Mbili ya Gabon
Ulipo ukaboni unandi yayi wakukhwaskana na mbiri ya charu cha Gabon pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi kwambira m'ma 1400. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza ku malo agha. Kufuma apo, mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakiza mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵaguliske ŵazga. Mu 1839 na 1841, caru ca France cikamba kulamulira mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu 1849, ŵanthu awo ŵakafwatulika pa boti la ŵazga ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Libreville. Mu 1862-1887, France yikasazgirako mazaza ghake, kusazgapo mukati mwa boma, ndipo yikamba kulamulira. Mu 1910, Gabon wakaŵa chigaŵa cha French Equatorial Africa ndipo mu 1960, Gabon wakaŵa wakujiyimira yekha.
Pa nyengo iyo Gabon yikapokera wanangwa wake, pakaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali: Gabonese Democratic Bloc (BDG), ilo likawusikanga na Léon M'Ba, na Gabonese Democratic and Social Union (UDSG), ilo likawusikanga na Jean-Hilaire Aubame. Pa mavoti ghakwamba agho ghakacitika pamanyuma pakuti caru capokera wanangwa, pakaŵavya chipani nanga nchimoza ico cikaŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu. Mu 1961 pa mavoti gha mu Febuluwale, M'Ba wakaŵa pulezidenti ndipo Aubame wakaŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake. Mu 1963, boma la chipani chimoza likamara, ndipo mu 1964, boma likapoka mazaza gha boma zuŵa limoza kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Mu Malichi 1967, Leon M'Ba na Omar Bongo ŵakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake. M'Ba wakafwa kuumaliro wa caka ici. Bongo wakapharazga kuti Gabon ni boma la chipani chimoza, wakasisita BDG na kukhazikiska chipani cha Democratic Party (PDG). Mu 1990, boma likasintha malango gha mu charu ichi, ndipo boma la Democratic Progressive Party (PDG) likasanga mazaza ghanandi pa mavoti agho ghakachitika mu vyaka 30. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakususka, kweni Bongo wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti m'paka apo wakafwira mu 2009.
Mbiri Yakwambilira
Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasamuskika kufuma mu 1000 C.E. kuya munthazi na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu awo ŵakafumanga kumpoto, nga mba Fang. Tikumanya vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa mafuko agha pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike, kweni ivyo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachita vikulongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitheto yinandi.[1]
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaluta ku Gabon ŵakaŵa Ŵapwitikizi awo ŵakafika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Pa nyengo iyi, ufumu wa Loango ndiwo ukalamuliranga kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhazikika pa virwa vya São Tomé, Príncipe, na Fernando Pó, kweni ŵakizanga kanandi waka ku virwa ivi.[2]
Ŵakazunura chigaŵa ichi kuti Gabon, kufuma ku lizgu la Ciphwitikizi lakuti gabão. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakiza mu chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵaguliske ŵazga, mino gha zovu, na makuni.[1][2]
Nyengo ya French colonial
Mu 1838 na 1841, France yikakhazikiska boma lakuvikilira vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Gabon.
Ŵamishonale ŵa ku America ŵakufuma ku New England ŵakakhazikiska ofesi ku mlomo wa Mlonga wa Komo mu 1842. Mu 1849, boma la France likakora boti ilo likaŵanga na ŵazga ndipo likaŵafumiska. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakafwatulika kufupi na ofesi ya umishonale, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska msumba unyake wakuchemeka Libreville.
Ŵalendo ŵa ku France ŵakanjira mu nkhorongo ya Gabon pakati pa 1862 na 1887. Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene, wakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵanthu ŵa ku Gabon awo ŵakayeghanga vikwama na awo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu pakusanga maji gha mu mlonga wa Congo. Mu 1885, caru ca France cikapoka caru ca Gabon, kweni cikawusa mpaka mu 1903. Chipani chakwamba cha ndyali ku Gabon, cha Jeunesse Gabonais, chikapangika mu 1922.
Mu 1910, charu cha Gabon chikaŵa chimoza mwa vigaŵa vinayi vya French Equatorial Africa. Pa Julayi 15, 1960, France yikazomera kuti Gabon waŵe wakujiyimira payekha.[3] Pa Ogasiti 17, 1960, charu cha Gabon chikaŵa pa mtende.
