Wikipedia

Gabon

charu cha equatorial ku West Africa
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na charu. For other uses, see Gabon (disambiguation).

Gabon (/ɡəˈbɒn/; French pronunciation: ​[ɡabɔ̃]; Sangu: Ngabu), Charu cha Gabon (French: République gabonaise), ni chalo icho chili ku mpoto kwa Central Africa. Charu ichi chili kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Equatorial Guinea, kumpoto kwa Cameroon, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Republic of the Congo, kweniso kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Gulf of Guinea. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 270,000 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2.3 miliyoni. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli mapiri (Cristal Mountains na Chaillu Massif) kweniso chipalamba kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Gabonese Republic
République gabonaise (French)
Mbendela Chidindo cha Boma
Chiluso: "Union, Travail, Justice" (French)
"Union, Work, Justice"
Nyimbo: "La Concorde" (French)
"The Concord"
[[File:
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Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Libreville
Chiyowoyelo chaboma French
Regional languages
List
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu
  • Gabonese
  • Gabonaise
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party presidential republic
 -  President Ali Bongo Ondimba
 -  Vice President Rose Christiane Raponda
 -  Prime Minister Alain Claude Billie By Nze
 -  Senate President Lucie Milebou Aubusson
 -  National Assembly President Faustin Boukoubi
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house National Assembly
Independence from France
 -  Republic established 28 November 1958 
 -  Granted 16–17 August 1960 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 267,668 km2 (76th)
103,347 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 3.76%
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 2,340,613[1] (146th)
 -  Density 7.9/km2 (216th)
20.6/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$39.0 billion[2] (132nd)
 -  Per capita Increase$18,080[2] (83rd)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase $22.2 billion[2] (117th)
 -  Per capita Increase$10,282[2] (75th)
Gini (2017)38[3]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.706[4]
medium ·112th
Ndalama Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Mtundu Wanyengo WAT (UTC+1)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto right
Intaneti yacharu .ga

Kufuma apo charu cha Gabon chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku France mu 1960, chakhala na ŵalongozgi ŵatatu.[4] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, boma ili likaŵa na vipani vinandi kweniso dango la ndyali ilo likakhumbanga kuti mavoti ghaŵe ghakupulikikwa makora. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni chipani cha Democratic Party (PDG) ndicho chikuluta panthazi. [4]Kuyana na mafuta na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chachinayi pa vigaŵa vyose vya caru ici (pamasinda pa Mauritius, Seychelles na South Africa) kweniso chacinayi pa vigaŵa vyose vya Africa (pamasinda pa Seychelles, Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea na Botswana). Kufuma mu 2010 m'paka 2012, GDP yikakura na 6 peresenti pa chaka.[4]

Chiyowoyero cha boma ni Chifurenchi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵalipo pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, ndipo Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru chomene.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: Mbili ya Gabon and French Equatorial Africa

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵakatoleka malo na mafuko gha Bantu. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, ufumu uwo ukayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Myeni, uwo ukachemekanga Ufumu wa Orungu, ukaŵa malo ghakuguliskirako ŵazga.

Explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza led his first mission to the Gabon-Congo area in 1875.[5] Wakazenga tawuni ya Franceville ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa kazembe. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi apo Ŵafarisi ŵakamba kuwukira mu 1885.

Mu 1910, charu cha Gabon chikaŵa pasi pa French Equatorial Africa, ndipo chikaŵa pasi pa boma la France m'paka mu 1958. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakanjira mu charu cha Gabon kuti ŵawuske boma la France ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Vichy. Pa Novembala 28, 1958, charu cha Gabon chikazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha mu chigaŵa cha France, ndipo pa Ogasiti 17, 1960, chikaŵa chakujiyimira paŵekha.[6][7]

Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Gabon, uyo wakasankhika mu 1961, wakaŵa Léon M'ba. Pamanyuma pakuti M'ba wiza pa mazaza, ŵapharazgi ŵakakanizgika, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuyowoya, wanangwa wa kuyowoya ukadumulika, magulu ghanyake gha ndyali ghakafumiskika pa mazaza. Apo M'ba wakawuskapo wupu wa National Assembly mu Janyuwale 1964 kuti waŵike boma la chipani chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kumugalura na kuwezgerapo demokilase. Mu maora 24 pera, ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakiza kuti ŵawuskepo M'ba. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghanandi, boma likapoka mazaza ndipo ŵakususka ŵakakakika.

Apo M'Ba wakafwa mu 1967, Bongo ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Mu Malichi 1968, Bongo wakapharazga kuti charu cha Gabon chili na chipani chimoza. Wakacema ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Gabon, kwambura kupwelerako za ndyali. Bongo wakayezga kupanga gulu limoza lakuwoneseska kuti boma likwendeskenge ndondomeko ya chitukuko, pakugwiliskira nchito PDG kuti watimbanizge mphindano za vigaŵa na mafuko izo zikagaŵaniska ndyali za ku Gabon kumanyuma. Bongo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti mu Febuluwale 1975; mu Epulero 1975, mulimo wa kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ukamara ndipo wakasinthika na mulimo wa kuŵa nduna yikuru. Bongo wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti mu Disembala 1979 na Novembala 1986 kwa vyaka 7.[8]

