Vigaŵa vya London

(Kufumila ku Mphanda za London)

Vigaŵa vya London ni vigaŵa 32 ivyo pamoza na msumba wa London vikupanga Greater London. Vigaŵa vyose vya London ivyo vilipo sono vikapangika pamoza na Greater London pa 1 Epulero 1965 na London Government Act 1963 ndipo ni vigaŵa vya boma. Vigaŵa 12 vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya mukati mwa London ndipo 20 vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa London. Msumba wa London, uwo uli pakati pa msumba uwu, ni cigaŵa ca malo ghakupambanapambana ndipo uli na milimo yakupambana na ya cigaŵa ca London. Ndipouli, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi pamoza vikupanga chigaŵa cha Greater London kweniso chigaŵa cha London.

London borough
Greater London within England
The thirty-two London boroughs in England
CategoryLocal authority districts
LocationGreater London
Created byLondon Government Act 1963
Created
  • 1 April 1965
Number32
Possible types
Possible status
Populations150,000–400,000
Areas12–150 km2
Government
  • London borough council

Mu vigaŵa vya London muli ŵanthu pakati pa 150,000 na 400,000. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London muli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba. Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma ghakale. Mu 1987 m'paka 1992, boma likasintha vigaŵa vinyake. Maboma gha mu tawuni ya London ghakupeleka mauteŵeti ghanandi gha boma (masukulu, maofesi ghakusungirako vinthu, maofesi ghakusungiramo mabuku), mwakupambana na boma la Greater London Authority, ilo lili na mazaza ghachoko pa msumba wose wa London.

Makonsili agha ghakasankhika kakwamba mu 1964, ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga m'paka pa Epulero 1, 1965. Chigaŵa chilichose chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vyakusankhira, ndipo nyengo na nyengo ŵakuwonerapo kuti ŵasankhenge ŵanthu ŵa mu wumba. Pa vilimika vinayi vilivyose pakuŵa maungano gha ŵalara, ndipo ghaumaliro mu 2022, ndipo ghaumaliro mu 2026. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya London, ŵandyali ŵa Conservative, Labour, na Liberal Democrat ndiwo ŵakulongozga. Mipingo 28 yikulondezga ndondomeko ya mulongozgi na nduna za boma, ndipo yinyake 5 yili na meya uyo wakusankhika mwakudunjika. Mzinda wa London ukulamulirika na City of London Corporation (na Inner na Middle Temples, ivyo vikulongozgeka na City of London Corporation yayi).

Mndandanda

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 City of LondonCity of WestminsterKensington and ChelseaHammersmith and FulhamWandsworthLambethSouthwarkTower HamletsHackneyIslingtonCamdenBrentEalingHounslowRichmond upon ThamesKingstonMertonSuttonCroydonBromleyLewishamGreenwichBexleyHaveringBarking and DagenhamRedbridgeNewhamWaltham ForestHaringeyEnfieldBarnetHarrowHillingdon
  1. City of London (not a London borough)
  2. City of Westminster
  3. Kensington and Chelsea
  4. Hammersmith and Fulham
  5. Wandsworth
  6. Lambeth
  7. Southwark
  8. Tower Hamlets
  9. Hackney
  10. Islington
  11. Camden
  12. Brent
  13. Ealing
  14. Hounslow
  15. Richmond upon Thames
  16. Kingston upon Thames
  17. Merton
  1. Sutton
  2. Croydon
  3. Bromley
  4. Lewisham
  5. Greenwich
  6. Bexley
  7. Havering
  8. Barking and Dagenham
  9. Redbridge
  10. Newham
  11. Waltham Forest
  12. Haringey
  13. Enfield
  14. Barnet
  15. Harrow
  16. Hillingdon

Pali maboma ghanayi agho ghalije "London Borough" mu mazina ghawo: City of Westminster, na Royal Boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Kensington na Chelsea, na Greenwich.

