Vigaŵa vya London
Vigaŵa vya London ni vigaŵa 32 ivyo pamoza na msumba wa London vikupanga Greater London. Vigaŵa vyose vya London ivyo vilipo sono vikapangika pamoza na Greater London pa 1 Epulero 1965 na London Government Act 1963 ndipo ni vigaŵa vya boma. Vigaŵa 12 vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya mukati mwa London ndipo 20 vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa London. Msumba wa London, uwo uli pakati pa msumba uwu, ni cigaŵa ca malo ghakupambanapambana ndipo uli na milimo yakupambana na ya cigaŵa ca London. Ndipouli, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi pamoza vikupanga chigaŵa cha Greater London kweniso chigaŵa cha London.
| London borough | |
|---|---|
_(zoom).svg) The thirty-two London boroughs in England | |
| Category | Local authority districts |
| Location | Greater London |
| Created by | London Government Act 1963 |
| Created |
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| Number | 32 |
| Possible types |
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| Possible status |
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| Populations | 150,000–400,000 |
| Areas | 12–150 km2 |
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Mu vigaŵa vya London muli ŵanthu pakati pa 150,000 na 400,000. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London muli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba. Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma ghakale. Mu 1987 m'paka 1992, boma likasintha vigaŵa vinyake. Maboma gha mu tawuni ya London ghakupeleka mauteŵeti ghanandi gha boma (masukulu, maofesi ghakusungirako vinthu, maofesi ghakusungiramo mabuku), mwakupambana na boma la Greater London Authority, ilo lili na mazaza ghachoko pa msumba wose wa London.
Makonsili agha ghakasankhika kakwamba mu 1964, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga m'paka pa Epulero 1, 1965. Chigaŵa chilichose chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vyakusankhira, ndipo nyengo na nyengo ŵakuwonerapo kuti ŵasankhenge ŵanthu ŵa mu wumba. Pa vilimika vinayi vilivyose pakuŵa maungano gha ŵalara, ndipo ghaumaliro mu 2022, ndipo ghaumaliro mu 2026. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya London, ŵandyali ŵa Conservative, Labour, na Liberal Democrat ndiwo ŵakulongozga. Mipingo 28 yikulondezga ndondomeko ya mulongozgi na nduna za boma, ndipo yinyake 5 yili na meya uyo wakusankhika mwakudunjika. Mzinda wa London ukulamulirika na City of London Corporation (na Inner na Middle Temples, ivyo vikulongozgeka na City of London Corporation yayi).
Mndandanda
lemba |
Pali maboma ghanayi agho ghalije "London Borough" mu mazina ghawo: City of Westminster, na Royal Boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Kensington na Chelsea, na Greenwich.
Mbili
lembaKupangika
lembaKwambira m'ma 1930, mu Greater London mukaŵa maboma ghanayi. Kukaŵa vigaŵa vya vigaŵa, vya mizi, vya mizi, na vya misumba. Maboma ghakurughakuru ghakapelekanga mauteŵeti ghose gha boma ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana na gha maboma. Maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko. Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi chifukwa chakuti maboma gha vigaŵa ghakapelekanga milimo nga nkhusambizga ŵana vya ku pulayimale na mabuku ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Ku London, boma likakhumbanga kusintha vinthu ivi.
Wupu wa Royal Commission on Local Government mu Greater London ukakhazikiskika mu 1957 ndipo lipoti lake likalembeka pa 19 Okutobala 1960. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa vigaŵa 52 vya "Greater London Boroughs" ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu 100,000 m'paka 250,000. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri panji vitatu ivyo vikaŵapo kale, ndipo ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu Disembala 1961, boma likayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivi muŵe vigaŵa 34 m'malo mwa 52, ndipo likalongosora makora mphaka zake. Mu 1962, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuŵapo chikakhira kufika pa 32.
Pa Epulero 1, 1965, vigaŵa 32 vya London na Greater London vikapangika na London Government Act 1963. Mu vigaŵa 12 vya mu tawuni ya London, mukaŵa vigaŵa vya mukati mwa tawuni ya London, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake 20 vikaŵa vya kuwaro kwa tawuni ya London. Mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba wa London yikaŵa ya boma, kweni mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London yikaŵikika kuti yilutilire kuŵa na wupu wakuwona vya masambiro. Msumba wa London ukalutilira kulongozgeka na City of London Corporation, ndipo Inner na Middle Temples zikalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vyawo.[note 1]
Pa Meyi 7, 1964, pakaŵa mavoti, ndipo ma komiti ghaphya ghakaŵa nga ni maboma gha mu mfwiri pambere ghandambe kuwusa.
Nkhongono zapakwamba
lembaVigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakulondezgapo ivi. Kwambira mu 1965, malo ghanyake ghakasintha, ndipo ghaŵiri ghakasintha mazina.
Greater London Council
lembaPakati pa 1965 na 1986, maboma agha ghakaŵa na maboma ghaŵiri ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza pamoza na Greater London Council (GLC). Kugaŵikana kwa mazaza na milimo kukang'anamuranga kuti Greater London Council yikaŵa na mulimo wa "vigaŵa vinandi" nga ni moto, galimoto ya ambulense, kugega kututuka kwa maji, na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Maboma ghanandi gha ku London na GLC ghakanjilirapo pa kugaluka kwa mu 1985. Pa 1 Epulero 1986, GLC yikalekeka ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa agha ghakapika milimo yinyake iyo yikacitikanga na Greater London Council, nga nkhusunga viswaswa. Wupu wa Inner London Education Authority ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza. Mu 1990, boma la London likamazga sukulu iyi ndipo maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakazgoka maboma gha ku malo agha.
Zina na mphaka
lembaDango la Boma la ku London la mu 1972 likaŵa na ndondomeko ya kusintha zina la tawuni ya London. Malo agha ghakaŵa mu tawuni ya Hammersmith (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Hammersmith na Fulham) pa Epulero 1, 1979, kweniso mu tawuni ya Barking (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Barking na Dagenham) pa Janyuwale 1, 1980. Mazina gha vigaŵa agho ghakaŵako chifukwa cha kuwunganya mazina gha vigaŵa viŵiri ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka.
Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma gha mu muzi. Dango la boma la London Act 1963 likapeleka nthowa yakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyo yili kufupi na Greater London ŵapemphenge kuti ŵasamuke mu tawuni iyi na kuluta ku tawuni yinyake. Mu 1969, ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi pakusamuskira maboma gha Knockholt ku Bromley na Kent, kweniso Farleigh na Hooley ku Croydon na Surrey. Dango ili likayowoyangaso za kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku London na vigaŵa vyapafupi, usange pali kukolerana pakati pa maboma ghose. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito pakusinthana virwa viŵiri pa Mlonga wa Thames pakati pa Richmond na Surrey. (Wonani List of Greater London boundary changes.)
Bungwe la England's Local Government Boundary Commission likakhazikiskika na Local Government Act 1972 kuti liwoneso mphaka za Greater London na vigaŵa vya London. Ndondomeko yakwamba yakulongosora mphaka yikamba pa 1 Epulero 1987 ndipo yikayowoyeka mu 1992.[1] Pamanyuma pa kuyezgaso, ŵakasintha vigaŵa vinyake, nga nkhukolerana malo ghose gha Becontree ku Barking na Dagenham. Komiti iyi yikati fundo zake zinandi zikususkika comene ndipo zikalondezgeka yayi. Mphepete mwa msumba wa London na vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵa vyakupambana.[2]
Mu vigaŵa vya London, wupu wa malango ni boma yayi, nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake mu caru ici, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ndiwo ŵakuŵa wupu wa malango. Ntheura, zina la boma la London ni "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of X" (panji "The Lord Mayor and Citizens of the City of Westminste")r").
Greater London Authority
lembaMu 2000, boma la Greater London Authority likapangika, ilo lili na meya wa London na London Assembly. Pakuŵa wupu wakulongozga, ukaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka, nga ni misewu yikuru na ndondomeko ya mapulani.
Maboma gha London
lembaMu vigaŵa vyose vya London muli maboma gha vigaŵa (LBCs), agho ghakusankhika pa vilimika vinayi. Iwo ndiwo ni maboma gha mu msumba wa London ndipo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu vinandi nga ni masukulu, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kutozga vimaji na misewu. Maboma ghanyake gha ku London ghakulongozgeka na Greater London Authority, ndipo maboma ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na mawupu gha ku London. Mipingo yinyake yikukolerana pakupeleka mauteŵeti nga nkhuwunjika na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Vigaŵa ivi ni vigaŵa vya boma ndipo vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya msumba. Wupu wa vigaŵa uliwose ni wupu wakuwona vya masambiro.
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Shared services
lembaMaofesi gha boma ni maofesi gha boma agho ghakugaŵikana na maboma ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga kupeleka mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana cifukwa cakuti maboma ghakavikiliranga mazaza ghawo. Ndipouli, apo ŵakeneranga kuchepeska bajeti yawo kuumaliro wa m'ma 2000, maboma ghanyake ghakamba kupenja nthowa zakugwilira lumoza nchito. Mu 2011, boma la Westminster na Hammersmith & Fulham ŵakeneranga kusazga maofesi ghawo gha masukulu, kusazgapo gha sukulu zakupharazgira na ghakwendakwenda. Mu Okutobala 2010, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea na Westminster ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakukhumba kusazga maofesi ghawo ghose kuti ŵaŵe "super-council". Waliyose wa iwo waŵenge na wanangwa wake wa ndyali, ŵalongozgi, na ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozga, kweni ŵantchito na bajeti vizamusazgikana. Lambeth na Southwark nawo ŵakukhumba kucitira lumoza maungano.[3]
Pulofesa John Seddon, uyo wakambiska nthowa ya Vanguard, wakati mapulojekiti agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake, ghakusazgapo vinthu viŵiri. Iyo wakuti mapulojekiti ghakuchitira lumoza vinthu ghakutondeka (ndipo kanandi ghakumalira ndalama zinandi kuluska umo ŵakagomezgera) chifukwa ghakutimbanizga ntchito chifukwa cha kusamukira ku malo ghakupambanapambana.[4] Mu 2012, Seddon wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vigaŵa vitatu.[5]
Chiwonetsero cha zotsatira za chisankho ku London
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Wonaniso
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- Borough
- ISO 3166-2:GB, subdivision codes for the United Kingdom
- Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom
Vyakuona
lembaUkaboni
lemba- ↑ "The Local Government Boundary Commission for England, The Boundaries of Greater London and The London Borough, Report 627" (PDF). Lgbce.org.uk. 1992. Retrieved 21 Disembala 2017.
- ↑ "The City and London Borough Boundaries Order 1993". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 Disembala 2017.
- ↑ "Lambeth and Southwark councils to merge some services under Labour plan". London-se1.co.uk. Retrieved 22 Disembala 2017.
- ↑ Systems Thinking in the Public Sector, John Seddon, Page 57.
- ↑ "Shared illusions | Public Finance Opinion". Archived from the original on 21 Epulelo 2013. Retrieved 13 Julayi 2012.