ChiBemba

Kutimbanizga chala na mazina ghanyake ngati ni Chiyowoyero cha ChiBuyu.

ChiBemba, ChiBemba (Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba na Chiwemba), ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba ŵakuyowoya chomene kumpoto kwa Zambia.

ChiBemba
Chibemba
Native to	Zambia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania
Ethnicity	Bemba, Bangweulu Batwa
Native speakers	4.1 million (2000–2010 census)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu (Zone M.40–50) Sabi South Sabi ChiBemba
Dialects	Town Bemba
Writing system	Latin (Bemba alphabet) Bemba Braille
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Zambia
Language codes
ISO 639-2	bem
ISO 639-3	bem
Glottolog	bemb1257
Guthrie code	M.42
Linguasphere	99-AUR-r ichiBemba + ichiLamba incl. 24 inner languages 99-AUR-ra...-rx + varieties 99-AUR-rca...-rsb

Munthu uyo wakuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Bemba, uyo wali kulembeka mu Zambia.

Person	MuBemba
People	BaBemba, Awemba, BaWemba
Language	ChiBemba
Country	Bembaland

Mbiri

ChiBemba ni ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu Zambia. Pulezidenti wakwamba wa ku Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, nangauli wakaŵa wa ku Malawi, kweni wakakulira mu mbumba iyo yikayowoyanga Chibemba. Pulezidenti wachitatu, Levy Mwanawasa, wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Lenje, wakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Purezidenti wachinayi, Rupiah Bwezani Banda wakaŵa wa Chichewa wakufuma ku Eastern Province. Mu vyaka vyati vyajumphapo kufuma apo MMD yikapokera mazaza mu 1991, yikayowoyeka kanandi waka kuti yikutemwa kuyowoya chiBemba kuluska viyowoyero vinyake vya mu charu ichi. Nangauli chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya mu Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ni chiyowoyero cha Bantu Botatwe.

Viyowoyero vinyake vimoza

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Vinyake mwa viyowoyero ivi ni Chishinga, Lomotwa, Ngoma, Nwesi, Lala, Kabende, Luunda, Mukulu, Ngumbo, na Unga, ivyo vikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ndipo nyengo zinyake vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chinyake (Nurse 2003). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵa ku Bangweulu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha ku Bemba.

Kulemba na kupulika

Kafumilo ka mazgo mu chiwalo

			Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal			m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	plain		p	t	t͡ʃ	k
	prenasal	voiceless	ᵐp	ⁿt	ⁿt͡ʃ	ᵑk
		voiced	ᵐb	ⁿd	ⁿd͡ʒ	ᵑɡ
Fricative	plain	voiceless	f	s	ʃ
		voiced	β
	prenasal		ᶬf	ⁿs	ⁿʃ
Lateral				l
Approximant			(β)		j	w

Ma vawelo

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i	iː			u	uː
Mid	e	eː			o	oː
Low			a	aː

Malembo agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito comene, agho pakwamba ghakalembeka na Edward Steere, ghakung'anamura mazgu. Malembo ghake na mazgu agho ghakuyowoya ghali pasi apa.

Letter:	A	B	C/Ch	D	E	F	G	I	J	K	L	M	N	Ng'	Ny	O	P	S	Sh	T	U	W	Y
Value:	a	b, β	tʃ	d	e	f	ɡ	i	dʒ	k	l	m	n	ŋ	ɲ	o	p	s	ʃ	t	u	w	j

Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulemba "c" m'malo mwa "ch". Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinyake vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, para ŵaŵikamo vilembo vinyake, mazgu gha vilembo ivi ghakusintha. Mwaciyelezgero, 'aa' wakusintha kuŵa 'a' utali, 'ae' na 'ai' ŵakusintha kuŵa 'e,' ndipo 'ao' na 'au' ŵakusintha kuŵa 'o' (mu vigaŵa vinyake, kanandi 'y' ŵakugwiliskira nchito kuti ŵapature mavowel ghanyake). 'N' ya mu mphuno yikuzgoka'm' pambere 'b' panji 'p' yindambe, ndipo yikuzunulika kuti ŋ pambere 'k' panji 'g'; pamanyuma pa 'n', 'l' yikuzgoka 'd'. Malango ghose agha ghakusangika mu mathebulu agho ghali pasi apa.

Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu, chiyowoyero cha Bemba chili na mazgu ghaŵiri, kweni mazgu agha ghakovwira waka yayi pa ng'anamuro lake. Para mazgu ghakwamba ghasintha, ghangaŵa na ng'anamuro lapadera chomene (wonani mazgu gha vilembo).