Mbili

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Kupangika

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Kwambira m'ma 1930, mu Greater London mukaŵa maboma ghanayi. Kukaŵa vigaŵa vya vigaŵa, vya mizi, vya mizi, na vya misumba. Maboma ghakurughakuru ghakapelekanga mauteŵeti ghose gha boma ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakuyana na gha maboma. Maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko. Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi chifukwa chakuti maboma gha vigaŵa ghakapelekanga milimo nga nkhusambizga ŵana vya ku pulayimale na mabuku ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Ku London, boma likakhumbanga kusintha vinthu ivi.

Wupu wa Royal Commission on Local Government mu Greater London ukakhazikiskika mu 1957 ndipo lipoti lake likalembeka pa 19 Okutobala 1960. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa vigaŵa 52 vya "Greater London Boroughs" ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu 100,000 m'paka 250,000. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri panji vitatu ivyo vikaŵapo kale, ndipo ghakaŵa gha vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu Disembala 1961, boma likayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivi muŵe vigaŵa 34 m'malo mwa 52, ndipo likalongosora makora mphaka zake. Mu 1962, chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuŵapo chikakhira kufika pa 32.

Pa Epulero 1, 1965, vigaŵa 32 vya London na Greater London vikapangika na London Government Act 1963. Mu vigaŵa 12 vya mu tawuni ya London, mukaŵa vigaŵa vya mukati mwa tawuni ya London, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake 20 vikaŵa vya kuwaro kwa tawuni ya London. Mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya kuwaro kwa msumba wa London yikaŵa ya boma, kweni mipingo ya mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa msumba wa London yikaŵikika kuti yilutilire kuŵa na wupu wakuwona vya masambiro. Msumba wa London ukalutilira kulongozgeka na City of London Corporation, ndipo Inner na Middle Temples zikalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vyawo.[note 1]

Pa Meyi 7, 1964, pakaŵa mavoti, ndipo ma komiti ghaphya ghakaŵa nga ni maboma gha mu mfwiri pambere ghandambe kuwusa.

Nkhongono zapakwamba

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Vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakulondezgapo ivi. Kwambira mu 1965, malo ghanyake ghakasintha, ndipo ghaŵiri ghakasintha mazina.

 
Malo agho kale ghakaŵa maboma mu Greater London * County boroughs * Metropolitan boroughs * Municipal boroughs * Urban districts
chigaŵa cha London Designation Malo ghakale
Camden Inner Hampstead (11a) St Pancras (11b) Holborn (11c)
Greenwich Inner Greenwich (22a) Woolwich (part) (22b)
Hackney Inner Hackney (9a) Shoreditch (9b) Stoke Newington (9c)
Hammersmith[note 2] Inner Hammersmith (4a) Fulham (4b)
Islington Inner Islington (10a) Finsbury (10b)
Kensington and Chelsea Inner Kensington (3a) Chelsea (3b)
Lambeth Inner Lambeth (6a) Wandsworth (part) (6b)
Lewisham Inner Lewisham (21a) Deptford (21b)
Southwark Inner Bermondsey (7b) Camberwell (7c) Southwark (7a)
Tower Hamlets Inner Bethnal Green (8a) Poplar (8c) Stepney (8b)
Wandsworth Inner Battersea (5b) Wandsworth (part) (5a)
Westminster Inner Paddington (2c) St Marylebone (2b) Westminster (2a)
Barking[note 3] Outer Barking (part) (25a) Dagenham (part) (25b)
Barnet Outer Barnet (31a) East Barnet (31b) Finchley (31d) Hendon (31c) Friern Barnet (31e)
Bexley Outer Bexley (23b) Erith (23a) Crayford (23c) Chislehurst and Sidcup (part) (23d)
Brent Outer Wembley (12a) Willesden (12b)
Bromley Outer Bromley (20c) Beckenham (20b) Orpington (20e) Penge (20a) Chislehurst and Sidcup (part) (20d)
Croydon Outer Croydon (19a) Coulsdon and Purley (19b)
Ealing Outer Acton (13b) Ealing (13a) Southall (13c)
Enfield Outer Edmonton (30c) Enfield (30a) Southgate (30b)
Haringey Outer Hornsey (29b) Tottenham (29c) Wood Green (29a)
Harrow Outer Harrow (32)
Havering Outer Romford (24a) Hornchurch (24b)
Hillingdon Outer Hayes and Harlington (33c) Ruislip Northwood (33b) Uxbridge (33a) Yiewsley and West Drayton (33d)
Hounslow Outer Brentford and Chiswick (14c) Feltham (14a) Heston and Isleworth (14b)
Kingston upon Thames Outer Kingston upon Thames (16a) Malden and Coombe (16b) Surbiton (16c)
Merton Outer Mitcham (17c) Merton and Morden (17b) Wimbledon (17a)
Newham Outer West Ham (27a) East Ham (27b) Barking (part) (27c) Woolwich (part) (27d)
Redbridge Outer Ilford (26a) Wanstead and Woodford (26b) Dagenham (part) (26c) Chigwell (part) (26d)
Richmond upon Thames Outer Barnes (15a) Richmond (15b) Twickenham (15c)
Sutton Outer Beddington (18c) Carshalton (18b) Sutton and Cheam (18a)
Waltham Forest Outer Chingford (28a) Leyton (28c) Walthamstow (28b)