 
Mapu gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa mu 1670
 
Nkhondo ya ku Gabon yikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Free French Force ŵapoke charu cha Gabon ku ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy French, mu 1940

Mu 1990, kusuzgika kwa vinthu vya cuma na kukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu ndyali kukapangiska kuti ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵantchito ŵalongoreke na kunyenyenkha nchito. Pakuzgora kudandawura kwa ŵantchito, Bongo wakadumbiskana nawo pa cigaŵa na cigaŵa, ndipo wakapeleka malipiro ghakupambanapambana. Iyo wakalayizga kuti wazamujura PDG na kunozga ungano wa ndyali mu Malichi/Epulero 1990 kuti ŵadumbiskane za ndyali za ku Gabon. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵaso ŵandyali na mawupu ghanyake 74. Awo ŵakanjilirapo ŵakaŵa ŵaŵiri, PDG na ŵabwezi ŵake, kweniso gulu la United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties (United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties), ilo lili na Morena Fundamental na Gabonese Progress Party.[8]

Pa ungano uwo ukacitika mu Epulero 1990, ŵakazomerezga kusintha vinthu vinyake pa ndyali, kusazgapo kukhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya ndyali (National Senate), kuleka kwendeska ndyali, wanangwa wa kuwungana, na kufumiska mabuku. Mu kuyezga kwendeska kusintha kwa ndyali kuya ku demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, Bongo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO ndipo wakapangiska boma lakwendera pasi ilo likulongozgeka na nduna yikuru Casimir Oye-Mba. Gulu la Social Democratic Grouping (RSDG) la ku Gabon, ndilo likacemekanga boma ilo likafuma, likaŵa licoko kuluska boma lakale ndipo likaŵa na ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru vinyake vyakususka boma. RSDG yikalemba dango lakwamba mu Meyi 1990 ilo likapeleka malango ghakwendeskera wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wupu wakweruzga wakujiyimira pawekha ndipo likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza gha pulezidenti. Pamasinda, komiti ya malango na Nyumba ya Malango yikati yasanda fundo iyi, yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Malichi 1991.[8]

Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kulimbana na PDG pamanyuma pa ungano wa mu Epulero 1990, ndipo mu Seputembala 1990, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma. Mu September/October 1990, pakati pajumpha viyezgelero pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa chipani cha opposition, mavoti ghakwamba gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu vyaka pafupifupi 30 ghakacitika, ndipo PDG wakapokera wanandi.[8]

 
Pulezidenti George W. Bush wakupokelera Pulezidenti Omar Bongo mu ofesi ya Oval Office, Meyi 2004

Pamanyuma pakuti Pulezidenti Omar Bongo wasankhika mu Disembala 1993 na mavoti 51%, ŵakususka ŵakakana kuzomerezga ivyo vikacitika. Nkhondo na nkhaza zikapangiska kuti boma na ŵasilikari ŵakususka boma ŵafike pa phangano. Ivyo ŵakadumbiskana vikapangiska kuti mu Novembala 1994, paŵe mapangano gha ku Paris. Ndondomeko iyi yikamara, ndipo maungano gha boma na gha boma gha mu 1996 na 1997 ghakaŵawovwira kuti ŵambeso kusankhana mitundu. PDG ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti gha boma, ndipo misumba yinyake, kusazgapo Libreville, yikasora ma mayoro gha chipani chakususka pa mavoti gha mu 1997.

Pakulimbana na ŵanthu ŵakususkana, Pulezidenti Omar Bongo wakakhumbanga kuwuskikaso mu Disembala 1998. Nangauli ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Bongo ŵakasuska kuti vikaŵa vyautesi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya charu chose ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyaunenesko "nangauli pakaŵa vinthu vinandi vyambura kwenelera". Masankhiro gha wupu wakulongozga agho ghakacitika mu 2001 na 2002 ghakaŵavya wanangwa ndipo ghakatambuzgika cifukwa ca suzgo lawo. Mu Novembala 2005, pulezidenti Omar Bongo wakasankhika kuti waŵepo kaŵiri. Wakathereskeka, ndipo ŵakususka ŵakuti vikaŵa vyambura kwenelera. Pakaŵa nkhaza zinandi wati wapharazga kuti watonda. Mu Disembala 2006, kukaŵa maungano gha chigaŵa. Malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa ghakusuzga chifukwa cha mavoti ghambura kwenelera ghakalekeka na Khoti la Malango, ndipo mavoti ghaciŵiri agho ghakaŵako mu 2007 ghakapeleka Nyumba ya Malango iyo yikalongozgekanga na PDG.[8]

 
Chikondwerero cha Siku la Ufulu ku Gabon

Pa 8 Juni 2009, President Omar Bongo wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima mu chipatala cha Spain ku Barcelona. Mwakukolerana na dango ilo lasinthika, Rose Francine Rogombé, mulongozgi wa Senate, wakazgoka mulongozgi wa nyengo yeneyiyo pa 10 June 2009. Chisankho chakwamba mu mbiri ya charu cha Gabon icho chikaŵavya Omar Bongo, chikachitika pa 30 August, 2009. Mu nyengo iyo vikaŵa pafupi kuchitika, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga. Mwana wa Omar Bongo, mulongozgi wa chipani chakulongozga, Ali Bongo Ondimba, wakapharazgika kuti ndiyo watonda pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana kwa masabata ghatatu na khoti la malango.[8] Khoti ili likawona kuti pali upusikizgi uwo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakwimira chipani chinyake ŵakayowoya. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Port-Gentil ŵakaluta mu misewu, ndipo mashopu na nyumba zinyake zikawotcheka. Kuyana na malango, ŵanthu 4 ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya vivulupi. Ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵakatumika ku Port-Gentil kuti ŵawovwire ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo.

