Mbili ya Malaŵi
Mbiri ya Malaŵi yikulongosora vya malo agho sono ni Malaŵi. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha Ufumu wa Maravi (Maravi ukaŵa ufumu uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Malaŵi, Mozambiki, na Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E.). Mu nyengo iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Britain, ŵakamba kuchimanyiska kuti British Central Africa, ndipo pamasinda ŵakamba kuchimanya kuti Nyasaland. Charu ichi chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Mu 1964, charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Malaŵi wakati wapokera wanangwa wake, wakalamulirika na Hastings Banda m'paka mu 1994.
Mbili ya chiyamwaka
Mu 1991, pafupi na muzi wa Uraha ŵakasanga chiwangwa cha munthu uyo wali na vyaka vyapakati pa 2.3 na 2.5 miliyoni.[1] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Nyanja ya Malawi vyaka 50,000 panji 60,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pa malo ghanyake agho ghakalembeka m'ma 8000 B.C.E., pali visomba vya ŵanthu ivyo vikuyana waka na vya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku Africa. Pa malo ghanyake, agho ghakaŵako mu 1500 B.C.E., pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San. Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakajambura vithuzithuzi ivyo vikusangika kumwera kwa Lilongwe ku Chencherere na Mphunzi. Kuyana na nthano za ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵaciŵinda awo ŵakacemekanga Akafula panji Akaombwe.[2] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito visulo. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu charu ichi.[3]
Ufumu wa Maravi
Zina lakuti Malawi likufuma ku lizgu lakuti Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu wa Maravi ŵakaŵa ŵantchito ŵa visulo. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti lizgu lakuti Maravi likung'anamura "Moto" ndipo likwenera kuti likafuma ku moto uwo ukaŵala mu mtambo usiku. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amaravi ndiwo ŵakambiska ufumu uwo ukachemekanga Ufumu wa Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Amaravi awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chewa (lakufuma ku lizgu ilo likung'anamura "mulendo"), ŵakaluta ku Malawi kufuma ku chigaŵa icho sono ni Republic of Congo kuti ŵaleke kukomeka na matenda. Ŵa Chewa ŵakathereska Ŵaakafula, awo ŵali kufwa.
Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mulongozgi wa ufumu uwu wakaŵa Kalonga. Ŵakalionga ŵakalamuliranga kufuma ku likuru lawo ku Mankhamba. Ŵakalongozgekanga na Kalonga, ndipo ŵakimikanga ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri kuti ŵatore malo ghaphya. Ufumu uwu ukayamba kunangika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, apo ŵakaronga ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanyawo.
Kuguliska na kuwukira
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Nkhongono za ku Portugal
Pakwamba, chuma cha Ufumu wa Maravi chikathembanga chomene pa ulimi, chomenechomene ulimi wa mphoza na mphoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Maravi, m'ma 1500. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Maravi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakendanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mozambique. Mu chigaŵa ichi, Ŵachiwa ŵakaguliskanga mino gha zovu, visulo, na ŵazga ku Ŵapwitikizi na Ŵaarabu. Chiyowoyero cha Chichewa (Nyanja) ndicho chikawovwiranga chomene pa malonda.
Mu 1616, Gaspar Bocarro uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Portugal, wakenda mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Malawi. Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakurya vya ng'ombe mu chigaŵa ichi. Paumaliro, chimanga ndicho chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene mu vyakurya vya ku Malawi m'malo mwa sorghum. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga na Ŵapwitikizi. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakatumizgikanga ku Mozambique panji ku Brazil kuti ŵakagwire nchito mu minda ya ku Portugal.