Greater London Council

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Pakati pa 1965 na 1986, maboma agha ghakaŵa na maboma ghaŵiri ndipo ghakaŵa na mazaza pamoza na Greater London Council (GLC). Kugaŵikana kwa mazaza na milimo kukang'anamuranga kuti Greater London Council yikaŵa na mulimo wa "vigaŵa vinandi" nga ni moto, galimoto ya ambulense, kugega kututuka kwa maji, na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Maboma ghanandi gha ku London na GLC ghakanjilirapo pa kugaluka kwa mu 1985. Pa 1 Epulero 1986, GLC yikalekeka ndipo maboma gha vigaŵa agha ghakapika milimo yinyake iyo yikacitikanga na Greater London Council, nga nkhusunga viswaswa. Wupu wa Inner London Education Authority ukalutilira kuŵa na mazaza. Mu 1990, boma la London likamazga sukulu iyi ndipo maboma gha mu tawuni iyi ghakazgoka maboma gha ku malo agha.

Zina na mphaka

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Dango la Boma la ku London la mu 1972 likaŵa na ndondomeko ya kusintha zina la tawuni ya London. Malo agha ghakaŵa mu tawuni ya Hammersmith (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Hammersmith na Fulham) pa Epulero 1, 1979, kweniso mu tawuni ya Barking (iyo yikasintha kuŵa Barking na Dagenham) pa Janyuwale 1, 1980. Mazina gha vigaŵa agho ghakaŵako chifukwa cha kuwunganya mazina gha vigaŵa viŵiri ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka.

Vigaŵa vya London vikapangika na kuwunganya maboma gha mu muzi. Dango la boma la London Act 1963 likapeleka nthowa yakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi iyo yili kufupi na Greater London ŵapemphenge kuti ŵasamuke mu tawuni iyi na kuluta ku tawuni yinyake. Mu 1969, ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa iyi pakusamuskira maboma gha Knockholt ku Bromley na Kent, kweniso Farleigh na Hooley ku Croydon na Surrey. Dango ili likayowoyangaso za kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku London na vigaŵa vyapafupi, usange pali kukolerana pakati pa maboma ghose. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika nchito pakusinthana virwa viŵiri pa Mlonga wa Thames pakati pa Richmond na Surrey. (Wonani List of Greater London boundary changes.)

Bungwe la England's Local Government Boundary Commission likakhazikiskika na Local Government Act 1972 kuti liwoneso mphaka za Greater London na vigaŵa vya London. Ndondomeko yakwamba yakulongosora mphaka yikamba pa 1 Epulero 1987 ndipo yikayowoyeka mu 1992.[1] Pamanyuma pa kuyezgaso, ŵakasintha vigaŵa vinyake, nga nkhukolerana malo ghose gha Becontree ku Barking na Dagenham. Komiti iyi yikati fundo zake zinandi zikususkika comene ndipo zikalondezgeka yayi. Mphepete mwa msumba wa London na vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵa vyakupambana.[2]

Mu vigaŵa vya London, wupu wa malango ni boma yayi, nga umo viliri mu vigaŵa vinyake mu caru ici, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ndiwo ŵakuŵa wupu wa malango. Ntheura, zina la boma la London ni "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of X" (panji "The Lord Mayor and Citizens of the City of Westminste")r").

Greater London Authority

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Mu 2000, boma la Greater London Authority likapangika, ilo lili na meya wa London na London Assembly. Pakuŵa wupu wakulongozga, ukaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka, nga ni misewu yikuru na ndondomeko ya mapulani.

Maboma gha London

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Mu vigaŵa vyose vya London muli maboma gha vigaŵa (LBCs), agho ghakusankhika pa vilimika vinayi. Iwo ndiwo ni maboma gha mu msumba wa London ndipo ŵakulaŵilira vinthu vinandi nga ni masukulu, wovwiri wa ŵanthu, kutozga vimaji na misewu. Maboma ghanyake gha ku London ghakulongozgeka na Greater London Authority, ndipo maboma ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na mawupu gha ku London. Mipingo yinyake yikukolerana pakupeleka mauteŵeti nga nkhuwunjika na kuwuskamo viswaswa. Vigaŵa ivi ni vigaŵa vya boma ndipo vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya msumba. Wupu wa vigaŵa uliwose ni wupu wakuwona vya masambiro.

Service Greater London Authority London borough councils
Education  Y
Housing  Y  Y
Planning applications  Y
Strategic planning  Y  Y
Transport planning  Y  Y
Passenger transport  Y
Highways  Y  Y
Police  Y
Fire  Y
Social services  Y
Libraries  Y
Leisure and recreation  Y
Waste collection  Y
Waste disposal  Y
Environmental health  Y
Revenue collection  Y

Shared services

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Maofesi gha boma ni maofesi gha boma agho ghakugaŵikana na maboma ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakanizganga kupeleka mauteŵeti ghakupambanapambana cifukwa cakuti maboma ghakavikiliranga mazaza ghawo. Ndipouli, apo ŵakeneranga kuchepeska bajeti yawo kuumaliro wa m'ma 2000, maboma ghanyake ghakamba kupenja nthowa zakugwilira lumoza nchito. Mu 2011, boma la Westminster na Hammersmith & Fulham ŵakeneranga kusazga maofesi ghawo gha masukulu, kusazgapo gha sukulu zakupharazgira na ghakwendakwenda. Mu Okutobala 2010, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea na Westminster ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakukhumba kusazga maofesi ghawo ghose kuti ŵaŵe "super-council". Waliyose wa iwo waŵenge na wanangwa wake wa ndyali, ŵalongozgi, na ŵanthu awo ŵakulongozga, kweni ŵantchito na bajeti vizamusazgikana. Lambeth na Southwark nawo ŵakukhumba kucitira lumoza maungano.[3]

Pulofesa John Seddon, uyo wakambiska nthowa ya Vanguard, wakati mapulojekiti agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vinyake, ghakusazgapo vinthu viŵiri. Iyo wakuti mapulojekiti ghakuchitira lumoza vinthu ghakutondeka (ndipo kanandi ghakumalira ndalama zinandi kuluska umo ŵakagomezgera) chifukwa ghakutimbanizga ntchito chifukwa cha kusamukira ku malo ghakupambanapambana.[4] Mu 2012, Seddon wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vigaŵa vitatu.[5]

Chiwonetsero cha zotsatira za chisankho ku London

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Wonaniso

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Vyakuona

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  1. Local government legislation makes special provision for the City of London Corporation, Inner Temple and Middle Temple to perform the functions of London borough councils in their areas.
  2. Later renamed Hammersmith and Fulham.
  3. Renamed Barking and Dagenham in 1980.

Ukaboni

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  1. "The Local Government Boundary Commission for England, The Boundaries of Greater London and The London Borough, Report 627" (PDF). Lgbce.org.uk. 1992. Retrieved 21 Disembala 2017.
  2. "The City and London Borough Boundaries Order 1993". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 Disembala 2017.
  3. "Lambeth and Southwark councils to merge some services under Labour plan". London-se1.co.uk. Retrieved 22 Disembala 2017.
  4. Systems Thinking in the Public Sector, John Seddon, Page 57.
  5. "Shared illusions | Public Finance Opinion". Archived from the original on 21 Epulelo 2013. Retrieved 13 Julayi 2012.

Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

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