Mu Juni 2010, ŵakachita mavoti ghacigaŵa. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa chipani cha Union Nationale (UN). Wupu wa UN uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaleka chipani ichi pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Omar Bongo. Pa malo 5 agho ghakaŵa pa chiphikiro ichi, PDG yikawinapo 3 ndipo UN yikawinapo 2; vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikati vyatonda.

Mu Janyuwale 2019, ŵasilikari ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma la Pulezidenti Ali Bongo.

Mu Juni 2022, Gabon na Togo ŵakanjira mu Commonwealth of Nations.[9]

Ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Gabon

Ndondomeko ya boma ya boma la pulezidenti yikukolerana na dango la mu 1961 (lakuweleramo mu 1975, na kulembekaso mu 1991, kweniso mu 2003). Pulezidenti wakusankhika na wanangwa wa ŵanthu wose kuti waŵe na vyaka 7. Mu 2003, boma likasintha malango gha boma. Pulezidenti wangimika na kufumiska nduna yikuru, ŵalara ŵa boma, na ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti likuru. Pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghanyake, nga nkhusisita Nyumba ya Malango, kukhazikiska dango lakukanizga nkhondo, kuchedweska malango, na kuchita ma referendum.[8]Boma la Gabon lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango. Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na ŵimiliri 120, awo ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu wose kuti ŵakhalenge vyaka 5. Wupu wa Senate uli na ŵanthu 102, awo ŵakusankhika na maboma na maungano gha vigaŵa. Wupu wa Senate ukapangika mu 1990-1991 ndipo ukapangika pamanyuma pa chisankho cha 1997. Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango ndiyo wakulondezgapo pa mulongozgi wa boma.[8]

Mu 1990, boma likasintha ndyali za ku Gabon. Pa ungano wa ndyali uwo ukacitika mu Malichi na Epulero, mu Meyi 1990 pakalembeka dango lakwendera. Pa malango agha pakaŵa malango ghakuyana na gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, wupu wa National Council of Democracy, uwo ukawoneleranga umo wanangwa uwu ukovwilira ŵanthu, wupu wa boma wakulongozga pa nkhani za vyachuma na umoyo wa ŵanthu, kweniso wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Pamanyuma pa kuzomerezgeka na wupu wa National Assembly, PDG Central Committee, na President, wupu uwu ukazomera dango ili mu March 1991. Mu 1990-91 pakaŵa maungano gha vyaru vinandi apo magulu gha visopa ghakaŵa kuti ghandazomerezgeke. Mu Janyuwale 1991, wupu wakulongozga ukazomerezga dango lakuti maboma gha visopa ghazomerezgeke.[8]

Pamasinda pakuti pulezidenti Omar Bongo wasankhika mu 1993, mu mavoti agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 51 peresenti pera, masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ŵanthu ghakacitiska kuti paŵe ungano wa ku Paris mu 1994. Maungano agha ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuti paŵe maungano ghanyake. Pa maungano gha chigaŵa na gha malango, maungano agha ghakaŵako mu 1996-97. Mu 1997, ŵakasintha malango gha boma kuti paŵe wupu wa Senate na wupu wa vice president, kweniso kuti nyengo iyo pulezidenti wakugwilira ntchito yikwane vyaka 7.

Mu Okutobala 2009, Pulezidenti Ali Bongo Ondimba wakamba kuyezgayezga kuti boma liŵe makora. Kuti watimbanizge vimbundi, wakawuskapo mauteŵeti 17 gha nduna, wakawuskapo wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, na kunozga maofesi ghanyake gha nduna. Mu Novembala 2009, Pulezidenti Bongo Ondimba wakapharazga chilato chiphya cha kusinthiska charu cha Gabon, icho wakachichema kuti "Gabon Emergent". Ndondomeko iyi yili na fundo zitatu: Green Gabon, Service Gabon, na Industrial Gabon. Chilato cha Kaboni Emergent nkhusintha vinthu mu vyaru vinyake kuti charu chileke kuthemba chomene mafuta, kumazga vimbundi, na kunozga ŵanthu. Mu ndondomeko iyi, ŵakanjizga makuni ghambura kupangika makora mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakalemba unandi wa ŵanthu mu boma lose, ŵakasintha zuŵa lakulutira ku ntchito kuti ŵaleke kupumura nyengo yitali, ndipo ŵakambiska kampani ya mafuta.[8]

Pa January 25, 2011, mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, André Mba Obame, wakapempha kuti waŵe pulezidenti, wakati charu chikwenera kulongozgeka na munthu uyo ŵanthu ŵakukhumba nadi. Wakasora nduna 19 za boma lake, ndipo wose pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakagona ku ofesi ya UN. Pa Janyuwale 26, boma likalekeska chipani cha Mba Obame. Mulongozgi wa AU Jean Ping wakati vyakucita vya Mba Obame "vikupweteka wanangwa wa mabungwe ndipo vikupangiska kuti mtende, civikiliro na kukhazikika kwa Gabon viŵe pangozi". Nduna ya vya mukati Jean-François Ndongou yikati Mba Obame na ŵanthu awo ŵakamukhozganga mbanthu ŵakwendera mphiska. Secretary-General wa UN, Ban Ki-moon, wakayowoya kuti wakuwona Ondimba kuŵa pulezidenti yekha wa Gabon.