Kalembelo

Viyowoyero vinandi vya Chibemba vikuyana waka na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu: vikusazgapo viyowoyero vinyake, vikuthemba chomene pa vilembo vyakwamba, vili na mazina ghakupambanapambana, vigaŵa vinandi vya mazgu na nyengo, vilembo vichoko waka, ndipo nga umo vikuŵira mu Chingelezi, mazgu ghakwendera mwakuyana waka. Vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vyalembeka apa vyafuma ku ivyo vikalembeka na Schoeffer, Sheane na Cornwallis.

Mazina

Zina la Bemba lili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Vinthu ivi vikuzunulika na vilembo vyakwambilira, ndipo kanandi vikuyana waka na vilembo vyakwambilira, kweni ni vyekha yayi. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, mazgu agha ghali kulembeka mu nthowa iyi:

Class	chimoza	Concord prefix (singular)	Unandi	Concord prefix (plural)	Vyakulemba
1	mu-, mw-, m-	a (verbs), mu (adjectives), u/w (pronouns)	ba-	ba-	persons, and several inanimate nouns
2	mu-	u- (sometimes mu- for adjectives)	mi-	i- (sometimes mi- for adjectives)	generally inanimate nouns, and most trees and fruit
3	n-, lu-	i (sometimes n- for adjectives), lu-	n-	shi-	generally not human nouns
4	chi-/ch- (ichi-)	chi-/ch-	fi-/fy-/f- (ifi-)	fi-/fy-/f-	augmentatives, kinds, languages
5	li-, ku-, bu-, lu-	same as noun prefix	ma-	ya- (sometimes ma- for adjectives)	Plural can be used for singulars of class 3 to emphasise larger number or size
6	ka-	ka	tu-	tu-	diminutives
7	bu-	bu-	none	none	abstract nouns
8	ku-	ku-	none	none	infinitives
9	ku-, mu-, pa-	same as noun prefix			not strictly a noun class (see below)

Vilembo vyakwambilira mu kilasi 9 vikulongora kuti mazgu gha mu vilembo ivi ghali mu chiyowoyero cha chiyowoyero chinyake.

Mlongosoli

Nga umo vikuŵira mu viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, vimanyikwiro vikulondezga mazgu agho vikuyowoya. Kanandi vimanyikwiro vya mazgu, vigaŵa vya mazgu, panji 'vimanyikwiro vya mazgu,' vikufiska mulimo wawo. Ŵakulemba mazgu ghakuyowoya za munthu ŵakuŵa pamanyuma pa lizgu lakuti zina, na chilembo chakuti -a, ndipo pakati pa vilembo ivi pali chilembo chakuti chintu cha nomba.

Kupenda

Nambara za 1 mpaka 10 ni izi:

English:	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Bemba:	-mo	-bili	-tatu	-ne	-sano	-mutanda	-cine lubali	-cine konse konse	-pabula	-ikumi

Manambala 1-5 ghakusangika na mazgu gha pa chilembo (kupatulako munthu yumoza). Nambara 6 m'paka 10 zikusintha yayi. 'Ikumi' wali na chiŵelengero cha'makumi', icho chingagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni zina pamoza na 'na' (na, with) kupanga manambara ghose mpaka 99: chiyelezgero makumi yatatu na pabula,'makumi ghatatu na ghankhondi na ghatatu'.

Pronouns

Vizunuli vya munthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na gulu ni ivi: 'ine' (munthu wakwamba), 'iwe' (munthu wachiŵiri), 'ifwe' (munthu wakwamba), 'imwe' (munthu wachiŵiri). Vinthu ivi ni vyamahara, ndipo vingawoneka nga ni vinthu yayi. Pali mazina ghanyake gha ŵanthu, ndipo mazina gha ŵanthu ŵatatu ghakuthemba pa gulu. Paliso mazina ghanyake agho ghakulongora kuti munthu wali na nkharo yiwemi.

Ntchito

Viyelezgelo vikuŵa vyambura kusuzga, ndipo kanandi vikumalira pa '-a' (pambere 'a' wandafike, vyose vikuŵa'muzu,''muzu' panji'muzu'), ndipo vikupangika mwakuyana na munthu, chiŵerengero, na chigaŵa cha munthu na chinthu, nyengo, kaghanaghaniro, lizgu, na usange vikuyowoya makora panji yayi. Kweniso makuni agha ghakung'anamura vinthu vinyake. Malango agha ghangaŵa ghambura kusuzga kughalondezga, ndipo Bemba ni mazgu ghakukolerana.