Ngoni
Ufumu wa Maravi ukaparanyika cifukwa cakuti magulu ghaŵiri ghankhongono ghakanjira mu caru ca Malawi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Angoni panji Ngoni pamoza na mulongozgi wawo, Zwangendaba, ŵakafuma ku Natal, ku South Africa. Ŵangoni ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga kwa Shaka Zulu, mulongozgi wa ufumu wa Zulu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakakhalanga chomene mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka Malaŵi; chomenechomene Ntcheu na vigaŵa vinyake vya Dedza. Ndipouli, magulu ghanyake ghakafika kumpoto, ndipo ghakanjira mu charu cha Tanzania na kukhazikika kufupi na Nyanja ya Victoria. Kweni magulu agho ghakafumako ku gulu ili ghakafumako na kuwelera kumwera, ndipo ghakakhazikika mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene chigaŵa cha Mzimba. Apa vikulongora kuti visomba ivi vikakhwaska comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Africa. Ŵangoni ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa za nkhondo za Shaka kuti ŵathereske mafuko ghanyake, kusazgapo Ŵamaravi. Para ŵafuma mu malo gha malibwe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni impis ŵakizanga na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa (awo ŵakuchemekaso kuti Achewa) na kwiba vyakurya, ng'ombe, na ŵanakazi. Ŵanyamata ŵakakoleka na ŵasilikari ŵaphya apo ŵanalume ŵalara ŵakazgorekanga ŵazga ŵa mu nyumba na kuguliskika ku ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku Malaŵi.
Yao
Gulu laciŵiri ilo likamba kuwusa pa nyengo iyi likaŵa Yao. Ŵa Yao ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi ndiposo ŵakujiyimira paŵekha kuluska ŵa Makuwa. Ŵakafuma kumpoto kwa Mozambique kwiza ku Malawi cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pawo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Makuwa, awo ŵakaŵa ŵalwani ŵawo. Mulimose umo vikaŵira, ŵakati ŵafika ku Malawi mu ma 1800, ŵakamba kugura ŵazga ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa na Ngoni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵawukiranga kuti ŵakore ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵaguliska ku wuzga.
Apo David Livingstone wakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, wakawona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rwozi ku Zimbabwe, na Bisa awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Luangwa ku Zambia. Pa maulendo ghawo ghakuru, ŵakakhumbikwiranga ŵamalonda ŵakusambira, awo ŵakamanyanga makora cilembo ca Ciarabu. Ŵaluso ŵakazenganga maboti kuti ŵanthu ŵendengemo mu nyanja, ŵalimi ŵakapanganga vyakumweramo tirigu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakambiska madrasa na masukulu ghakusambizgira. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba na ŵaumaliro kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero ivyo ŵakagura ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na Ŵaarabu.
Kuzakafika m'ma 1860, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakazgoka Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakazgoka chifukwa chakuti ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ku Kilwa Sultanate na Zanzibar. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuzgoka Ŵakhristu pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1840 vindafike. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakugomezga yayi kuti kuli Chiuta pambere Chisilamu chindafike, kweni ŵakagomezganga kuti kuli Chiuta uyo ŵanthu ŵangamusanga para ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵafumira kwa iwo. Malemba ghawo ghakalembeka mu Ciswahili, ciyowoyero ico cikayowoyeka mu Malaŵi kwambira mu 1870 m'paka m'ma 1960.
Ŵaarabu na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Ciswahili
Pakugwiliskira nchito ubwezi wawo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia ŵakakhazikiska malo ghanandi ghakuguliskirako vinthu mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili-Arab ŵakakondwa chomene na ulendo wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao, Swahili, na Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakamanyanga kuti kuli Nyanja ya Malawi. Jumbe (Salim Abdallah) wakalondezganga nthowa ya Yao kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Malawi m'paka ku Nkhotakota. Jumbe wakati wafika ku Nkhotakota mu 1840, wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao na Bisa ŵakakhalanga makora. Ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao awo wakaŵasanga ku Nkhotakota ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamba kale kusopa Ciislam, ndipo wakasankha kuŵagwiliska nchito m'malo mwa kugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi. Pa nyengo iyo Jumbe wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, wakacitiskanga kuti pa chaka, ŵazga 5,000 m'paka 20,000 ŵendenge mu Nkhotakota. Ku Nkhotakota, ŵazga aŵa ŵakatolekera ku chilumba chichoko cha Kilwa Kisiwani kufupi na nyanja ya Tanzania. Cifukwa ca maofesi agha, malonda gha ŵazga mu Malawi ghakafumako ku Ŵapwitikizi mu Mozambique kuya ku Ŵaarabu mu Zanzibar.