Chisankho cha pulezidenti mu 2016 chikaŵa chakususkana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti vikachitika "pafupi chomene". Ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka boma la Georgia, ndipo ŵakamba kususka boma. Ŵanthu pakati pa 50 na 100 ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ndipo 1,000 ŵakakakika. Ŵalendo ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika, kusazgapo unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakiza ku maungano. Khoti likuru comene mu caru ici likadumura kuti malo ghanyake ghakukayikiska ghaleke kusangikapo, ndipo mavoti ghakabwanganduka. Chisankho ichi chikapelekeka na munthu uyo wakaŵa pa udindo wa Ondimba. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakakondwa chomene na ivyo vikachitika.[10]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Wonani vinandi: Foreign relations of Gabon
 
Prime Minister wa Gabon Julien Nkoghe Bekale na President wa Russia Vladimir Putin pa Russia-Africa Summit ku Sochi ku Russia mu Okutobala 2019

Kufuma waka apo charu cha Gabon chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu ichi chikulondezga fundo ya kuleka kuŵa ku chigaŵa cha ŵasilikari ŵa charu chinyake. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa, boma ili likukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe m'malo mwa kusintha, ndipo likukhumba kuti mabungwe gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghaŵe na mazaza pa vinthu. Wakawovwirapo pakunozga vinthu ku Chad, Central African Republic, Angola, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), na Burundi. Mu Disembala 1999, mu charu cha Congo (Brazzaville) pakalembeka phangano la mtende pakati pa boma na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa gulu lakugaluka. Pulezidenti Bongo wakacitako mulimo wa mtende mu D.R.C., ndipo wakacitapo kanthu pakunozga suzgo mu Ivory Coast.

 
U.S. Kapiteni wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gabon wakamuchemera ku nkhondo

Gabon njumoza wa mawupu gha United Nations (UN) na mawupu ghanyake gha vyamahara na ghakukhwaskana nagho, na World Bank; IMF; African Union (AU); Central African Customs Union/Central African Economic and Monetary Community (UDEAC/CEMAC); EU/ACP association under the Lomé Convention; the Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA); the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC); the Non-Aligned Movement; and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS/CEEAC). Mu 1995, Gabon wakafumamo mu wupu wa OPEC, ndipo wakaweleramo mu 2016. Gabon wakasankhika kukhala mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council kwa mwezi wa January 2010 mpaka December 2011 ndipo wakachitanga milimo ya wupu uwu mu March 2010.[8]

Ŵankhondo

Wonani vinandi: Armed Forces of Gabon

Wumba uwu uli na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 5,000, ndipo uli na ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ndege, ŵasilikari ŵa ndembera, na ŵapolisi. Ŵalinda 1,800 ŵakuvikilira pulezidenti.[8]

Kugawikana kwa boma

 Estuaire ProvinceHaut-OgoouéMoyen-OgoouéNgouniéNyanga ProvinceOgooué-IvindoOgooué-LoloOgooué-MaritimeWoleu-Ntem
A clickable map of Gabon exhibiting its nine provinces.
Nkhani ikulu: Subdivisions of Gabon

Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 9 ivyo vili na madipatimenti 50. Pulezidenti wakwimika mabwana gha vigaŵa, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa, na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa.[8]

Vigaŵa ivi ni ivi (vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vili pakati pa mabokosi):

  1. Estuaire (Libreville)
  2. Haut-Ogooué (Franceville)
  3. Moyen-Ogooué (Lambaréné)
  4. Ngounié (Mouila)
  5. Nyanga (Tchibanga)
  6. Ogooué-Ivindo (Makokou)
  7. Ogooué-Lolo (Koulamoutou)
  8. Ogooué-Maritime (Port-Gentil)
  9. Woleu-Ntem (Oyem)

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: [[

Makhalilo gha charu cha Gabon|

Makhalilo gha charu cha Gabon]] and Geology of Gabon
 
Satellite image of Gabon
 
Mapu gha nyengo gha Köppen

Charu ichi chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ku Central Africa, pakati pa latitude 3°N na 4°S, na longitude 8° na 15°E. Charu cha Gabon chili na nkhorongo ya makuni ghakututuka, ndipo malo ghake 89.3% ghali na makuni.[11]

Pali vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ivyo vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 m'paka 300, mapiri (mapiri gha Cristal kumpoto kwa Libreville, Chaillu Massif pakatikati), na chipalamba kumanjiliro gha dazi. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ghali mu chigaŵa cha Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion cha World Wildlife Fund ndipo muli makuni gha mangrove gha ku Central Africa, kusazgapo mu mlonga wa Muni, mumphepete mwa mphaka na Equatorial Guinea.

Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa charu, charu cha Gabon chili na malibwe gha Archean na Paleoproterozoic. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵako ni vyaka vyakujumpha mabiliyoni ghaŵiri. Malibwe ghanyake ghakusangika mu nyanja, mu nyanja, na mu vyaru vinyake. Pakuti charu cha Pangaea chikagaŵikana, chikaŵa na maji ghanandi chomene. Pali vigaŵa vya Oklo reactor, vyakumera vya nyukiliya pa caru capasi ivyo vikaŵa na nkhongono vyaka mabiliyoni ghaŵiri ivyo vyajumpha. Malo agha ŵakaghasanga apo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kunozga uranium mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 kuti ŵapeleke nkhongono za nyukiliya ku France.

Mlonga wake ukuru ni Ogooué uwo uli na utali wa makilomita 1,200. Ili na malo ghatatu gha karst agho ghali na mphanji zinandi izo zili mu malibwe gha dolomite na limestone. Mu 2008, gulu linyake la ku National Geographic likaluta ku mphanji zinyake kuti likapende.

Mu 2002, pulezidenti Omar Bongo Ondimba wakadumura kuti chigaŵa cha 10% cha charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha mapaki gha charu (apo pali mapaki 13). Wupu wa National Agency for National Parks ndiwo ukwendeska malo agha. Mu 2018, charu cha Gabon chikaŵa pa nambara 9.07/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 9 pa vyaru 172.[12]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Gabon
 
Chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivyo Gabon wakuguliska, 2019
 
Kusintha kwa GDP pa munthu yumoza wa ku Gabon, 1950~2018. Malipoti agha ghali na ndalama zakukwana madola gha pa caru cose mu 2011.

Pafupifupi 46% ya ndalama za boma zikufuma ku mafuta, 43% ya GDP, na 81% ya katundu uyo wakuguliskika. Kufumiska mafuta kukakhira kufuma pa 370,000 pa zuŵa mu 1997. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mafuta gha ku Gabon ghazamumara mu 2025. Tikwamba kunozgekera umo vinthu vizamuŵira para mafuta ghamara. Malo gha mafuta gha Grondin ghakavumbukwa mu 1971 mu maji ghakukwera mamita 50 (mafiti 160) mu mtunda wa makilomita 40 (mailosi 25) kufupi na nyanja, ndipo ghakupanga kufuma ku malibwe gha mchenga gha Batanga gha nyengo ya Maastrichtian ghakupanga chipingo cha mchere icho chili pafupi makilomita ghaŵiri (mailosi 1.2) kumanyuma..[13]

"Kugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi comene" pa njanji ya Trans-Gabon, kuchepeskeka kwa mtengo wa CFA franc mu 1994, ndiposo nyengo ya kunangika kwa mtengo wa mafuta, vikapangiska masuzgo gha ngongoli.[8]

Maofesi gha International Monetary Fund (IMF) ghakususka boma la Gabon chifukwa cha kunjilirapo chomene pa vinthu vyambura kuzirwa (mu vyaka viwemi na viheni wuwo), kutora ngongoli zinandi kufuma ku banki yikuru, na kutondeka kufiska ndondomeko ya privatization na administrative reform. Mu Seputembala 2005, charu cha Gabon chikapangana na IMF kuti chiŵe maso kwa myezi 15. Mu Meyi 2007, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵaŵe na ndondomeko ya vyaka vitatu na IMF. Chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikachitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Omar Bongo na maungano, charu cha Gabon chikatondeka kufiska vilato vyake vya vyachuma mu 2009.

Ndalama izo charu cha Gabon chikusanga chifukwa cha mafuta, zikovwira kuti munthu waliyose wasange ndalama zakukwana madola 8,600. "Kugaŵikana kwa ndalama" na "vinthu viheni ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu" ni "vyakuwonekerathu".[14]Ŵanthu ŵasambazi comene ŵa mu Gabon ŵali na ndalama zakujumpha 90 peresenti, ndipo pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵanthu ŵa mu Gabon mbakavu.[8]

Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba pa vyakumera. Pambere mafuta ghandasangike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Gabon ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kukora makuni.[8] Pa vigaŵa vinyake, makuni na manganese ndivyo vikupangiska ndalama zinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵali kusanga malo ghakuru chomene gha visulo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ndipo ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi wa kusanga nchito mu vyaru vya migodi, ndalama izo ŵabali ŵawo ŵakuŵatumizga ku mizi zikovwira.[8]

Ŵanthu ŵakuwona vinthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake na ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakudandawura kuti mu charu cha Gabon mulije vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Vinthu ivyo vyapangiska kuti "makampani ghaphya ghaleke kukura" ni ivi:[8]

  • the market is "small", about a million
  • dependent on imports from France
  • unable to capitalize on regional markets
  • entrepreneurial zeal not always present among the Gabonese
  • a "fairly regular" stream of oil "rent", even if it is diminishing

Kuŵaso na ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya na vyakukwelera vikusuzgika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikucitika. Vigaŵa vinyake vya kunozga vinthu na kupeleka mauteŵeti "vikulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵali na maudindo mu vyaru ivi".