Subject and object prefixes

Pa vilembo ivi pali vigaŵa viŵiri. Vinthu ivi vikupambana kuyana na umo munthu waliri, ndipo mazgu ghakwamba gha viyowoyero vinyake ghakusintha. Para vyapambana, vigaŵa vyakwambilira vya chigaŵa ivi vikulembeka mu mabokosi.

		Affirmative	Negative
1st person	singular	n-	nshi-, shi-
	plural	tu-	tatu-
2nd person	singular	u- (ku-)	tau-
	plural	mu-	tamu-
3rd person	singular	a- (mu-)	taa-, ta-
	plural	ba-	taba-

Pakwamba pakuŵa chigaŵa chakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma pakuŵa chigaŵa chakwamba. Para munthu panji cinthu ni zina lakuzirwa mu gulu limoza, ŵakuzunura lizgu lakuti concord, ndipo lizgu lakuti 'ta' likuŵa panthazi pa lizgu ili.

Tenses and Aspects

Kuŵika vinthu mu nthowa iyi, ni umo wakacitira Schoeffer.

Vinyake vikukhumbikwira kuti chilembo chaumaliro cha "a" chizgoke "ile" para chilembo chakwamba cha "a", "i" panji "u", ndipo para chaumaliro cha "e" panji "o" chizgoke "ele". Mu vilembo vinandi muli viheni.

Vinyake mwa vilembo ivi vili pasi apa. Vikuŵapo pamanyuma pa chiŵiya na chinthu, kweniso pambere chiŵiya chindambe kugwira ntchito, kupaturako chiŵiya cha sonosono apa, icho chafiskika, panji icho chachitika kale mu 'na-,' icho chili pakwamba. Para munthu wakusuzgika maghanoghano wakuŵa na mazgu ghakofya ( ́).

Tense/aspect	Prefix	Stem	Notes
Present continuative	le	unmodified	Used for verbs of action to indicate a progressive action; can be used adjectivally, and even as an immediate future (especially when used with verbs of state).
Present definite	a	unmodified	Used for verbs of state, and intransitive verbs
Stative, necessary habitual	Ordinary form; no prefix	unmodified	Indicates a state that is always true, or a habitual action; connotes necessity of the action
Voluntary habitual	la	unmodified	For habitual actions, connoting that they are voluntary, or may otherwise not be necessary; used only for verbs of state; can be used in subordinate clauses
Immediate past	a	unmodified	For actions occurring 'today', or 'nowadays'
Recent, completed or historic past	na- (prefix)	unmodified	For actions completed today; can be used in a historic sense, but does not emphasise a distant past
Specific past	(no prefix)	modified	Also used for actions done 'today' or 'nowadays', but emphasising more distance in time than the previous two; used in relative clauses
Simple past of yesterday (1)	ali	unmodified	The stress must not be on the 'a' of the prefix
Simple past of yesterday (2)	a	modified	The stress must not be on the prefix
Remote past simple	á	modified
Remote past of duration	ali	modified	For remote actions whose effects are still present, or for states established in the remote past which have not changed
Remote past definite, past perfect	áli	unmodified	A remote past further distant than some other relevant time
Past imperfect or habitual	ale	unmodified	Used for actions once, but no longer, habitual
Immediate future	ala	unmodified
Immediate progressive or habitual future	akula	unmodified
Proximal future	le	unmodified	For future states and conditions to be established shortly, but not necessarily immediately
Future indefinite	ka	unmodified	For actions and states at some unknown time in the future
Future indefinite habitual	kala	unmodified	For habitual actions and states at some unknown time in the future

Moods

Umo ŵanthu ŵakukhala vikuyana waka na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakukhala.

Imperative

Lizgu lakwamba ilo likuyowoyeka mu chiyowoyero chinyake likuyana waka na lizgu ili. Mazgu ghaciŵiri ghakupambanapambana ghakusintha '-a' kuŵa '-eni.' Para munthu wakuzunura lizgu lakuti 'aku' panji 'uka-,' wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakuti waŵaphalire kuti ŵambeso kuchita chinthu chinyake. Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghakukhozga, wakuŵa na chilembo cha " -inda- " icho chikulondezgapo.