Nangauli ŵa Yao na ŵa Angoni ŵakakumananga nyengo zose, kweni wose ŵakatondeka kutonda. Ndipouli, Ŵangoni ŵa ku Dedza ŵakasankha kugwira nchito ku Yao ŵa ku Mpondas. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalako ŵa Ufumu wa Maravi ŵakakomeka na magulu ghose ghaŵiri. Ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa Achewa ŵakajiponoska mwa kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga.
ŵaLomwe ŵa ku Malawi
Ŵalomwe ŵa ku Malawi ŵakiza mwasonosono mu ma 1890. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lomwe ŵakafuma ku Phiri la uLomwe ku Mozambique, kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi na kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Chilwa ku Malawi. Ŵakaŵaso na njara iyo yikambiska na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakakhalanga ku uLomwe. Kuti ŵaleke kuyuzgika, Ŵalomwe ŵakaluta kumpoto na kunjira mu charu cha Nyasaland kujumpha kumwera kwa nyanja ya Chilwa.
Ku Mulanje ŵakasanga kuti Ŵayao na Ŵamanganja ŵakakhazikika kale. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mtundu wa Yao nga ni Chikumbu, Mtilamanja, Matipwili, Juma, Chiuta, ŵakapokelera Ŵalomwe nga mbana ŵawo ŵakufuma ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lomwe ŵakapika malo na ŵa Yao na Mang'anja. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Ŵalomwe ŵakamba kugwira nchito mu minda ya tiyi iyo makampani gha ku Britain ghakazenga musi mwa Phiri la Mulanje. Pachoko na pachoko ŵakamba kusamira ku Thyolo na Chiradzulu. Ŵanthu ŵa Lomwe ŵakakolerananga na mafuko gha Mang'anja, ndipo palije ukaboni wakuti kukaŵa nkhondo.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe
Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kusanga chigaŵa cha Malawi. Mu 1859, David Livingstone wakasanga Nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Yao ŵakamuphalira kuti maji agho wakawona ghakucemeka Nyasa. Livingstone, uyo wakamumanyanga yayi Chiyao, wakwenera kuti wakaghanaghananga kuti Nyasa ndilo zina leneko la nyanja iyi. Ndipouli, lizgu lakuti Nyasa mu Chiyao likang'anamuranga nyanja mu Cingelezi. Pa ulendo wake wakulondezgapo, pamoza na Bishop Charles Mackenzie wa ku UMCA mu 1861, pakawuka vivulupi pakati pa Ŵayao awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu na Ŵamang'anja awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo Mackenzie wakafwa na maleriya.[4]
Gulu linyake la ŵamishonale ŵakafika mu 1875-6 kufuma ku Free Church of Scotland, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska msasa ku Cape Maclear kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu nawo ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵaŵe Ŵasilamu. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Amangochi Yao ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kung'anamuka, kweni vinthu vikenda makora yayi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, Bishop Robert Laws wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi. Laws, uyo wakaŵa waluso comene pa vyadokotala, wakakhumbanga kukhazikiska maofesi ghanyake kumpoto, ku Bandawe ku Tonga na ku Kaningina ku Ngoni. Ku malo agha, ŵamishonale ŵakasangako vyakurya vinandi mu nyengo ya viwawa vya ndyali. Ŵanyake awo ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Nyanja awo ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu ku Cape Maclear mu Mangochi. Mu 1878, ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa ku Glasgow, ŵakambiska kampani yakuchemeka African Lakes Company kuti yivwire ŵamishonale. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵamalonda, ŵalovi, na ŵamishonale ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakamba kwiza. Kwambira mu 1889, Ŵadada Ŵachizungu ŵa Katolika ŵakayezga kuzgora Ŵayao kuŵa Ŵakhristu.