Pa kukhumbisiska kwa Banki ya Caru Cose na IMF, boma likamba mu ma 1990 ndondomeko ya kupanikizgira makampani gha boma na kusintha vinthu, kusazgapo kuchepeska nchito za boma na kukwezga malipiro. Boma layowoya kuti lichitengepo kanthu kuti vinthu visinthe mu charu.[8]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Gabon
Population in Gabon[15][16]
Year Million
1950 0.5
2000 1.2
2021 2.3
 
Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa nyanja

Muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2.3 miliyoni.[15][16] Vinthu ivyo vikachitikanga kale na ivyo vikachitikanga kunthazi ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵachepeko pakati pa 1900 na 1940. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa.[4]

Mtundu wa ŵanthu

Mu charu cha Gabon muli mafuko pafupifupi 40, kusazgapo Fang, Myènè, Punu-Échira, Nzebi-Adouma, Teke-Mbete, Mèmbè, Kota, Akélé.[17] Pali ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchemeka Bungu na Baka. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cimoza pera mu Gabon. [8]Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 ŵa ku France ŵakukhala mu Gabon, kusazgapo ŵanthu 2,000 awo ŵali na caru cawo.[8]

Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakusangika mu charu chose cha Gabon, ndipo ŵakuyowoyeskana na kutorana.[8]

Malo gha ŵanthu

Wonani vinandi: List of cities in Gabon
 
Libreville
 
People in Libreville
Misumba ya Gaboni
Rank Msumba Population Province
2003 census[18] 2013 census[18]
1. Libreville 538,195 703,940 Estuaire
2. Port-Gentil 105,712 136,462 Ogooué-Maritime
3. Franceville 103,840 110,568 Haut-Ogooué
4. Owendo 51,661 79,300 Estuaire
5. Oyem 35,241 60,685 Woleu-Ntem
6. Moanda 42,703 59,154 Haut-Ogooué
7. Ntoum 12,711 51,954 Estuaire
8. Lambaréné 24,883 38,775 Moyen-Ogooué
9. Mouila 21,074 36,061 Ngounié
10. Akanda - 34,548 Akanda

Viyowoyelo

Wonani vinandi: Languages of Gabon

Cifurenci ndiyo ni ciyowoyero cimoza pera ca boma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi, ndipo ŵanthu 30 pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi.

Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Gabon ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo mwakuyana na fuko lawo, kweni chiŵelengero ici nchicoko kuluska mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu 63.7% ŵa ku Gabon ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi.[19]

Chisopo

Wonani vinandi: Religion in Gabon

Religion in Gabon by the Association of Religion Data Archives (2015)[20] ██ Roman Catholic (53.4%)██ Other Christian (25.7%)██ Animism (3.2%)██ Muslim (10.4%)██ Other (6.0%)██ None / No Answer (1.4%)

Visopa ivyo vikuchitika mu Gabon ni Chikhristu (Chisopa cha Katolika na Chiprotesitanti), Chisilamu, na visopa vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi.[21]Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya Chikhristu na visambizgo vya cisopa ca ku malo agha. Pafupifupi 79% ya ŵanthu (53% Mbakatolika) ŵakusopa visopa vinyake; 10% ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu (kanandi Ŵasuni); ndipo ŵanyake ŵakusopa visopa vinyake.[21]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Gabon

Mu 1913, Albert Schweitzer wakambiska chipatala ku Lambaréné. Kuzakafika mu 1985, kukaŵa vipatala 28, malo gha munkhwala 87, na malo gha munkhwala 312. Mu 2004, pa ŵanthu 100,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala pafupifupi 29, ndipo "ŵanthu pafupifupi 90% ŵakaŵa na wovwiri wa munkhwala".

Mu 2000, ŵanthu 70% ŵakaŵa na "maji ghawemi ghakumwa" ndipo 21% ŵakaŵa na "vyakuzenga vyakwenelera". Boma lili na pulogiramu ya munkhwala yakuchizgira nthenda nga ni vyoni, nthenda ya kugona, maleriya, filariasis, nthenda ya nthumbo, na TB. Ŵana ŵa vyaka viŵiri kukhilira pasi pa 1 ŵakaŵa na munkhwala wakulwera TB wakukwana 97% ndipo wa poliyo wakukwana 65%. Ŵanandi awo ŵakacira katemela wa DPT na wa nthomba ŵakaŵa 37% na 56%. Boma la Gabon likuguliska munthavi munthavi munthavi.

Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika chikakhira kufuma pa 5.8 mu 1960 kufika pa 4.2 pa mama yumoza mu 2000. Kufumira mu 1998, pa ŵanthu 100,000 awo ŵakababika, ŵanakazi 520 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Mu 2005, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakafwanga para ŵababa ŵana 55.35 pa ŵanthu 1,000. Mu 2002, ŵanthu 17.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000 ŵakafwanga.

Ŵanandi awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49. Mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 46,000 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS. Mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,400 ŵakafwa na AIDS, kweni mu 2003 ŵakafwa 3,000.[22]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Gabon

Boma ili lili na maofesi ghaŵiri: Unduna wa vya masambiro, uwo ukuwona vya masambiro gha ku sukulu za ŵana ŵa sukulu, na Unduna wa vya masambiro ghapachanya na vyakupangapanga.

