Copperbelt

Chigaŵa cha Copperbelt (Cinture du cuivre) ni chigaŵa cha ku Central Africa icho chili pa mphaka pakati pa kumpoto kwa Zambia na kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa na migodi ya mkuwa.

Kanandi lizgu lakuti Copperbelt likusazgapo vigaŵa vya migodi mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt mu Zambia (mwakudumura matawuni gha Ndola, Kitwe, Chingola, Luanshya, na Mufulira) na vigaŵa vya Haut-Katanga na Lualaba mu Congo (mwakudumura Lubumbashi, Kolwezi, na Likasi). Chigaŵa ichi chili kufuma ku Katanga Supergroup, chigaŵa icho chili mu nyengo ya Neoproterozoic.

Mu vigaŵa vinyake, lizgu lakuti Copperbelt likung'anamura charu cha Congo yayi. Chigaŵa cha Copperbelt ku Zambia chikazgoka chigaŵa mwaluŵiro pamanyuma pakuti charu chazakaŵa na wanangwa mu 1964, apo chikachemekanga "chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi". Mu 1969, pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wakasintha zina la chigaŵa ichi kuŵa "Copperbelt province". Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakambukira mu vyaru vinyake, chigaŵa cha Katanga ku Congo na Copperbelt ku Zambia, ŵakavichemanga kuti "Ilamba" panji "Lambaland". Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ni vyakuzura na visomba.

Mbili yakwambilila

Malo agha ghakaŵavya ŵanthu pambere ŵanthu ŵa Lamba ŵandafike. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lamba ŵakakhazikika pa Nyanja ya Kashiba, ndipo kufuma kura ufumu wa Lamba ukathandazgikira kumafumiro gha dazi, kumpoto, kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Mbili yose mwakudumula

Ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku Rwanda mu migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Congo, c.1920, mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Belgium

Copperbelt mining centers

Ndalama za mkuwa izo zikaŵako pambere charu chindambe kulamulira ku Katanga. Ndalama izi izo zikuŵa nga ni mphinjika ya Katanga zikuguliskika yayi, kweni izo zikukhalako zikugwiliskirika nchito nga ni vimanyikwiro pakati pa mbumba zakuthupi kuti zileke kupeleka ndalama.

Munthu munyake wa ku America, Frederick Russell Burnham ndiyo wakabowozga mkuwa ku Zambia. Mu 1895, wakadangilira gulu la Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. ilo likasanga kuti mu Central Africa mukaŵa mkuŵa unandi. Pa mlonga wa Kafue mu caru ico panyengo iyo cikacemekanga Northern Rhodesia, Burnham wakawona kuti malo agha ghakupambana comene na malo agho wakagwirapo nchito ya mkuŵa ku United States. Mu lipoti lake ku British South Africa Company, Burnham wakati:^[1]

Pa mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 200 kumpoto kwa maji gha Incalla, na makilomita 12 kufuma ku Kafukwe [uyo sono ni Mlonga wa Kafue] ndipo wachali pa malo ghapachanya, panyake pakaŵa malo ghakuru chomene gha mkuŵa pa caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakagwiranga nchito iyi kwa nyengo yitali comene, nga ni umo vikuwonekera mu malo ghawo ghakale, ndipo ŵacali kugwira nchito mpaka lero. Munda uwu ngwapacanya comene, ndipo ukufika m'paka ku Katanga... Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa ŵantchito ŵaluso, ndipo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vyawo na ŵanthu wose, nanga ni Ŵapwitikizi ŵa ku West Coast na Ŵaarabu ŵa ku East. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵakulima migodi na ŵantchito ŵa mkuŵa na chisulo, ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghambura kusunkhunyika.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kuti mkuŵa uŵe chinthu chakuzirwa chomene mu charu.... Migodi ya mkuwa ya ku Montana na Arizona yikalongora kuti njakuzirwa comene kuluska migodi ya golide, nangauli migodi iyi yikeneranga kwenda mtunda wa makilomita 2,000 pa njanji kuluta ku nyanja. Pa cifukwa ca masuzgo gha cilengiwa, malo agha gha kumpoto ghangagwiliskirika nchito kufuma ku malo gha khola gha mu Dambo la Zambezi [Burnham wakaŵa kuti wasanga kale malo ghakuru gha khola ku Hwange], ndipo vyakurya ivyo vikutumizgika ku East Coast ni vyakudura comene kuluska ivyo vikufuma ku Montana na Arizona.

Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, kampani ya British South Africa Company yikazenga matawuni mumphepete mwa mlonga uwu.

Mu ma 1950, Copperbelt ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuru chomene pa caru cose ghakupangirako mkuŵa, kusazgapo Roan Antelope Mine, Nkana Mine, Nchanga Mines, Mufulira Mine, na Rokana Mine. Chalcopyrite, bornite, na chalcocite vikusangika mu viswaswa vya calcareous na arkoses vya Lower Roan Formation mu Katanga System.^[2]

Gulu la Katanga

Mkuyu wakuthupi, Mufulira Mine of the Copperbelt Province of Zambia where the Katanga Supergroup formations are mined for copper

Katanga Supergroup ni gulu la vinthu vya mu nyengo ya Neoproterozoic ivyo vikusangika ku Central Africa. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha usambazi wa mkuwa na cobalt. Vinthu vinandi vya Roan Group vya supergroup vikuwoneka mu chigaŵa cha Katanga cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Democratic Republic of Congo uko kuli migodi ya mkuwa.^[3]

Gulu likuru la Katanga lili pa malo ghambura kukwana 883 Ma Nchanga Granite. Gulu la Katangan lili kugaŵika vigaŵa vinayi, kufuma ku vigaŵa vyakale chomene vya Roan Group, malibwe gha mchenga, na ma shale, kufika ku gulu la Nguba ilo lili na carbonate na carbon-rich shales.

Katanga Supergroup yikukolerana na malibwe gha Makuti Group mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Democratic Republic of Congo.^[4]

Migodi ya Katanga Supergroup

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

↑ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1899). "Northern Rhodesia". In Wills, Walter H. (ed.). Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia . Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. pp. 177–180.
↑ Heinrich, E. Wm. (1958). Mineralogy and Geology of Radioactive Raw Materials. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 298.
↑ Master, S; C. Rainaud; R.A. Armstrong; D. Phillips; L.J. Robb (2005). "Provenance ages of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup (Central African Copperbelt), with implications for basin evolution". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 42: 41–60. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.08.005.
↑ Hunter, D.R., ed. (1981). Precambrian of the Southern hemisphere. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific. ISBN 978-0-444-41862-3.^{[page needed]}

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Descriptive Models, Grade-Tonnage Relations, and Databases for the Assessment of Sediment-Hosted Copper Deposits, with Emphasis on Deposits in the Central African Copperbelt, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia

12°S 28°E / 12°S 28°E / -12; 28

[burnham1899-1] Burnham, Frederick Russell (1899). "Northern Rhodesia". In Wills, Walter H. (ed.). Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia . Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. pp. 177–180.

[Heinrich-2] Heinrich, E. Wm. (1958). Mineralogy and Geology of Radioactive Raw Materials. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 298.

[Master-3] Master, S; C. Rainaud; R.A. Armstrong; D. Phillips; L.J. Robb (2005). "Provenance ages of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup (Central African Copperbelt), with implications for basin evolution". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 42: 41–60. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.08.005.

[4] Hunter, D.R., ed. (1981). Precambrian of the Southern hemisphere. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific. ISBN 978-0-444-41862-3.^{[page needed]}

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