Kujilamulila
| Gabonese Republic |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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.svg) |
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| Msumba Waboma | Libreville | |||||
| Mitundu ya Ŵanthu | {{{ethnic_groups}}} | |||||
| Mtundu wa Boma | One-party republic | |||||
| Ndalama | CFA franc | |||||
Pa nyengo iyo Gabon yikapokera wanangwa mu 1960, pakaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali: Gabonese Democratic Bloc (BDG), ilo likawusikanga na Léon M'Ba, na Gabonese Democratic and Social Union (UDSG), ilo likawusikanga na Jean-Hilaire Aubame. Pa maungano ghakwamba agho ghakacitika pamanyuma pa kujiwombora, pakaŵavya chipani icho chikapokera wanandi wa ŵanthu. Bungwe la BDG likapokera wovwiri wa ŵimiliri ŵatatu pa ŵanayi ŵa boma, ndipo M'Ba wakaŵa nduna yikuru. Mwaluŵiro ŵakati ŵawona kuti mu Gabon mulije ŵanthu ŵakukwana kuti ŵaŵe na vipani viŵiri, ŵalongozgi ŵa vipani viŵiri ivi ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaŵe na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Mu 1961 pa mavoti gha mu Febuluwale, M'Ba wakaŵa pulezidenti ndipo Aubame wakaŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake.
Ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza iyi yikawoneka kuti yikagwira ntchito mpaka mu Febuluwale 1963, apo BDG yikapangiska mamembala gha UDSG kusankha pakati pa kuphatikiza zipani panji kufumapo. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa UDSG ŵakafumapo, ndipo M'Ba wakachema kuti paŵe mavoti gha mu Febuluwale 1964 na kuchepeskako unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵa National Assembly (kufuma pa 67 kufika pa 47). Wupu wa UDSG ukatondeka kusanga ŵanthu awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa pa mavoti. Apo boma la BDG likawonekanga kuti lipambenge mavoti, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gabon ŵakamuwuskapo M'Ba pa 18 February 1964. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakambaso kuwusa. Mu Epulero 1964, kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Awo ŵakakolerana na BDG ŵakatora vithuzithuzi 31, ndipo awo ŵakususka ŵakasanga vithuzithuzi 16. Kuumaliro wa 1966, dango la boma likasintha kuti para pulezidenti wafwa, wapokelerenge udindo wake. Mu March 1967, Leon M'Ba na Omar Bongo (uyo panyengo iyo wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Albert Bongo) ŵakasankhika kuŵa Pulezidenti na Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti, ndipo BDG yikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 47 mu National Assembly. M'Ba wakafwa kuumaliro wa caka ici, ndipo Omar Bongo wakaŵa pulezidenti.
Mu Malichi 1968 Bongo wakapharazga kuti Gabon ni chalo cha chipani chimoza mwa kusaska BDG na kukhazikiska chipani chiphya: chipani cha Gabonese Democratic Party (Parti Démocratique Gabonais) (PDG). Wakacema ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Gabon, kwambura kupwelerako za ndyali. Bongo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu Febuluwale 1973; mu Epulero 1975, ofesi ya mulara wa boma yikalekeka ndipo yikasinthika na ofesi ya nduna yikuru, iyo yikaŵavya wanangwa wa kuwusa. Bongo wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti mu Disembala 1979 na Novembala 1986 kwa vyaka 7. Pakugwiliskira nchito PDG kuŵa ciŵiya cakumazgira mphindano za cigaŵa na za mafuko izo zikagaŵaniska ndyali za ku Gabon kumanyuma, Bongo wakayezga kupanga gulu limoza lakuwovwira ndyali za boma.
Cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma ndiposo kukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu ndyali, ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵantchito ŵakamba kucitiska viwawa na kunyenyenyenkha nchito mu 1990. Pakuzgora kudandawura kwa ŵantchito, Bongo wakadumbiskana pa chigaŵa na chigaŵa, ndipo wakapeleka malipiro ghanandi. Mwakusazgirapo, wakalayizga kuti wazamujura malo gha PDG na kunozga ungano wa ndyali mu Malichi na Epulero 1990 kuti wadumbiskane za ndyali za ku Gabon. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵalara ŵa maboma na mawupu ghanyake 74. Awo ŵakanjilirapo ŵakagaŵikana mu mabungwe ghaŵiri, PDG na ŵabwezi ŵake, na United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties, agho ghakaŵa na Morena Fundamental na Gabonese Progress Party.
Pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu Epulero 1990, ŵakazomerezga kusintha vinthu vinandi pa ndyali, kusazgapo kukhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya ndyali (National Senate), kuleka kwendeska ndyali, wanangwa wa kuwungana, na kufumiska mabuku. Mu kuyezga kwendeska kusintha kwa ndyali kuya ku demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, Bongo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO ndipo wakapangiska boma lakwendera pasi ilo likulongozgeka na nduna yikuru Casimir Oyé-Mba. Gulu la Social Democratic Grouping (RSDG) la ku Gabon, ndilo likacemekanga boma ilo likafuma, likaŵa licoko comene kuluska boma lakale ndipo likaŵa na ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vinandi vyakususka boma. Mu Meyi 1990, RSDG yikalemba dango lakwamba ilo likapelekanga wanangwa wa ŵanthu kweniso wupu wakuwona vya malango. Pamasinda, komiti ya malango na Nyumba ya Malango yikati yasanda fundo iyi, yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Malichi 1991. Kuyana na dango la boma la mu 1991, para pulezidenti wafwa, nduna yikuru, pulezidenti wa wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, na nduna yakuwona vya kuvikilira charu, ŵakeneranga kugaŵana mazaza m'paka paŵe mavoti ghaphya.
Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kulimbana na PDG, ndipo mu Seputembala 1990, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwukira boma ŵakasangika na kuthereskeka. Nangauli pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakususka boma pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, kweni mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu vyaka 30 ghakachitika mu Seputembala na Okutobala 1990.
Pamasinda pakuti Pulezidenti Bongo wasankhika mu Disembala 1993 na mavoti 51%, ŵakususka ŵakakana kuzomerezga ivyo vikacitika. Nkhondo zikuruzikuru zikapangiska kuti boma na ŵasilikari ŵakususka boma ŵafike pa phangano. Ivyo ŵakadumbiskana vikapangiska kuti mu Novembala 1994, paŵe mapangano gha ku Paris. Ndipouli, ndondomeko iyi yikamara mwaluŵiro, ndipo maungano gha boma na gha boma gha mu 1996 na 1997 ghakaŵawovwira kuti ŵambeso kusankhana mitundu. PDG yikapokera vitumbiko vikuru pa mavoti gha boma, kweni misumba yinandi yikuru, kusazgapo Libreville, yikasora ma mayoro gha chipani chakususka pa mavoti gha chigaŵa gha 1997.
Mazuŵa ghano
Pulezidenti Bongo wakawoneseska kuti mavoti ghaŵeko mu Disembala 1998 na Novembala 2005, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamuvotera. Nangauli awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Bongo ŵakasuska kuti vikaŵa vyaupusikizgi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu pa charu chose ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyaunenesko. Pa mavoti gha 2001-2002 agho ghakaŵa na mavoti ghachoko waka gha chipani cha opposition ndipo ghakatambuzgika chomene chifukwa cha suzgo lawo, boma likapangiska kuti paŵe wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu.
Omar Bongo wakafwira mu chipatala ku Spain pa 8 June 2009.[4]
Mwana wake Ali Bongo Ondimba wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti mu mavoti gha mu Ogasiti 2009. Wakasolekaso mu Ogasiti 2016, mu mavoti agho ghakaŵa na viheni vinandi, kukakika, kuswa wanangwa wa wanthu na vivulupi ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pa mavoti.
Pa 24 Okutobala 2018, Ali Bongo Ondimbao wakagonekeka mu chipatala ku Riyadh chifukwa cha nthenda iyo yikumanyikwa yayi. Pa 29 November 2018 Bongo wakasamukira ku chipatala cha ŵasilikari ku Rabat kuti wakalutilire kupora.[5] Pa 9 Disembala 2018, wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wa Gabon, Moussavou, wakapharazga kuti Bongo wakasuzgika na sitiroko ku Riyadh ndipo wafumapo mu chipatala ku Rabat ndipo pasono wakuwelera ku nyumba yake ku Rabat. Kwambira pa 24 Okutobala 2018 Bongo wandawonekepo pa wumba ndipo chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa ukaboni wakuti wali wamoyo panji wali kufwa ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana usange wali nadi wamoyo panji yayi.
Pa 7 January 2019, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gabon ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma.[6]
Pa Meyi 11, 2021, wupu wa Commonwealth ukaluta ku Gabon apo Ali Bongo wakaluta ku London kukakumana na Secretary General wa wupu uwu, uwo ukuwunganya vyaru 54 vyakuyowoya Chingelezi. Pulezidenti Bongo wakuyowoya kuti Gabon ngwakunozgeka kunjira mu Commonwealth.[7][8]
Wonaniso
Ukaboni
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "History of Gabon - Lonely Planet Travel Information". www.lonelyplanet.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Gabon - History". Encyclopedia Britannica (in English). Retrieved 2020-06-01.
- ↑ "Gabon Is Granted Sovereignty; Remains in French Community; Debre Hails the 11th African Republic Made Free Under Paris Accords in 1960". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ↑ "Bongo's son appeals for calm as country goes into mourning", Radio France Internationale, 9 June 2009.
- ↑ AfricaNews (5 December 2018). "Top govt officials visit 'recovering' Gabon president in Morocco". Africanews. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ↑ "'Under control': Gabon foils coup attempt". www.aljazeera.com (in English). Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ↑ "Gabon seeks to join Commonwealth - CHANNELAFRICA".
- ↑ https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/gabon-expresses-intent-to-join-commonwealth-2021-05-11?mod=news_archive [dead link]
- Petringa, Maria (2006), Brazza, A Life for Africa.
- Schilling, Heinar (1937), Germanisches Leben, Koehler and Amelang, Leipzig, Germany.
Mabuku
- Nnang Ndong, Léon Modeste (2011). L'Effort de Guerre de l'Afrique: Le Gabon dans la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, 1939-1947. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782296553903.