Vyakufula pasi vyakale mu Malaŵi

Ŵanthu ŵakamba kudokera mbiri yakale ya Malawi mu ma 1920. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Tanzania na Zambia, ŵakagomezga kuti ŵangasanga vinthu vyakuyana waka mu Malaŵi. Mu ma 1920, ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Malawi kukaŵa malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa na viswaswa vyakupambanapambana ndipo Dr. F. Dixey.[1] Ivyo ŵakasanga vikapangiska kuti ŵambe kusanda malo ghanyake mu Malawi.

Mapu gha Malaŵi na vigaŵa, misumba yikuruyikuru na malo ghanyake

Nyengo Yakwambilira ya Malibwe

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Uraha

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Uraha ni malo agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo yakwambilira ya malibwe ku Uraha Hill, kumpoto kwa Malawi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Chiwondo Beds uko ŵakasangako viswaswa. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵakasanga chiwangwa ca munthu munyake uyo wakaŵako vyaka 2.4 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Cinthu ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vyakale comene ivyo vikusangika mu mtundu wa Homo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ni vya mtundu wa Homo rudolfensis. Ŵakati ŵasanga chiwangwa ichi, ŵakasanga kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Africa. Pakaŵavya viŵiya vyakupangira vinthu vyakuzengeka na malibwe ivyo vikasangika, kweni visomba vya nyama vikulongora kuti malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ghakasintha pakati pa vyaka 4 na 1.5 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha..[2]

Nyengo ya Malibwe

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Muzi wa Mwanganda

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Msumba wa Mwanganda ni umoza mwa malo ghachoko waka agho ghakusangika mu Malaŵi mu nyengo ya malibwe. Malo agha ghakamanyikwa cifukwa ca ivyo vikasangika pa malo agho ŵakakomeranga njovu. Pa malo agha, ŵasayansi ŵasanga viwangwa vya nyama na vinthu vinyake vya malibwe. Mu cigaŵa cimoza ca muzi uwu, pakaŵa cinthu cimoza ico cikulongora kuti pakaŵa njoka yimoza. Viwangwa vya zovu vikaphyoka na kupasuka mu vigaŵa vitatu. Viwangwa ivi vikamba kuŵako mu nyengo ya Pleistocene. Ukaboni uwu ukapangiska J. Fundo ya Desmond Clark yakuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukomera nyama. Mu cigaŵa caŵiri ca muzi uwu mukaŵa ukaboni wakuti kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakapenjanga nyama. Kafukufuku wasono wakulongora kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakukomera njovu yayi, kweni ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa milonga ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha mu nyengo ya malibwe..[3]

Nyengo yapamasinda ya Malibwe

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Kujambula pa thanthwe pa malo gha Mphunzi ku Chongoni Rock Art Area

Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikusangika mu Malaŵi mu nyengo ya malibwe ni ivyo vikalembeka pakati pa 17,000 na 10,000 BP. Malo ghanandi agho ghakazengeka mu nyengo ya malibwe ku Malawi ni malo ghakubisamamo malibwe. Nyengo ya malibwe iyo yikaŵako kaumaliro yikaŵa m'ma 18-19 C.E.

Chongoni Rock Art Area

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Chigaŵa cha Chongoni Rock Art chili ku Central Region of Malawi ndipo chili na malo 127. Mu malo agha muli vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu ŵakulemba vinthu mu malibwe kweniso vithuzi vya mu nyengo ya malibwe na ya chisulo.[4]

Maluso gha malibwe gha ku Central Africa

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Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu mu miyala ku Central Africa. Ivyo wakachita vikamovwira kuti wapatulire vinthu vya mu jalawe mu vigaŵa vinayi mwakuyana na viyelezgero na vimanyikwiro ivyo vikusangika mu vinthu ivi. Maluso ghaŵiri ghaswesi agha ghakaŵa gha awo ŵakakoperanga na kuvuna, awo ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu nyengo ya malibwe nga ni visulo vya miyala. Ŵakacemekanga BaTwa, ndipo ŵakalutilira kugwiliskira nchito luso lenelili mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mitheto iyi. Ici cikumanyikwa cifukwa cakuti mitheto ya Ŵachizungu yikwimira malo agho ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵakakhalanga..[5]

Cizgoŵi ca Cinyama Ciheni
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Ŵanthu ŵakulongora vinyama na ŵanthu ŵanthena nyengo zose mufipa. Kanandi vinyama vikulongosoreka makora ndipo vikuwoneka makora. Kanandi para munthu wakuwona nyama wakuleka kumanya mtundu wake.[6]