Subjunctive

Chigaŵa ichi chikuyowoyeka mwakuyana waka, nga ntchigaŵa cha mazgu ghambura kuwoneka makora, mu mazgu ghakukhozga, kweniso mu vigaŵa vya mazgu ghakupambanapambana. Cinthu ico cikumanyikwa na lizgu ili nchakuti lizgu laumaliro la lizgu ili '-a' lasintha kuŵa '-e.' Maofesi agha ghali pasi apa. Apa V ni lizgu la chiyowoyero, ndipo P ni lizgu la chiyowoyero. Malango agho ghakulondezga pa nkhani ya mazgu ghakulondezgapo.

Tense/aspect	Prefix	Notes
Simple present	P-V-e	Used for the present and for verbs for which time is not specified
Present of movement	ka-P-V-e	Expresses a change in position, state or mental attitude
Present of insistence, exhortative	na-P-V-e	Similar to a first-person plural imperative
Future immediate	P-le-V-a	Same as the indicative
Future immediate of insistence	na-P-le-V-a	Also used as an exhortative, or indirect imperative; can take plural in -eni when used imperatively
Future remote momentary	P-ka-V-e	Used for a single action in the remote future
Future remote continuous	P-kale-V-a	Used for a progressive or habitual action in the remote future
Future remote of insistence	shina-P-V-e	Used as an indirect imperative for some unknown remote future time

Lizgu lakuti infinitive, ilo ni lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka mu mazgu ghapachoko, lili na mitundu yiŵiri. Mu chiyowoyero chambura kusuzga kuli mazgu ghakuti 'ku-' agho ghasazgikako ku chiyowoyero chambura kusuzga, nga umo vyayowoyekera pachanya apa.

Voices

Lizgu lakuti passive likupangika na kuŵika lizgu lakuti '-w-' panthazi pa vowel yaumaliro ya verebu. Lizgu la 'neutral' lingapangika na '-ik-' para lizgu lakwamba ni a, i panji u, ndipo '-ek-' usange lizgu lakwamba ni e panji o. Fundo iyi yikupambana na ya passive chifukwa yikulongosora umo vinthu viliri mu nyengo iyo munthu wakuchita chinthu chinyake. Mu Cingelezi, mazgu ghakuti "the pot is broken", ghakupambana na ghakuti "the ball is kicked").

Negation

Kaŵirikaŵiri, chilembo chakulongosora chikuŵa na chilembo cha 'ta-' padera pa chilembo cha munthu wakwamba uyo wakusintha kuŵa 'nshi' panji'shi.' Kanandi lizgu lakuti subjunctive likuŵa na lizgu lakuti 'i' pamanyuma pa lizgu lakuti pronoun prefixes ndipo kanandi lizgu lakuti 'e' likuzgoka 'a.' Nyengo zinyake lizgu lakuti 'te' likuŵa na mazgu ghambura kuzirwa. Ndipouli, malango ghakupulikikwa makora ghakusuzga chomene, ndipo kawonekero kake kakuthemba pa nyengo iyo munthu wakuyowoyera, umo wakuwonekera, na umo wakujipulikira. Para lizgu lakupepuka likuyowoyeka pamoza na lizgu lakwamba 'le,' kanandi likung'anamura kuti chinthu chinyake chindachitike.

Other forms

Pali viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikusintha lizgu lakwamba mwa kusazgako lizgu linyake pambere lizgu laumaliro la "a" lindambe. Vinthu ivi vili pasi apa.

Tense/aspect	Form	Notes
Applied	The modified stem, with 'a' (instead of 'e' for the specific past).	Used to make an object indirect, usually translated by adding a preposition like 'for' after the verb
Completive	Doubles vowel-consonant pair of the applied stem (e.g., fikila becomes fikilila, from fika, 'to arrive')	Expresses completion or finality of an action
Reciprocal	V-na (or V-nya if V ends in y)	Expressing actions done to 'each other'
Causative	Softens the last consonant accordingly: 'ba', 'pa' to 'fya'; 'nda', 'ka' 'la', 'sa', 'ta', to 'shya' or 'ishya', 'ushya'; adds 'y' before the 'a' of 'ema', 'ima', 'uma', 'ana'; adds 'ik' before the 'a' of 'ala', 'ama', 'ana'	Several exceptions exist; 'ishya' and 'ushya' is particularly common for verbs of colour
Intensive	Changes 'a' to 'ishya' if preceding vowel is 'a', 'i', 'u'; changes 'a' to 'eshya' if 'e', 'o'	Adds emphasis or a sense of energy to the verb
Reversive	Changes 'a' to 'ula' or 'ulula' if preceding vowel is 'a', 'i', 'u'; changes 'a' to 'ola' or 'olola' if 'e', 'o'	Expresses a reversal of an action (cf. English 'do', 'undo')
Frequentative	Changes 'a' to 'ula'	Expresses frequent repetition of an action; translatable by the adverb 'repeatedly'
Reflexive	Prefixes 'i' to the verb stem	Expresses doing 'to oneself'

Paliso mazgu ghanyake agho ghakung'anamulika kuti 'kuli' na 'kuba.'

Conjunctions

Vinthu ivi vikugwiliskirika nchito pakunjira mazgu gha kuyana panji ghaciŵiri, nga umo vikuŵira mu Cingelezi.

Mazgu ghakwamba

• ee - yes
• awe - no
• Uli shani? - how are you (informal)
• Muli shani? - how are you (formal)
• Shaleenipo - goodbye
• Ishina lyandi ni... - My name is...
• umuntu - person
• umunandi - friend
• umwana - child
• iciBemba - the Bemba language
• na - and, with
• nga - like, as
• suma (adj.) - good/beautiful
• onse (adj.) - all
• uluceelo (adj) - morning
• Natotela - Thank you
• Saana - A lot
• Natotela saana - Thanks a lot

Mabuku

Pali mabuku ghanandi mu ciyowoyero ici. Pali nkhani, mapowemu na maseŵero. Ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu chiyowoyero ichi ni Stephen Mpashi, Chongo Kasonkomona, Chishimba, Paul Mushindo, Bwalya Chilangwa, Mwila Launshi na Kambole.

Mabuku ghanandi gha mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba ghakalembeka pakati pa 1950 na 1980. Sonosono apa, mabuku ghachoko waka ghakusindikizgika mu Zambia chifukwa cha vifukwa viŵiri: ŵaŵazgi mbachoko chomene ndipo chachiŵiri, chifukwa cha chifukwa chakwamba, ŵalembi ŵakukayikira kufumiska mabuku ghachoko waka mu chiyowoyero cha Bemba, chomenechomene mabuku ghatali. Kweni mu mabuku gha Bemba muli nkhani zicoko na mabuku ghaciŵiri.

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵazga mabuku ghithu yayi, kweni mabuku agho ghakusindikizgika mu chiyowoyero ichi kanandi ghakusangika makora. Kweniso, vikuwoneka kuti pali ŵalembi ŵanandi awo ŵakukhumba kulemba mu ciyowoyero ici kweni ŵakutondeka cifukwa ca vifukwa ivyo vyazunulika pacanya apa na vinyake.

Pa nkhani ya kusanda mabuku, mabuku ghanandi gha mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba ghandasindikizgike. Ici nchifukwa cakuti pali ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakulemba mabuku mu ciyowoyero ca Bemba, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Lutato na Shadreck Kondala. Mabuku gha Cemba ghakale chomene nga Uwauma Nafyala, Pano Calo na Imilimo ya bena Kale.

Chiyelezgero cha lemba

Abantu bonse bafyalwa abalubuka nokulingana mu mucinshi nensambu. Balikwata amano nokutontonkanya, eico bafwile ukulacita ifintu ku banabo mu mutima wa bwananyina.

Kung'anamura

Ŵanthu wose ŵakubabika ŵanangwa ndiposo ŵakuyana wanangwa. Ŵali na vinjeru na njuŵi ndipo ŵakwenera kuchitirana mwaubwezi.

(Ndime 1 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Wonaniso

• Bemba people
• Bantu languages

Kuŵerenga

• Hamann, Silke and Kula, Nancy C. (2015). "Bemba". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (1): 61–69. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000371{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.

• Posner, Daniel N. (2003). "The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia". Comparative Politics. 35 (2): 127–146.

Vigaŵa vya kuwaro

• Bemba Online Project, https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/
• Links to Bemba Grammatical Description, Texts, and Sound Files
• PanAfrican L10n page on Bemba
• Amalombelo Mu Cilala Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Bemba, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
• Daniel Chola Musatwe, Mulenga Wa Mpanga, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
• Edward Mwango Kasase, Ku Bwaice, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
• Kapwepwe, S.M., Shalapa Canicadala, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
• Lehmann, Dorothea, Folktales from Zambia: Texts in six African languages and in English, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
• Nyambe Sumbwa, Zambian Proverbs, Lubuto Library Special Collections, accessed May 3, 2014.
• OLAC resources in and about the Bemba language
• Searchable data base of Bemba proverbs Archived 2020-02-20 at the Wayback Machine