Mu 1894, ntchito iyi yikathandazgikira ku Ŵatumbuka, awo nawo ŵakasuzgikanga na Ŵangoni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka, nga mba ku Tonga, ŵakachimbilira ku ŵamishonale na kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali kutali na Chikhristu, ndipo ŵakalembanga na kuŵazga mu Chiarabu. Cifukwa cakuti Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Yao ŵakatondeka kuzgoka Ŵakhristu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Yao ŵakamba kuwoneka makora yayi mu mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakachitanga ku Malaŵi vikamanyikwa yayi. Pa H. H. Johnson, ŵa ku Britain ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵalongozgi ŵa Yao nga ni Makanjila na Mponda Jalasi kwa vilimika vinkhondi pambere ŵandaŵathereske. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵacoko comene ŵa mtundu wa Yao awo ŵakugwira nchito izo zikukhumba kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakugomezga kuti ŵamazaza ŵakuŵasuska cifukwa ca cipulikano cawo. Mu Malaŵi, ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbalimi, ŵakukhomelera, ŵalinda, ŵalovi, panji ŵakugwira nchito zinyake. Nyengo yinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Yao ŵakabisa mazina ghawo kuti ŵasambire makora: Mariam wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Mary; Yusufu wakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Joseph; Che Sigele wakazgoka Jeanet.
Muwuso wa Britain
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Mu 1883, kazembe wa boma la Britain wakazomerezgeka kuŵa kazembe wa "Mathemba na Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Central Africa" ndipo mu 1891, ŵa ku Britain ŵakambiska boma la British Central Africa Protectorate.
Mu 1907, zina ili likasinthika kuŵa Nyasaland panji Nyasaland Protectorate. Mu ma 1950, Nyasaland yikasazgikana na Northern na Southern Rhodesia mu 1953 kuti yipange Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Wupu uwu ukamara pa Disembala 31, 1963.
Mu Janyuwale 1915, John Chilembwe, uyo wakaŵa muliska wa tchalitchi la Baptist ku Nyasaland, wakadangilira gulu ilo likagalukira boma la Britain. Chilembwe wakasuskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasas awo ŵakendanga mu chigaŵa cha East Africa pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Chilembwe ŵakamba kuwukira minda, kweni boma likaŵathereska. Chilembwe wakakomeka, ndipo ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanandi ŵakakomeka.[5]
Mu 1944, gulu la Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) likafuma. Mwaluŵiro, wupu wa NAC ukathandazgikira mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo ukaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Malawi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu tawuni ya Salisbury (iyo sono ni Harare) ku Southern Rhodesia na Lusaka, ku Northern Rhodesia.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Nyasaland ŵakarwako Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.
Mu Julayi 1958, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda wakawelera ku caru ici pamanyuma pa kukhala nyengo yitali mu United States, United Kingdom na Ghana. Wakamba kulongozga chipani cha NAC, icho pamanyuma chikazgoka Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Mu 1959, Banda wakatumizgika ku jele la Gwelo cifukwa ca vyakucita vyake vya ndyali, kweni wakafumiskika mu 1960 kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa malango mu London.
Mu Ogasiti 1961, MCP yikawina comene pa maungano gha wupu wakulongozga. Wakapika mulimo wakuzirwa mu wupu uphya wa Executive Council, ndipo wakalutilira kuwusa Nyasaland. Pa ungano waciŵiri uwo ukacitikira ku London mu Novembala 1962, boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti Nyasaland yiŵe na boma lakwene mu caka cakulondezgapo.
Pa Febuluwale 1, 1963, Hastings Banda wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma, nangauli Ŵanung'una ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali na mazaza pa vya ndalama, vya chivikiliro, na vyeruzgo. Mu Meyi 1963, ŵakalemba dango liphya ilo likapeleka wanangwa wakujiwusa.
Kujiyimira payekha Malaŵi
Malaŵi wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Commonwealth pa 6 July 1964.
Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, mu Ogasiti na Seputembala 1964, Banda wakasangana na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususkanga. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pa 26 Ogasiti 1964. Ŵakapokera yayi ulongozgi pa ivyo ŵakadandawura, kweni pa Seputembala 7, ŵalaŵiliri ŵatatu ŵakaŵafumiska. Pa zuŵa lenelira kweniso pa Seputembala 9, ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵatatu ŵakamba kufumapo mu ofesi yawo. Vifukwa ivyo ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayowoyera kuti ndivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kwendera fundo za boma na kufumapo vikaŵa vyakujikuzga vya Banda, uyo wakatondeka kudumbiskana na ŵalaŵiliri ŵanyake ndipo wakasunga mazaza mu mawoko ghake. Pamanyuma pa viwawa na kulimbana pakati pa awo ŵakakolerananga nawo na ŵa Banda, ŵanandi ŵa ŵaliska ŵakafumamo mu Malawi mu Okutobala. Henry Chipembere, uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma, wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakugaluka mu Febuluwale 1965. Wakati watondeka, wakanozga vyakuti wasamire ku America. Mulara munyake, Yatuta Chisiza, wakambiska nkhondo yichoko comene kufuma ku Mozambique mu 1967, ndipo wakakomeka. Ŵanandi mwa ŵaliska ŵara ŵakafwira ku utali panji, nga ni Orton Chirwa, mu jele la ku Malawi, kweni ŵanyake ŵakapona na kuwelera ku Malawi apo Banda wakathereskeka mu 1993, ndipo ŵakambaso umoyo wa boma.
Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Malawi wakasintha dango la ndyali na kuŵa na chipani chimoza.
Boma la chipani cimoza
Mu 1970, Hastings Banda wakapharazgika kuti ni President for life wa MCP, ndipo mu 1971 Banda wakakhozga mazaza ghake ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa president for life wa Malawi kwene. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Malawi Congress Party, la Young Pioneers, likawovwira kuti charu cha Malawi chiŵe pasi pa muwuso wa ŵasilikari m'paka m'ma 1990.[6][7][8]
Banda, uyo nyengo zose ŵakamuchemanga kuti "Mfumu ya umoyo wose Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda, wakaŵa fumu yankhongono. Ŵanthu ŵakeneranga kumupulikira palipose. Nyumba yiliyose ya malonda yikeneranga kuŵa na cithuzithuzi ca Banda pa cimati. Pakaŵavya chithuzithuzi, ora, panji cithuzithuzi cinyake ico cikaŵa pacanya kuluska cake. Sumu ya fuko yikayimbikanga pambere vinthu vinandi vindacitike, nga ni mafilimu, maseŵero, na maungano gha sukulu. Mu mafilimu agha, ŵakawoneleranga vidiyo iyo yikulongora Themba la Britain likuwuska mawoko ku ŵanthu awo likulongozga. Para Banda wafika mu msumba unyake, ŵanthu ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵanakazi ŵamupokelere pa chiŵanja cha ndege na kuvina. Pa vyakuvwara ivi pakaŵanga salu yapadera iyo pakaŵa chithuzi cha pulezidenti. Pa wayilesi yimoza pera mu charu ichi, ŵakapharazganga nkhani za pulezidenti na nkhani za boma. Ŵapolisi ŵakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵafumemo mu nyumba zawo na kujara mawindo na milyango, pafupifupi ora limoza pambere Pulezidenti Banda wandafike. Waliyose wakeneranga kubenekelera.
Pa malango agho Banda wakapangiska, chikaŵa chakukanizgika kuti ŵanakazi ŵavwarenge vyakuvwara vyambura kufipirwa, maburugwa gha mtundu uliwose, panji masiketi agho ghakawonekanga pa chiŵegha. Pakaŵa vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa vyakupambanako: usange ŵakaŵa ku Country Club (malo agho ŵakacitiranga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana) ndiposo usange ŵakaŵa ku hotelo panji malo gha maholide. Ŵanalume ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuŵa na sisi kusi kwa khola; para ŵanalume awo ŵali na sisi litali chomene ŵafika mu charu ichi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakaŵajinthanga sisi pambere ŵandafumeko ku chiŵanja cha ndege. Ŵakeneranga kuzomerezgeka na boma. Ŵanthu ŵa visopa vinyake, nga Mbakaboni ŵa Yehova, ŵakatambuzgikanga na kucimbizgika mu caru. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India ŵakacicizgika kuleka nyumba zawo na malonda ghawo na kusamira ku malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru. Nyengo yinyake, wose ŵakaphalirika kuti ŵafumemo mu caru, ndipo ŵanji awo ŵakasoleka ŵakazomerezgeka kuwelera. Chikaŵa chambura kuzomerezgeka kusamuskira panji kutora ndarama za munthu ku caru cinyake kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma. Ŵanyake ŵakaleka katundu wawo na ivyo ŵakasanga.