Maluso Ghakuthwa
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Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita vikulongora umo vinthu vikaŵira. Vinthu ivyo vikuwoneka makora ni vizingilika, vizingilika vyakukolerana, vizingilika vyakupambanapambana, makwelero, mizere, na mizere yakuyana. Pa malo agha, ŵakaŵikangapo vyakununkhira viŵisi vyakubisika vyakubisika, kweni viŵisi vyakubisika ivi vikaleka kuŵapo cifukwa ca nyengo iyo vikaŵirako..[7]

The White Zoomorphic tradition
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Ŵanthu ŵakasoranga vinthu ivi na minwe. Vinthu ivi ni vinyama na ŵanthu. Kanandi vithuzithuzi ivi ŵakavipanganga na utoto utuŵa kweni nyengo zinyake ŵakavipanganga na makala. Vinthu ivi ni vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa, vikulongora ŵanalume na vinyama vyakubenekelereka kufuma ku viphikiro ivyo vikacitikanga na gulu la Nyau pa viphikiro vya chiphikiro cha Chinamwali na viphikiro vya nyifwa..[8]

The White Spread-eagled tradition
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Cinthu ici cikaŵa ca luso ico cikaŵa na cikozgo ico cikawonekanga nga ni cikumba. Kanandi ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵanga na vyakuzengeka nga ni njoka na vinyake nga ni vidunga na mizere. Mtundu wakwamba uwo ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni utuŵa, kweni pali vithuzithuzi vinyake vyakofya. Ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu ivi ndipo ŵakavipanganga pa nyengo ya viphikiro vya Chinamwali. Cimanyikwiro ici cikung'anamura maji na kubaba.[9]

Malo agha ghali kulembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage Site cifukwa ca maluso agho ŵanthu ŵakucita pa malibwe.[10]

Mwana wa Chentcherere II

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Mwana wa Chentcherere II Rock Shelter ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene ku Malawi. Desmond Clark mu 1972. Malo agha ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya chisulo. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakajambura vikaŵa vyakukhwaskana na kugonana na kubaba, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanakazi ŵali na mtima wakujiyuyura.[11]

Nyengo ya Chisulo

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Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na nyengo ya chisulo ku Malawi wakamba pakati pa m'ma 1960 na Keith Robinson. Kwambira mu 1968 m'paka mu 1975, Robinson wakafukura malo ghanandi gha kumwera kwa Malaŵi ndipo wakasanda malo agho ghakalembeka vinthu vyakale vya ku Malaŵi. Ŵakati ŵayaniska dongo, ŵakamanya kuti pakaŵa chinthu chinyake pakati pa vinthu vya ku dongo icho chikulongora kuti pakaŵa vinthu vinyake ivyo vikalutilira kufuma mu nyengo yakwambilira ya Iron Age m'paka ku nyengo yaumaliro ya Iron Age. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakwamba awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa awo ŵakaŵanga ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika vinthu.[12]

Vinthu Vinyake Ivyo Vikaŵako mu Nyengo ya Iron Age

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Mwambo wa Nkope

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Nkope ni malo agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Iron Age ndipo ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 kumwera kwa Monkey Bay na makilomita 40 kumpoto kwa Mangochi. Malo agha ghakaŵako pakati pa 250 na 1000 C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nkope ŵakumanyikwa na vinthu vyawo vyakuzengeka. Vinthu ivi kanandi vikuŵa vikuru chomene, ndipo vili na mphaka zakutowa. Viŵiya ivi ni viŵiya vyakuŵa nga ni mphika ivyo vili na mphonje zakusintha na viŵiya vinyake ivyo vili na mphonje zakusanuzgika. Viŵiya ivi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyose vya kumwera kwa Malawi kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati na kumpoto kwa Malawi. Kweniso likusangikaso kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Mozambique. Vigaŵa vinandi vya Nkope vili mumphepete mwa chigaŵa chakumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Shire na milonga yake.[13]

Kapeni culture

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Ŵanthu ŵa ku Kapeni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa Shire ndipo ŵakaŵako pakati pa 800 na 1100 C.E. Vinthu vya Kapeni vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakwambilira chomene pa vyakupangira vyakupangira vya mu nyengo ya Iron Age chifukwa vikukolerana chomene na vya Nkope kuluska vyakupangira vya mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Chikhalidwe cha Kapeni chinalipo panthawi imodzimodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha Longwe ndipo pali umboni wakuti chikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha Nkope m'malo ena.[14]

