakuphika nyama mumphepete mwa nyanja

Mu vyakurya vinandi vya ku Liberia, muli mpunga. Vyakurya vinyake ni maniyu, somba, nthochi, vipasi, vipasi, kokosoni, okra, na mbatata. Vyakurya vyakunowa ivyo vili na vipasi vya habanero na scotch bonnet chili vikumanyikwa chomene. Kweniso ku Liberia kuli mitheto yinyake ya kuphika vyakurya yakufuma ku United States iyo njakupambana na mitundu yinyake ya ku West Africa.[84]

Maseŵera

Maseŵera ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Liberia ni bola, ndipo George Weah (woseŵera wakale wa bola ndipo sono ni purezidenti wa Liberia) ndiyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi. Mpaka pano ndi yekha wa ku Africa uyo wapika udindo wa FIFA World Player of the Year.[85][86] Gulu la mpira la ku Liberia lafika ku Africa Cup of Nations kaŵiri, mu 1996 na 2002.

Maseŵero ghaciŵiri agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene mu Liberia ni basketball. Gulu la basketball la ku Liberia lafika ku AfroBasket kaŵiri, mu 1983 na 2007.

Ku Liberia, malo ghakucemeka Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex ni sitediyamu. Likunozga maseŵero gha FIFA World Cup qualifying match kusazgapo ma concert gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana na vyakuchitika vya ndyali vya ku chalo.[87]

Measurement system

Charu cha Liberia chindambe kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko ya International System of Units. Mu 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act yikati metric system ni "ndondomeko ya vyakuyegha na vyakuyegha vyakuyegha vya United States trade and commerce", kweni mu practice system iyi yikugwiliskika nchito mwakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ma unit na mafakitale agho ghakukolerana na malango gha boma.

Boma la Liberia laleka kugwiliskira ntchito mayuniti gha United States na kwamba kugwiliskira ntchito ma metric. Ndipouli, kusintha uku kukachitika pachokopachoko, ndipo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito mayuniti gha United States. Mu chaka cha 2018, nduna ya vya malonda na mafakitale ya ku Liberia yikati boma la charu ichi lajipeleka kuti likolerane na ndondomeko ya metric.[88][89][90][91][92]

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

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  2. ↑ "Liberia". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Sekutembala 24, 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved Okutobala 11, 2022.
  4. ↑ "GINI index". World Bank.
  5. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-9211264425. Retrieved Janyuwale 23, 2023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Background on conflict in Liberia" Archived Febuluwale 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003
  7. ↑ Cooper, Helene, The House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood (United States: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 6
  8. ↑ Liberia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture, Infoplease.com
  9. ↑ Nelson, Harold D.; American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area Studies (Janyuwale 24, 1984). "Liberia, a country study". Washington, D.C. : The Studies : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. – via Internet Archive.
  10. ↑ "Constitutional history of Liberia". Constitutionnet.org. Retrieved Julayi 1, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Praise for the woman who put Liberia back on its feet". The Economist. Okutobala 5, 2017.
  12. ↑ Michael, Omolewa (1986). Certificate history of Nigeria. Longman. ISBN 978-0582585188. Archived from the original on Epulelo 14, 2021. Retrieved Julayi 26, 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Eleanor, Scerri (1986). "T Certificate history of Nigeria". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.137. Archived from the original on Epulelo 14, 2021. Retrieved Julayi 26, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Dunn-Marcos, Robin; Kollehlon, Konia T.; Ngovo, Bernard; Russ, Emily (Epulelo 2005). Ranar, Donald A. (ed.). "Liberians: An Introduction to their History and Culture" (PDF). Culture Profile. Center for Applied Linguistics (19): 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on Juni 25, 2008. Retrieved Julayi 23, 2011.
  15. ↑ Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity, Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264. ISBN 0822319926
  16. ↑ Wegmann, Andrew N. (Meyi 5, 2010). Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824–1878 (MA thesis). Louisiana State University. doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.525.
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  21. ↑ Johnston, Harry Hamilton; Stapf, Otto (1906). Liberia, Volume I. Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 1143315057.
  22. ↑ "How a former slave gave a quilt to Queen Victoria". BBC. July 11, 2017
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  25. ↑ Adogamh, Paul G. (Julayi 2008). "Pan-Africanism Revisited: Vision and Reality of African Unity and Development" (PDF). African Review of Integration. 2 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on Sekutembala 25, 2011. Retrieved Julayi 20, 2011.
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  33. ↑ Financial Time's World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing, p. 368.
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  37. ↑ Ransom, C.; Robinson, P.T.; Collen, B. (2015). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10032A18567171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en. Retrieved Novembala 11, 2021. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.
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  39. ↑ "IDA – Liberia: Digging Out Monrovia from the Waste of War". web.worldbank.org.
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  47. ↑ Avery, Daniel (Epulelo 4, 2019). "71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal". Newsweek.
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