Mafilimu ghose agho ghakawonekeranga mu mafilimu agha ghakawonekeranga dankha ku Malawi Censorship Board. Vinthu ivyo vikawonekanga kuti ni viheni, chomenechomene vya nkhule panji vya ndyali, vikafumiskikapo. Komiti ya Censorship nayo yikalondezganga makalata. Makalata ghanyake ghakajulikanga, kuŵazgika, ndipo nyengo zinyake ghakasinthikanga. Ŵakeneranga kutumizga mavidiyo agha ku Komiti ya Censorship. Para filimu iyi yalembeka, ŵakaŵikangapo kapepara kakulongosora kuti njakwenelera kuwonelera. Ŵakapulikizganga para ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya nkhani za ndyali. Kweniso ŵakalembapo mabuku agho ŵakaguliskanga mu mashopu. Masamba gha magazini nga ni Newsweek na Time ghakaŵa kuti ghaphwanyika.
Nangauli mu nyengo yose iyo Banda wakaŵa na mazaza, Malawi ukaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene, kweni wakalutilira kuŵa na mtende mu charu. Wakaŵa munthu musambazi, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa charu. Wakaŵa na nyumba (ndipo wakakhalanga mu nyumba yacifumu), bizinesi, ndege za ndege, magalimoto, na vinthu vinyake vyapacanya. Kuyowoya viheni vya pulezidenti kukakanizgika. Kanandi awo ŵakachitanga nthena ŵakaŵachimbizganga mu vyaru vinyake panji kuŵakaka. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa Amnesty International ŵakasuska Banda na boma lake cifukwa ca kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakati walekeskeka, Banda wakeruzgika cifukwa ca kukoma munthu na kukhumba kunanga ukaboni.
Pa nyengo ya muwuso wake, Banda wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵacoko comene ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakalutilira kukolerana na South Africa.
Ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi
Nkhondo izo zikaŵa mukati mwa chalo kweniso kuyuzgika kwa matchalitchi gha ku Malawi na vyaru vinyake, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵafumemo mu boma lawo. Pa Juni 14, 1993, ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakavotera kuti ŵaŵe na vyaru vinandi. Pa Meyi 17, 1994, pakaŵa maungano gha caru cose agho ghakacitika mwawanangwa ndiposo mwaurunji.
Bakili Muluzi, mulongozgi wa United Democratic Front (UDF), wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti mu mavoti agha. Chipani cha UDF chikapokera vithuzi 82 pa vithuzi 177 mu National Assembly ndipo chikaŵa na boma la wupu wa Alliance for Democracy (AFORD). Gulu ili likamara mu Juni 1996, kweni ŵanji ŵakalutilira kuwusa. Pulezidenti uyu wakacemekanga Dr. Muluzi, cifukwa wakapokera digiri ya ku Lincoln University mu Missouri mu 1995. Dango liphya la Malaŵi la mu 1995 likawuskapo mazaza ghapadera agho kale likaŵa la Malawi Congress Party. Pa nyengo ya kusintha kwa ndyali, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu vyaru ivi.
Pa Juni 15, 1999, ku Malawi kukacitika mavoti ghaciŵiri. Bakili Muluzi wakasankhikaso kuti wateŵetenge vyaka vinkhondi, nangauli MCP-AFORD Alliance yikalimbana na UDF.
Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pa maungano vikapangiska kuti mu caru muŵe nkhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Tumbuka, Ngoni, na Nkhonde awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu kumpoto, ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa cha kusankha Bakili Muluzi, uyo wakaŵa Musulumani. Pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu ŵa fuko la Yao (fuko la Muluzi). Vinthu vyakuzirwa vyakujumpha madola mamiliyoni ghanandi vikabwangandulika panji kwibika ndipo masisiteri 200 ghakawotcheka.[9]
Malawi in the 21st century
Mu 2001, UDF yikaŵa na vithuzi 96 mu National Assembly, apo AFORD yikaŵa na vithuzi 30, ndipo MCP yikaŵa na vithuzi 61. Vipinda vinkhondi na cimoza vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha awo ŵakwimira chipani cha National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Pa nyengo iyi, chipani cha NDA chikaŵa kuti chindazomerezgeke kuŵa chipani. Nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa na ŵanthu 193, ndipo 17 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi.