Longwe culture

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Ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinandi yayi vya cikaya ca Longwe. Pakuti vyakupangira viŵiya vya Longwe vikaŵa nga ni vya Mawudzu, pakwamba vikaŵa vya Mawudzu. Kweni ŵakati ŵasanga viŵiya vinyake vya dongo, ŵakavichema kuti viŵiya vya dongo. Chikhalidwe cha Longwe chinachokera cha m'ma 1000 AD ndipo m'madera ena a dzikoli, chinalipo nthawi yomweyo ndi chikhalidwe cha Kapeni. Chikhalidwe ichi chikusangika kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mulanje Massif, mu chigaŵa cha Shire chakunyang'amira, pa mapiri gha Ntaja-Namwera na mapiri gha Shire. Pa malo ghanandi, ŵakasanga vinthu vya malibwe, ntheura ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya ca Longwe ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuwunjika vinthu, kweni ŵakalutilira kupanga vinthu vya dongo..[15]

Mawudzu culture

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Chikhalidwe cha Mawudzu chimatchulidwa chifukwa cha malo a Mawudzu Hill m'dera la nyanja ndipo kuyambira 1200 mpaka 1750 AD. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku dongo. Vinthu vya Mawudzu ni vyakupambana chomene ndipo vikwenera kuti vikamba kufuma ku Kapeni panji Nkope. Para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito radiocarbon, wakuwona kuti vidoli ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., apo vidoli vya Kapeni vikaleka kugwiliskirika ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chichewa ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakupangira viŵiya vya Mawudzu. Nangauli mu viŵiya ivi mulije vinthu vya mu nyengo ya Iron Age, kweni malo gha Mawudzu ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na gha ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mawudzu ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi kumwera kwa Malawi. Ku vigaŵa vya kumwera uku, ŵanthu ŵakuthemba chomene viŵeto.[16]

Nkhudzi culture

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Vinthu vya Nkhudzi vikalembeka kakwamba pa Nkhudzi Bay ndipo vikupambana na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikalembeka kale. Ŵanyake ŵakuti vikamba kusangika mu Malaŵi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 C.E. chifukwa cha malonda agho ghakacitikanga kutali. Malo agho Nkhudzi wakusangika ghakuyana waka na Mawudzu. Vigaŵa vinandi vya malo agha vili pafupi na maji. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Nkhudzi ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene. Kulima, kuŵeta ng'ombe, na kusolora visulo ndivyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu aŵa.[17]

Mankhamba

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Mankhamba ni malo agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Iron Age kumwera kwa Malawi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikasangika pa malo agha ni vyakupangira vinthu vya ku malo agha na vyakunjizga, vinthu vyachisulo na mkuwa, mphete, na vinyake.[18]

Ceramics

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  • Vinthu vya ku malo agha ni vya Mawudzu na Nkhudzi. Vyakumera vya Mawudzu vikaŵanga na viŵiya vyakukhoma, ndipo vya Nkhudzi vikaŵa na viŵiya vyakukhoma. Pakaŵaso viswaswa vichoko waka ivyo vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo yakale.
  • Pa malo agha, ŵakasanga vizwazwa 80 ivyo vikaŵa vizwazwa 68. Uwu ndiwo ukuni ukuru comene wa viŵiya vyakusunkhizga ivyo vikusangika pa malo ghanyake mu Malaŵi.
  • Vinthu vyakukolerana - Vinthu vyakukolerana viŵiri vikasangika, cimoza cikazara na vinyake vinkhondi vyakupambanapambana.[19]

Stone artifacts

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  • Grinding stones
  • Malibwe agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito- Malibwe ghankhondi na ghatatu agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ghakaŵa gha maji, ghanayi ghakagwiliskiranga nchito pakukhomera, ghatatu ghakaŵa gha nkhulungo, agho ŵanakazi ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakutozga panji kusisita pasi para ŵasazgako fuvu. Pa libwe laumaliro pakaŵa jumi ilo likayananga na libwe la moto.[20]

Iron objects

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Pa malo agha pakaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵakachitanga kusungunula visulo. Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakujura, vinthu vinandi vikavunda chomene, ndipo chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye umo vinthu ivi vikaŵiranga. Vinthu ivyo ŵakumanya ni visulo, vyakuphatilira, mikondo, mivi, na vyakuphatilira..[21]

Copper objects

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Kweniso malo agha ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi chomene vya mkuŵa ivyo vikusangika mu malo ghanyake gha ku Malawi. Vinthu vya mkuŵa vikaŵa makora ndipo vikumanyikwa makora. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kanandi vikaŵanga nyambo, vingwe, vingwe, vingwe, na ndodo. Ŵakaŵaso na vyakuvwara vyakupakirana, mphete, na mabangili.[22]

Faunal remains

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Pa malo agha, pali visomba na viyuni vyakofya. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene viŵeto vikuruvikuru na vyapakati kuluska vichoko. Viyuni ivi ni viyuni vya mtundu wa impala, buffalo, na njovu. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na viwangwa ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵakagwiranga nchito na njovu. Viŵeto ivi ni ng'ombe, mberere, mbuzi, nkhumba, ntcheŵe, nkhuku, na nkhunda. Viwangwa vyakujumpha 30 peresenti vikawotcheka ndipo vikaŵa na mtundu wa buluu cifukwa ca vinthu vya mkuŵa.[23]

Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakusangapo ku Malawi

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Ukaboni

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  1. Clark, J. Desmond (1966-01-01). "ARCHAEOLOGY IN MALAWI". The Society of Malawi Journal. 19 (2): 15–25. JSTOR 29778138.
  2. "Uraha Hill | anthropological and archaeological site, Malawi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  3. Wright, David K.; Thompson, Jessica; Mackay, Alex; Welling, Menno; Forman, Steven L.; Price, Gilbert; Zhao, Jian-xin; Cohen, Andrew S.; Malijani, Oris (2014-03-01). "Renewed Geoarchaeological Investigations of Mwanganda's Village (Elephant Butchery Site), Karonga, Malawi". Geoarchaeology (in English). 29 (2): 98–120. doi:10.1002/gea.21469. ISSN 1520-6548.
  4. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Chongoni Rock-Art Area". whc.unesco.org (in English). Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  5. F., Zubieta, Leslie (2006-01-01). The rock art of Mwana wa Chentcherere II rock shelter, Malaŵi : a site-specific study of girls' initiation rock art. African Studies Centre. OCLC 85843079.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. F., Zubieta, Leslie (2006-01-01). The rock art of Mwana wa Chentcherere II rock shelter, Malaŵi : a site-specific study of girls' initiation rock art. African Studies Centre. OCLC 85843079.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. F., Zubieta, Leslie (2006-01-01). The rock art of Mwana wa Chentcherere II rock shelter, Malaŵi : a site-specific study of girls' initiation rock art. African Studies Centre. OCLC 85843079.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Maret, Pierre de (2013-07-04). Recent Farming Communities and States in the Congo Basin and its Environs. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001. ISBN 9780199569885. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  9. Maret, Pierre de (2013-07-04). Recent Farming Communities and States in the Congo Basin and its Environs. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001. ISBN 9780199569885. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  10. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Chongoni Rock-Art Area". whc.unesco.org (in English). Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  11. Zubieta, Leslie F. The rock art of Mwana wa Chentcherere II rock shelter, Malawi : a site-specific study of girls' initiation rock art. African Studies Centre [etc.], Leiden [etc.]
  12. Seitsonen, Oula. "Lithics after Stone Age in East Africa: Wadh Lang'O Case Study." (2004).
  13. Thurstan., Shaw (2000-01-01). The archaeology of Africa : food, metals and towns. Routledge. OCLC 32092418.
  14. Thurstan., Shaw (2000-01-01). The archaeology of Africa : food, metals and towns. Routledge. OCLC 32092418.
  15. Thurstan., Shaw (2000-01-01). The archaeology of Africa : food, metals and towns. Routledge. OCLC 32092418.
  16. Thurstan., Shaw (2000-01-01). The archaeology of Africa : food, metals and towns. Routledge. OCLC 32092418.
  17. Thurstan., Shaw (2000-01-01). The archaeology of Africa : food, metals and towns. Routledge. OCLC 32092418.
  18. Juwayeyi, Yusuf M. (2010-08-01). "Archaeological excavations at Mankhamba, Malawi: An early settlement site of the Maravi". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45 (2): 175–202. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2010.491947. ISSN 0067-270X.
  19. Juwayeyi, Yusuf M. (2010-08-01). "Archaeological excavations at Mankhamba, Malawi: An early settlement site of the Maravi". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45 (2): 175–202. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2010.491947. ISSN 0067-270X.
  20. Juwayeyi, Yusuf M. (2010-08-01). "Archaeological excavations at Mankhamba, Malawi: An early settlement site of the Maravi". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45 (2): 175–202. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2010.491947. ISSN 0067-270X.
  21. Juwayeyi, Yusuf M. (2010-08-01). "Archaeological excavations at Mankhamba, Malawi: An early settlement site of the Maravi". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45 (2): 175–202. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2010.491947. ISSN 0067-270X.
  22. Juwayeyi, Yusuf M. (2010-08-01). "Archaeological excavations at Mankhamba, Malawi: An early settlement site of the Maravi". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45 (2): 175–202. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2010.491947. ISSN 0067-270X.
  23. Juwayeyi, Yusuf M. (2010-08-01). "Archaeological excavations at Mankhamba, Malawi: An early settlement site of the Maravi". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45 (2): 175–202. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2010.491947. ISSN 0067-270X.

Further reading

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  • Yusuf M. Juwayeyi (2020). Archaeology and Oral Tradition in Malawi. Origins and Early History of the Chewa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 262. ISBN 9781847012531.