Dango la vya masambiro likuti ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 16 ŵakwenera kusambira. Ŵana ŵanyake ku Gabon ŵakwamba sukulu mu masukulu gha ŵana ŵachoko, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuluta ku sukulu za ŵana ŵachoko. Para ŵafika vyaka 6, ŵakuluta ku sukulu ya pulayimale yakuchemeka "École Primaire". Gulu laciŵiri ni "École Secondaire", ilo lili na vigaŵa 7. Ŵana ŵakwamba kumalizga sukulu para ŵafika vyaka 19. Awo ŵamalizga masambiro agha ŵangaluta ku masukulu ghapachanya, kusazgapo masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha masukulu gha bizinesi. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 82%.[23]

Boma likugwiliskira ntchito ndalama izo likusanga chifukwa cha mafuta pakuzenga masukulu, kulipira malipiro gha ŵasambizgi, na kukhozgera masambiro, na ku mizi wuwo. Ŵasambizgi ŵakusuzgika chomene chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zakwendeskera sukulu. Mu 2002, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya chikaŵa 132%, ndipo mu 2000, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga masambiro ghapachanya chikaŵa 78%. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi chikukolerana na chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakunjira sukulu iyi. Mu 2001, ŵana 69 pa ŵana 100 awo ŵakamba sukulu za pulayimale "ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi" wa kufiska kilasi 5. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeska masambiro ni "mauteŵeti ghaheni na mapulani ghaheni, kusowa kwa ŵalaŵiliri, ŵasambizgi ŵambura kusambizga makora", kweniso "masukulu ghakuzura na ŵanthu".[24]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Gabon
 
A Gabonese mask

Charu ichi chikaŵa na mitheto ya pa mulomo m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kusambira kuŵazga na kulemba. "Raconteurs" ŵakuyezgayezga kuti ŵasungilire mitheto nga ni mvett pakati pa Fangs na ingwala pakati pa Nzebis.

Mu chihema ichi muli visalu vyakumanyikwa pa caru cose nga ni n'goltang (Fang) na vikozgo vya Kota. Gulu lililose likuŵa na visalu vyake. Ŵakuvigwiliskira nchito pa viphikiro nga ni nthengwa, kubabika na nyifwa. Awo ŵakulondezga maluso agha ŵakugwiliskira nchito "makuni ghachilendo na vinthu vinyake vyakuzirwa".

Music

Wonani vinandi: Music of Gabon

Muli mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu. Mu Gabon mukuŵa vyakusanguluska vya rock na hip hop vyakufuma ku United States na United Kingdom, kweniso rumba, makossa na soukous. Vyakwimbira vinyake vya ŵanthu ni obala, ngombi, balafon, na matambula.[25]

Media

Wonani vinandi: Media of Gabon

Radio-Diffusion Télévision Gabonaise (RTG) iyo njakovwira boma ndipo yikupharazga mu Cifurenci na viyowoyero vinyake. Mu matawuni ghanyake, TV ya mitundu yakupambanapambana yikwambiskika. Mu 1981, wayilesi yinyake yakucemeka Africa No. 1 yikamba kugwira nchito. Boma la France na la Gabon pamoza na maboma ghanyake gha ku Europe ŵakwimirapo.

Mu 2004, boma likaŵa na mawayilesi ghaŵiri ndipo ghanyake 7 ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵekha. Pakaŵa mawayilesi ghaŵiri gha boma na ghanayi gha boma. Mu 2003, pa ŵanthu 1,000, pakaŵa mawayilesi 488 na ma TV 308. Pa ŵanthu 1,000 ŵaliwose, ŵanthu 11.5 ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito TV ya pa wayilesi. Mu 2003, pa ŵanthu 1,000, pakaŵa makompyuta 22.4 ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000, 26 ŵakaŵa na Intaneti. Wupu wakuwona vya mdauko wa charu cha Gabon ndiwo ukulemba nyuzipepara ya zuŵa na zuŵa, Gabon-Matin (iyo yikupharazgika mu vigaŵa 18,000 mu 2002).

L'Union mu Libreville, nyuzipepara ya zuŵa na zuŵa iyo boma likulongozga, yikagaŵikanga pafupifupi 40,000 mu 2002. Kabuku ka sabata yiliyose ka Gabon d'Aujourd'hui kakupharazgika na Unduna wa vya Umoyo. Pafupifupi magazini 9 ghakusindikizgika na ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ghakusindikizgika na ŵandyali. Mabuku agha ghakufumiskika mwaluŵiro yayi chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Dango la caru ca Gabon likuti ŵanthu ŵakwenera kuyowoya mwakufwatuka kweniso kuŵa na wanangwa wakusindikizga nkhani. Mabuku ghanyake ghakususka boma, ndipo mabuku ghanyake gha ku vyaru vinyake ghalipo.

Kuphika

Wonani vinandi: Gabonese cuisine

Vyakurya vya ku Gabon vikukolerana na vya ku France, ndipo vyakurya vikuruvikuru vikusangika.[26]

Maseŵera

Nkhani ikulu: Sport in Gabon

Gulu la mpira la ku Gabon likuyimira dzikoli kuyambira 1962. Chikwata cha mpira cha U-23 chikapambana 2011 CAF U-23 Championship ndipo chikakwera ku Olimpiki ya London 2012. Gabon ndiyo yikapokeleranga nkhonya iyi pamoza na Equatorial Guinea.

Chipani cha basketball cha dziko la Gabon, chomwe chili ndi dzina loti Les Panthères, chinamaliza 8th ku AfroBasket 2015.

Dziko la Gabon lakhala likuchita nawo maseŵera a Olimpiki kuyambira mu 1972. Anthony Obame, uyo wakathereskeka pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2012, ndiyo wakapokera mendulo ya siliva pa maseŵero gha taekwondo.

Ku Gabon, ŵanthu ŵakuloŵa somba za mu nyanja ndipo ni "malo ghawemi comene pa caru cose gha kukolera somba za mu nyanja ya Atlantic".[27]

Vyamoyo vya Gabon

Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Gabon

Mu charu cha Gabon muli vyakumera na vinyama vinandi ivyo vili na chivikiliro. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi ni vyakupambanapambana chomene pa charu chose chapasi.[28]

Vinyama vya Gabon

Ku Gabon kuli viyuni vyakukwana 604, viyuni vyakukhala pa maji vyakukwana 98, vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji vyakukwana 95 m'paka 160, na vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji vyakukwana 198. Ku Gabon kuli viyuni vichoko waka, nga ni viyuni vya pangolin na viyuni vya gray-necked rockfowl.

Charu ichi chili na vyamoyo vinandi chomene mu Africa.[29] ni malo ghakuzirwa gha viyuni vya chimpanzee (ivyo mu 2003 vikaŵa pakati pa 27,000 na 64,000). "Gorilla and Chimpanzee Study Station" mukati mwa Lopé National Park.

Kweniso ni malo agho kuli njovu zinandi za ku Africa.

Vyakumela vya Gabon

Mu charu cha Gabon muli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vyakujumpha 10,000 na makuni 400. Nkhorongo ya ku Gabon ndiyo njakukhoma comene mu Africa. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici, nkhorongo yikumara comene. Mwakuyana waka, kupenja vinyama mwakupepuka kukuŵika umoyo wa vinyama pangozi. Maluŵa gha caru ca Gabon ni Delonix Regia.

Wonaniso

Ukaboni

  1. ↑ "Gabon". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  3. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 21 Janyuwale 2019. Retrieved 20 Janyuwale 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 8 Sekutembala 2022.
  5. ↑ Goldie, George Dashwood Taubman (1911). "Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de" . Encyclopædia Britannica (in English). Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 464–465.
  6. ↑ "Gabon" (in English). Archontology. Archived from the original on 28 Janyuwale 2021. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2021.
  7. ↑ "Gabon country profile". BBC News. 24 Sekutembala 2018. Archived from the original on 25 Sekutembala 2018. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Background note: Gabon Archived 4 Juni 2019 at 2009-2017.state.gov (Error: unknown archive URL) . U.S. Department of State (4 August 2010).
  9. ↑ "Gabon and Togo join the Commonwealth" (Press release). Commonwealth of Nations. 25 Juni 2022. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022.
  10. ↑ "Motion for a resolution on Gabon, repression of the opposition - B8-0526/2017". Europarl.europa.eu (in English). Archived from the original on 9 Ogasiti 2018. Retrieved 9 Ogasiti 2018.
  11. ↑ "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 website". FAO. Archived from the original on 10 Disembala 2018. Retrieved 9 Disembala 2018.
  12. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  13. ↑ Vidal, J., "Geology of Grondin Field, 1980", in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813063, pp. 577–590
  14. ↑ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 15 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 16 Malichi 2016.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  17. ↑ "Gabon - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 18 Malichi 2021. Retrieved 4 Epulelo 2021.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Gabon: Provinces, Cities & Urban Places - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 24 Julayi 2018. Retrieved 7 Janyuwale 2019.
  19. ↑ "Résultats Globaux du Recensement Général de la Population et des Logements de 2013 du Gabon (RGPL-2013)" (PDF). Direction Générale des Statistiques du Gabon. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 Sekutembala 2020. Retrieved 7 Meyi 2020.
  20. ↑ "Gabon". Association of Religion Data Archives. 2015. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2020.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Gabon. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007)
  22. ↑ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS – DEATHS". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 21 Meyi 2012. Retrieved 2 Epulelo 2012.
  23. ↑ "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 22 Sekutembala 2019. Retrieved 22 Sekutembala 2019.
  24. ↑   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Gabon". 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Archived 1 Disembala 2006 at dol.gov (Error: unknown archive URL). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006).
  25. ↑ "national-instrument". symbolhunt.com. 28 Disembala 2020. Retrieved 15 Ogasiti 2022.
  26. ↑ Foster, Dean (2002). The Global Etiquette Guide to Africa and the Middle East: Everything You Need to Know for Business and Travel Success Archived 11 Juni 2016 at the Wayback Machine. John Wiley & Sons. p. 177. ISBN 0471272825
  27. ↑ Olander, Doug (29 Meyi 2014). "World's Best Tarpon Fishing Spots". sportfishingmag.com. Sport Fishing Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 Juni 2019. Retrieved 21 Juni 2019.
  28. ↑ Wilks, Chris (1990). La conservation des ecosystèmes forestiers du Gabon (in French). UICN. p. 16. ISBN 2-88032-988-4.
  29. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20151002175347/http://wcs-gabon.org/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=27&func=startdown&id=89&lang=en%7B%7Bdead

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