Malaŵi yikawona kusintha kwake kwakudanga pakati pa purezidenti wakusankhika mwa demokilase mu mwezi wa Meyi, 2004, apo uyo wakakhumbanga kuŵa purezidenti wa UDF, Bingu wa Mutharika, wakatonda uyo wakakhumbanga kuŵa purezidenti wa MCP, John Tembo na Gwanda Chakuamba, uyo wakakhozgeka na magulu gha chipani cha opposition. Ndipouli, UDF yikatondeka kusanga vithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo nga umo vikaŵira mu 1994 na 1999. Wakapanga "boma la umoza wa fuko" na vipani vinandi vyakususka boma. Bingu wa Mutharika wakaleka chipani cha UDF pa 5 February 2005 chifukwa cha kupambana maghanoghano na chipani ichi, chomene pa kampeni yake yakwimikana na vimbundi. Wakathereska nyengo yaciŵiri mu mavoti gha mu 2009 pakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ciphya ico cikaŵa kuti capangika, Democratic Progressive Party. Mu Epulero 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya mtima; mutu wa pulezidenti ukatoreka na Vice-President Joyce Banda (wakukolerana yayi na pulezidenti wakale Banda). Mu 2014 chisankho cha Malawi Joyce Banda wakataya ndipo wakatora malo gha Peter Mutharika, munung'una wa President Mutharika. Mu 2019 pa chisankho cha Malawi, Peter Mutharika wakathereskeka ndipo wakasankhikaso. Mu February 2020 khoti la Malawi Constitutional Court likawuskapo chilato ichi chifukwa cha viheni na upusikizgi. Mu Meyi 2020 Khoti Likuru Chomene la Malawi likakhozga fundo iyi ndipo likati mavoti ghaphya ghazamunozgeka pa 2 July. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵakususkana na fundo za boma.[10][11] Mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka Lazarus Chakwera ndiyo wakathereska pa mavoti gha chalo cha Malawi mu chaka cha 2020.[12]
Mu Ogasiti 2021, Khoti la Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko. Wakukhumba kuti mavoti gha 2020 ghaleke kugwira ntchito chifukwa ŵimiliri ŵake ŵanayi ŵakakanizgika kukhala mu komiti ya vyakusankha. Ndipouli, chilato cha chipani cha Democratic Progress Party icho chikususka mavoti gha Malawi mu 2020, khoti la constitutional court likakana mu Novembala 2021.[13]
Wonaniso
Ukaboni
- ↑ "Travelmag – Dinosaurs, fossils and Levis in northern Malawi". Archived from the original on 5 Okutobala 2012. Retrieved 22 Juni 2012.
- ↑ Nurse, G. T. (Julayi 1967). "The Name "Akafula"". The Society of Malawi Journal. 20 (2): 17–22. JSTOR 29778159.
- ↑ The History of Southern Africa, edited by Amy McKenna (Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011), p. 101.
- ↑ McCracken, John, 1938- author. (2012). A history of Malawi, 1859-1966. ISBN 978-1-84701-064-3. OCLC 865575972.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Strachan, Hew (2004). The First World War in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925728-0.
- ↑ "Hastings Kamuzu Banda | president of Malawi | Britannica".
- ↑ York, Geoffrey (20 Meyi 2009). "The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold". The Globe and Mail.
- ↑ "Democracy And Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi | African Affairs". Academic.oup.com. Oxford Academic. 1 Epulelo 1998. Retrieved 29 Novembala 2021.
- ↑ "About Muhammad". islamonline.net. Archived from the original on 7 Malichi 2009.
- ↑ "Malawi court upholds ruling annulling Mutharika's election win". Reuters. 8 Meyi 2020.
- ↑ "Malawi election: Court orders new vote after May 2019 result annulled". BBC News. 3 Febuluwale 2020.
- ↑ "Opposition leader Chakwera wins Malawi's presidential election re-run". 28 Juni 2020.
- ↑ "Malawi Court Dismisses Presidential Elections Challenge". VOA (in English).
Mabuku
- S.S. Murray, A Handbook of Nyasaland
- Valiant Mussa, History of Islam in Malawi before and after Christianity
- Leroy Vail and Landeg White (eds). Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi