Wikipedia

Kenneth Kaunda

(Kufumila ku Kenneth David Kaunda)

Kenneth David Kaunda GCIH SCOT (28 Epulero, 1924 - 17 Juni, 2021),[1] Wakuchemekaso KK,[2]monga wandale wa ku Zambia uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia kufuma 1964 mpaka 1991. Wakaŵa panthazi chomene pakulwera wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakakondwa yayi na umo Harry Nkumbula wakalongozgera Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, ndipo wakafumako na kukhazikiska Zambia African National Congress, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mutu wa Socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP).

Kenneth Kaunda
Kaunda mu 1983
1st President of Zambia
Nyengo:
24 October 1964 – 2 November 1991
Wachiŵili kwa mlongozgi
Kupokela Sir Evelyn Hone as Governor of Northern Rhodesia
Kuwiska na Frederick Chiluba
3rd Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement
Nyengo:
8 September 1970 – 5 September 1973
Kupokela Gamal Abdel Nasser
Kuwiska na Houari Boumédiène
Umoyo wamunthu
Kubabika Kenneth David Kaunda
(1924-04-28)28 April 1924
Chinsali, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)
Kufwa 17 June 2021(2021-06-17) (vyaka vikaŵa 97)
Lusaka, Zambia
Malo ghakuŵikika Embassy Park, Lusaka [ny]
Chalo chokhazikikako
Chipani UNIP
Nthengwa
​
​
(m. 1946; her death 2012)​
Ŵana 8, including Tilyenji
Unkhwantha Teacher

Kaunda wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia. Mu 1973, pamanyuma pa vivulupi vya mafuko na vyaru vinyake, vyaru vyose vya ndyali kupatulako UNIP vikakanizgika kwizira mu kusintha kwa dango la boma pamanyuma pa kusazgirako Chima Declaration. Pa nyengo yeneyira, Kaunda wakalaŵiliranga kugura masheya ghanandi mu makampani ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Cifukwa ca suzgo la mafuta ilo likacitika mu 1973 na kunangika kwa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga para ŵakuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake, Zambia yikaŵa mu suzgo la vya cuma. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamucicizga Kaunda kuti wasinthe malango agho ghakamovwira kuti walutilire kuwusa. Mu 1991, pakaŵa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi, ndipo Frederick Chiluba, mulongozgi wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, wakawuskapo Kaunda.

Mu 1999, wakawuskika wanangwa wake wa kukhala mu Zambia, kweni wakawuskako wanangwa uwu mu chaka chakulondezgapo.[3]

Mbili ya umoyo

Kenneth Kaunda wakababika pa 28 April 1924.[4]ku Lubwa Mission ku Chinsali, ku Northern Rhodesia, sono ku Zambia,[5] Mu banja lithu tikaŵamo ŵana 8 ndipo ine nkhaŵa waumaliro. Awiske, Reverend David Kaunda, ŵakaŵa mishonale kweniso msambizgi wa Church of Scotland, uyo wakababikira ku Nyasaland (uko sono ni Malawi) ndipo wakasamira ku Chinsali, kukagwira nchito ku Lubwa Mission. Amama ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ndipo ŵakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Africa kusambizga mu Northern Rhodesia. Wose ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa fuko la Bemba ilo lili kumpoto kwa Zambia. Awiske ŵakafwa apo Kenneth wakaŵa mwana. Apa ndipo Kenneth Kaunda wakasambilira m'paka m'ma 1940. Pamasinda wakalondezga mendero gha ŵapapi ŵake na kuŵa msambizgi; pakwamba ku Northern Rhodesia kweni pakati pa m'ma 1940 wakasamira ku Tanganyika Territory (sono ni Tanzania). Wakagwiraso nchito ku Southern Rhodesia. Wakasambira ku Munali Training Centre ku Lusaka pakati pa 1941 na 1943. Kukwambilira kwa umoyo wake, wakaŵazga mabuku gha Mahatma Gandhi agho wakati "ghakanikhwaska comene".

Kaunda wakaŵa msambizgi pa sukulu ya Upper Primary School na Boarding Master ku Lubwa ndipo pamanyuma wakaba Headmaster ku Lubwa kufuma mu 1943 mpaka 1945. Wakagwira nchito ku migodi ya Salisbury na Bindura. Kukwambilira kwa 1948, wakazgoka msambizgi mu Mufulira ku United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB). Kufuma apo, wakaŵa movwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu ku Africa na msambizgi wa sukulu ya migodi ku Mufulira. Pa nyengo iyi, wakalongozganga gulu la ŵawukirano ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵakwimba mu mpingo wa Church of Central Africa. Wakaŵaso Vice-Secretary wa Mpingo wa Nchanga.[6]

Nkhondo ya kujithemba na kuwusa

 
Kaunda pamoza na awo ŵakakolerana na UNIP pamanyuma pa kukumana na Iain Macleod, Secretary of Colonial, mu Malichi 1960

Mu 1949, Kaunda wakanjira mu ndyali ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska Northern Rhodesian African National Congress. Pa 11 November 1953 wakasamira ku Lusaka kuti wakaŵe Secretary General wa African National Congress (ANC), pasi pa muwuso wa Harry Nkumbula. Kaunda na Nkumbula ŵakatondeka kusonkhaniska ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kuti ŵawukire charu cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Mu 1955, Kaunda na Nkumbula ŵakakakika kwa myezi yiŵiri cifukwa ca kugaŵira mabuku ghakwambukira boma. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakapatukana apo Nkumbula wakakhwaskika chomene na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ndipo wakatondeka kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, Kuanda wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Nkumbula ilo pamasinda likamazga ubwezi na ANC ndipo wakambiska chipani chake, Zambia African National Congress (ZANC) mu Okutobala 1958. ZANC yikakanizgika mu Malichi 1959 ndipo mu Kaunda wakalangika kuti wakhale mu jele myezi yinkhondi na umoza.[7]

Apo Kaunda wakaŵa mu jele, Mainza Chona na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu vyende makora ŵakafumamo mu ANC, ndipo mu Okutobala 1959, Chona wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa United National Independence Party (UNIP). Ndipouli, Chona wakajiwonanga kuti ni mweneko wa chipani yayi. Apo Kaunda wakafumanga mu jele mu 1960 wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP. Mu 1960 wakaluta kukawona Martin Luther King Jr. ku Atlanta ndipo pamanyuma, mu Julayi 1961, Kaunda wakambiska kampeni ya kuleka kupulikira mu Northern Province, iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti kampeni ya Cha-cha-cha, iyo yikang'anamuranga kunjizga moto na kujandizga misewu yikuruyikuru. Kaunda wakaluta ku mavoti gha UNIP mu chaka cha 1962. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe boma la wupu wa UNIPANC, ndipo Kaunda wakaŵa nduna ya boma na umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu Janyuwale 1964, UNIP yikathereska ŵalwani ŵawo ŵa ANC na kusanga Kaunda kuŵa nduna yikuru. Pa 24 Okutobala 1964 wakazgoka purezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia wakujiyimira yekha, ndipo wakasankha Reuben Kamanga kuŵa wachiŵiri wake.[8]

Educational policies

 
Pulezidenti wa Italy Giuseppe Saragat na Kenneth Kaunda mu 1966

Pa nyengo iyo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa wake, mulimo wake wa kunozga vinthu ukaŵa kuti undamalizgike. Pa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, caru ici cikaŵa na masambiro ghapacanya comene. Mu caru ici mukaŵa waka ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakamalizga masambiro ghapacanya. Cifukwa ca ici, Zambia yikakhumbikwiranga kuŵika ndalama zinandi pa masambiro gha vigaŵa vyose. Kaunda wakambiska ndondomeko yakuti ŵana wose, kwali ŵapapi ŵawo ŵangafiska kulipira, ŵapikenge mabuku, mapepara, na maphesulu kwawanangwa. Ŵapapi ŵakaŵa na mulimo wa kugura yunifomu, kulipira "tundalama" na kuwoneseska kuti ŵana ŵakuluta ku sukulu. Fundo iyi yikang'anamuranga kuti ŵana ŵawemi comene ndiwo ŵakalongozgekanga kuti ŵafiske vilato vyawo, kwambira ku pulayimale mpaka ku yunivesite. Mwaciyelezgero, ni ŵana wose yayi awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapacanya, kweni awo ŵakasambiranga ŵakaŵa ŵakusambira comene.

Yunivesite ya Zambia yikajulika mu Lusaka mu 1966, pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakaciskika kuti ŵapeleke ndalama izo zingaŵawovwira pakuzenga yunivesite iyi. Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa Chancellor ndipo wakacitiska ungano wakwamba wa kumalizga masambiro mu 1969. Msumba ukuru ukaŵa pa Great East Road, apo msumba wa vyadokotala ukaŵa ku Ridgeway kufupi na University Teaching Hospital. Mu 1979, ku Zambia Institute of Technology ku Kitwe, kukapangikaso sukulu yinyake. Mu 1988, sukulu ya Kitwe yikasinthika zina na kucemeka Copperbelt University, ndipo yikamba kusambizga vya bizinesi, vyamakampani, na vya cilengiwa. Masukulu ghanyake agho ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Kaunda ghakaŵa gha masukulu gha masambiro gha ku sekondare ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa Dipatimenti ya Masambiro gha Uteŵeti. [Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Evelyn Hone College na Natural Resources Development College (vyose vili ku Lusaka), Northern Technical College ku Ndola, [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Livingstone Trades Training Institute ku Livingstone, na makoleji ghakusambizga ŵasambizgi.[9]

Economic policies

 
Kaunda ku Frankfurt, West Germany, mu 1970

Boma liphya la Kaunda likapokera caru ico nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na cuma cikuru comene mu caru ca Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, comenecomene cifukwa ca malo agho ghakaŵa na visulo vinandi, nangauli ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha vyaru vinyake. Mwaciyelezgero, kampani ya British South Africa Company (BSAC, iyo yikazengeka na Cecil Rhodes) yikaŵa kuti yicali na katundu wa malonda ndiposo wanangwa wakuzenga vinthu vyakuthupi ivyo yikasanga cifukwa ca phangano ilo yikacita na Litunga wa ku Bulozi mu 1890. Wakaŵa Kaunda pera uyo wakawoneseska kuti boma la BSAC limupokelere.

Cifukwa cakuti wakacitanga makora yayi vinthu vya cuma, caru cake cikalutilira kukura. Nangauli Kaunda wakaŵa na minda yiwemi comene mu Africa, kweni nayo wakacitanga vinthu nga ni Tanzania.

Pakughanaghana za kuzenga vyaru vyakupambanapambana, Zambia yikambiska pulogiramu ya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, mwakulongozgeka na National Commission for Development Planning, iyo yikambiska "Transitional Development Plan" na "First National Development Plan". Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikawovwira kuti paŵe ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa vya vyakuzenga na kupanga vinthu. Mu Epulero 1968, Kaunda wakambiska ndondomeko ya Mulungushi Reforms, iyo yikakhumbanga kuti mabungwe gha vyaru vinyake gha mu Zambia ghaŵe pasi pa boma. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, mabungwe ghanandi gha migodi ghakaŵa gha boma, nangauli mabanki gha mu caru ici, nga ni Barclays na Standard Chartered, ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vikasintha mu Zambia mu 1973 apo mitengo ya mafuta yikakwera ndipo mkuŵa ukakhira. Charu ichi chikaŵa na ngongoli zinandi na International Monetary Fund (IMF), ndipo ndondomeko yacitatu ya vyakuzenga yikaleka kugwira nchito cifukwa cakuti ndondomeko ya nyengo yitali yikanjira m'malo mwa ndondomeko ya suzgo. Ivyo wakachita kuti wasinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma mu ma 1980 vikapangiska kuti vinthu vifike paheni chomene mu Zambia. Pamasinda, Kaunda wakadumbiskana na wupu wa IMF, ndipo mu 1990 wakachichizgika kuti waguliske vinthu vinyake vya boma. Paumaliro, masuzgo gha vya cuma ghakamupangiska kuti waleke kuwusa.[10][11]

Boma la chipani cimoza na "cisopa ca ku Africa"

Mu 1964, pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira paŵekha, pakawuka vivulupi pakati pa ŵalondezgi ŵa mpingo wa Lumpa, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Alice Lenshina. Kaunda wakazomerezga yayi kuti tchalitchi ili liŵepo, ndipo wakalangura kuti Lumpa wakoleke.

Pulezidenti wa Malawi Hastings Banda wakumana na Kaunda

Kwambira mu 1964, boma la Kaunda likamba kuŵa na mazaza. Kaunda wakazomerezga yayi vyaru vinyake padera pa UNIP. Ndipouli, mu 1972, wakasangana na suzgo liphya apo Simon Kapwepwe wakafumamo mu UNIP ndipo wakasanga chipani chinyake, cha United Progressive Party, icho Kaunda wakayezga kukanizga. Kufuma apo, wakasora Komiti ya Chona, iyo yikapangika na Mainza Chona mu Febuluwale 1972. Mulimo wa Chona ukaŵa wakupeleka ulongozgi wa dango liphya la Zambia ilo lingapangiska kuti caru ciŵe na chipani cimoza. Komiti iyi yikazomerezgekanga yayi kudumbiskana ivyo Kaunda wakabuda, kweni yikadumbiskana waka fundo zakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa boma la chipani chimoza. Paumaliro, Kaunda wakawuskapo Nkumbula mwa kumupangiska kuti wanjire UNIP na kuzomera Choma Declaration pa 27 June 1973. Pa Ogasiti 25 mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Pa mavoti ghakwamba agho ghakacitika mu Disembala, Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa yekha wakwimilira.

Pakuti ŵakususka wose ŵakamara, Kaunda wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kusopa ŵanthu ŵambura kwenelera. Wakamba kulondezga fundo za chisopa icho chikachemekanga kuti Zambia Humanism. Fundo iyi yikajintha pa fundo za pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 zakukhwaskana na kunozgekera vinthu na boma kweniso ivyo iyo wakawonanga kuti ni fundo za mu Africa: wovwiri, kugomezgana, na kugomezgeka ku ŵanthu. Kwame Nkrumah ("Consciencism") ndiyo wakambiska fundo zakuyana na izi mu Ghana, ndipo Julius Nyerere ("Ujamaa") ndiyo wakambiska fundo iyi mu Tanzania. Kuti walongosore makora maghanoghano ghake, Kaunda wakalemba mabuku ghanandi: Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 na 3. Mabuku ghanyake ghakulongosora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ni: Fundamentals of Zambian Humanism, by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and social morality, by Rev. Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, S.J., and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and economic challenges, by Justin B. Ŵazulu. Kaunda on Violence (zina la ku United States lakuti The Riddle of Violence) likalembeka mu 1980.

Pakuŵa purezidenti wa UNIP, ndipo pasi pa boma la chipani chimoza, Kaunda wakaŵa yekha uyo wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa charu mu mavoti gha 1978, 1983, na 1988, nyengo yiliyose na ma results gha boma agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 peresenti ŵakakolerana nayo. Kaunda ndiyo wakalamuliranga pa nyengo ya maungano gha pa caru cose. Mu mavoti gha UNIP mu 1978, Kaunda wakasintha malango gha chipani ichi kuti waŵikemo malango agho ghakazomerezganga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga: Kapwepwe wakaphalirika kuti wangasankha yayi chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mamembala kwa vyaka vinkhondi pera ndiwo ŵangasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti (wakawelera waka ku UNIP vyaka vitatu kumasinda).[12]

Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake

 
Kaunda wakuluta ku Romania mu 1970

Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti, Kaunda wakakhozganga chomene gulu lakususkana na apartheid ndipo wakasuskanga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ku Southern Rhodesia. Nangauli boma lake likakanizga kugwiliskira nchito migodi ya mkuwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na kusinthasintha kwa mitengo ya mkuwa pa caru cose, kweni vinthu vikasazgikira cifukwa ca wovwiri wake ku magulu gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake mu Rhodesia, South West Africa, Angola, na Mozambique. Boma la Kaunda likayezga kuti liŵe mupayiniya pakati pa maboma gha ŵazungu na maboma gha ŵakoloni. Kwamba mu ma 1970, wakayamba kuzomerezga mabungwe gha banthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene, nga ni ZANU ya ku Rhodesia na African National Congress, kugwiliskira nchito Zambia nga ni malo ghawo ghakucitira milimo yawo. Oliver Tambo, uyo kale wakaŵa pulezidenti wa ANC, wakakhala vyaka vinandi ku Zambia. Joshua Nkomo, mulongozgi wa ZAPU, nayo wakazenga misasa ya ŵasilikari, nga ni umo wakacitira SWAPO na gulu lake la ŵasilikari, la People's Liberation Army of Namibia.[13]

 
Kaunda and US president Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1978

Mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wa Kaunda, iyo na ŵabali ŵake ŵakayezgapo kanandi waka kusanga vilwero vya mazuŵa ghano ku United States. Mu kalata iyo wakalembera pulezidenti wa ku America Lyndon B. Mu 1967, Kaunda wakafumba usange boma la United States lingamupa mabomba gha misili ghatali. Pakukhumba vilwero vya mazuŵa ghano pakaŵaso mabomba gha nyukiliya. Boma la United States likakana kupempha vilwero vyamahara. Mu 1980, Kaunda wakagura ndege 16 za MiG-21 ku Soviet Union, ndipo paumaliro United States yikakwiya. Kaunda wakazgora ku United States, wakati wati watondeka kugura vilwero vinandi, kugura ku Soviet kukaŵa kwaurunji cifukwa ca mulimo wake wa kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake na kuvikilira wanangwa wa Zambia. Wakayezga kugura vilwero vya mazuŵa ghano vya ku America kuti wawovwirepo pa ndyali.

Kwambira mu Epulero 1975, apo wakaluta kwa pulezidenti wa ku United States, Gerald Ford ku White House ku Washington, D.C., na kuyowoya nkhani yankhongono yakuchiska kuti United States yiŵe na mulimo wakuzirwa comene na wakukhozga ŵanthu mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Kufika mu 1984, Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ku Africa uyo wakacitanga vinthu vya ndyali pa nkhani ya nkhondo mu Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), na Namibia. Mu 1976, Henry Kissinger wakaluta ku Zambia, ndipo wakakolerana makora na Jimmy Carter, kweniso wakateŵeteranga lumoza na Chester Crocker, movwiri wa pulezidenti Ronald Reagan. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa Kaunda na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku United States (nga ni apo Zambia yikagura ndege za Soviet za MiG panji apo yikapusikizgira ŵadipuloma ŵaŵiri ŵa ku America kuti mbapenjere), Kaunda wakaŵa na ubwezi uwemi na United States mu vyaka ivi.

Pa Ogasiti 26, 1975, Kaunda wakacita nga ni muphemaniski pamoza na nduna yikuru ya South Africa, B. J. Wakayama Vorster, pa Ungano wa Victoria Falls kuti wadumbiskane na Ian Smith na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵabuluu za umo ŵangamazgira suzgo la ku Southern Rhodesia. Pamanyuma pa phangano la nyumba ya Lancaster, Kaunda wakayezgayezga kuti waŵe na mazaza ghakuyana waka ku South West Africa. Wakakumana na P. W. Botha ku Botswana mu 1982 kuti ŵakadumbiskane fundo iyi, kweni vikuwoneka kuti ŵakatondeka kucita makora.[14]

 
Kaunda wakwiza ku United States paulendo wa boma, 1983

Pa nyengo yeneyira, nkhondo izo ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakacitanga kumwera kwa Africa zikalutilira kunanga cuma ca Zambia cifukwa boma la ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa caru ici. Pakuzgora, Kaunda wakadumbiskana za nthowa ya TAZARA Railway (Tanzam) iyo yikakhwaskananga Kapiri Mposhi mu Zambia Copperbelt na dowoko la Tanzania la Dar-es-Salaam ku Indian Ocean. Msewu uwu ukamara kuzengeka mu 1975, ndipo ndiwo ukaŵa wekha uwo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo kwambura kuluta mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakendangamo. Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 20, m'paka apo boma la apartheid likamalira mu South Africa.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Kaunda wakakhozgera comene gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. Wakachitiska ungano wa NAM ku Lusaka mu 1970 ndipo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa gulu ili kwambira mu 1970 m'paka 1973. Wakalutilira kuŵa paubwezi na Josip Broz Tito, mulongozgi wa Yugoslav uyo wakaŵapo nyengo yitali. Wakalutaso na kupokelera pulezidenti wa ku Romania, Nicolae Ceaușescu, mu ma 1970. Mu 1986, Yunivesite ya Belgrade, ku Yugoslavia, yikamupa digiri ya udokotala.[15]

 
Kaunda ku Amsterdam, 1986

Kaunda wakaŵa na mphindano zinandi kweni zaubwezi na pulezidenti wa ku US Ronald Reagan uyo wakakumana nayo mu 1983 na nduna yikuru ya Britain Margaret Thatcher comenecomene cifukwa ca ivyo wakawona kuti ni kujara maso ku apartheid ya ku South Africa. Nyengo zose wakaŵanga paubwezi uwemi na ŵanthu ŵa ku China awo ŵakawovwira pa milimo yinandi mu Zambia, kusazgapo njanji ya Tazara.

Pambere nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Gulf yindambe, Kaunda wakaŵa paubwezi na pulezidenti wa ku Iraq, Saddam Hussein. Msewu unyake mu Lusaka ukacemeka kuti Saddam, kweni pamanyuma pake zina ili likasinthika apo ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaleka mazaza.

Mu Ogasiti 1989, Farzad Bazoft ŵakamukaka mu Iraq cifukwa ca kusopa vigeŵenga. Wakaŵa pamoza na nesi munyake wa ku Britain, Daphne Parish, uyo nayo wakakika. Bazoft wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara wakubabika ku Iran uyo wakayezga kuvumbura umo Saddam wakakomera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Iraq. Pamanyuma pake Bazoft wakeruzgika, wakakomeka, na kukomeka, kweni Kaunda wakafiska kufumiska mwanakazi munyake.

Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU) kufuma mu 1970 mpaka 1971 ndipo kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 1988.[16]

Kuleka mazaza

Mu 1990, vinthu vikasintha comene. Mu Julayi, pakati pa mazuŵa ghatatu gha vivulupi mu msumba wa Kaunda, Kaunda wakapharazga kuti pa Okutobala kuzamucitika referendum ya usange maboma ghanyake ghazomerezgekenge. Ndipouli, wakayowoya kuti UNIP ndiyo yikwenera kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhani iyi. Pakajumpha maora ghacoko waka, ndipo mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakakwiya nayo wakaluta pa wayilesi kuti wakapharazge kuti Kaunda wapokeka. Kuyezga kupoka boma kukamara pati pajumpha maora ghatatu panji ghanayi, kweni cikaŵa cakumanyikwa kuti Kaunda na UNIP ŵakagongowa. Kaunda wakayezga kukhozga ŵakususka mwa kusamuskira referendum mu Ogasiti 1991; ŵakususka ŵakayowoya kuti zuŵa lakwamba likapeleka nyengo yinandi yayi yakulembera ŵanthu.

Apo wakayowoyanga kuti wakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵavoterenge ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi, Kaunda wakati boma la chipani cimoza pera ndilo lingawovwira kuti kusankhana mafuko na nkhaza vileke kunjilira mu caru. Kweni mu Seputembala, Kaunda wakasintha maghanoghano chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakamususkanga. Wakakanaso fundo ya ŵanthu wose, ndipo m'malo mwake wakapeleka ulongozgi wakuti ŵasintheso dango ilo likovwira kuti UNIP yileke kuŵa na mazaza. Kweniso wakapharazga kuti mu chaka chakulondezgapo paŵenge maungano ghaciŵiri gha boma. Mu Disembala, wakalembapo ivyo vikakhumbikwanga.

Pa mavoti agha, gulu la Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), ilo likalongozgekanga na Frederick Chiluba, likathereska UNIP. Pa mavoti gha purezidenti, Kaunda wakatondeka, wakatora waka mavoti 24 pa 100 gha Chiluba. Gulu la UNIP likakhala waka mu Nyumba ya Malango 25. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu kampeni iyi chikaŵa chakuti Kaunda wapeleke chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya charu ku Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, munthu wa ku India uyo wakalayizga kuti wazamugwiliskira ntchito malo agha pakukhozga vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ni "Mwamba pa Charu". Kaunda wakacicizgika kughanaghana kuti wakulondezga yayi ivyo wakasambira. Apo Kaunda wakapelekanga mazaza kwa Chiluba pa Novembala 2, 1991, wakazgoka mulongozgi waciŵiri wa chalo ca ku Africa uyo wakazomerezga mavoti gha vyaru vinandi na kuleka mazaza mwa mtende wati watondeka. Mathieu Kérékou wa ku Benin ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kucita nthena mu Malici wa caka ceneci.[17]

Post-presidency

 
Indian foreign minister Natwar Singh with Kaunda in March 2005
 
Indian president Ram Nath Kovind and Kaunda in Lusaka, April 2018

Wakati wafumapo pa udindo wake, Kaunda wakakumana kanandi waka na boma la Chiluba na MMD. Pamanyuma, Chiluba wakayezga kumusezga Kaunda cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa wa ku Malawi. Boma la MMD ilo likulongozgeka na Chiluba likasintha dango la chalo, ndipo likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaleke kwimilira pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma mu 1997, pa Zuŵa la Sabata mu 1997 ŵakamukora na ŵapolisi. Ndipouli, ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakadandawura, ndipo pa Zuŵa la Chaka Chiphya mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakamujalira mu nyumba yake m'paka apo wakeruzgikira. Mu 1999, Khoti Likuru la Ndola likati Kaunda walije wanangwa wa kuŵa mwenekaya. Kweni Kaunda wakadandawura ku Khoti Likuru Chomene mu Zambia, ilo likati iyo ni mwenekaya wa Zambia mu mulandu wa Lewanika and Others v. Khoti likadumura mulandu wa Chiluba.

Pa 4 June 1998, Kaunda wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa United National Independence Party ndipo wafumengepo pa ndyali. Wakati wapumura pa nchito mu 2000, wakacitako milimo yakupambanapambana. Cinthu ico wakacitapo cikuru comene nchakuti wakalimbikiranga comene kulimbana na HIV na AIDS. Mwana munyake wa Kaunda wakafwa na nthenda iyi mu ma 1980. Kufuma mu 2002 mpaka 2004, wakaŵa African President-in-Residence ku African Presidential Archives and Research Center ku Boston University.

Mu Seputembala 2019, Kaunda wakayowoya kuti nchakukwiyiska kuti pulezidenti Robert Mugabe wakasuzgika na ŵanthu ŵanyake pa caru, awo ŵakasuskanga ivyo wakacita kuti waŵike urunji na urunji mu Zimbabwe.[18]

Umoyo na nyifwa

 
Kaunda mu 2020

Kaunda wakatora Betty Banda mu 1946, ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana 8.[19] Wakafwa pa Seputembala 19, 2012, wali na vyaka 84, apo wakalutanga kukawona mwana wawo msungwana ku Harare, Zimbabwe. Pakuti Kenneth Kaunda wakavwaranga malaya gha safari (jacket ya safari pamoza na mathalauza) nyengo zose, malaya agha ghakumanyikwa kuti "kaunda suit" mu vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa.

Kweniso wakalemba sumu zakulongosora za wanangwa uwo wakakhumbanga, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakumanya sumu yimoza pera ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" kung'anamura kuti "Tiyendenge lumoza na mtima umoza").

Pa 14 June 2021, Kaunda wakalaŵiskika ku chipatala cha Maina Soko Military Hospital ku Lusaka kuti wakachizgike chifukwa cha suzgo la matenda. Boma la Zambia likati ŵadokotala ŵakucita vyose ivyo ŵangafiska kuti waŵeso makora, nangauli nchambura kupulikikwa umo waliri. Pa 15 Juni 2021, vikamanyikwa kuti wakulwara nthenda ya nthenda ya nthumbo, iyo dokotala wake wakati yikaŵa suzgo la umoyo wake. Pa 17 June 2021 vikamanyikwa kuti wakafwa pa vyaka 97 pamanyuma pa kulwara kwa nyengo yichoko waka ku chipatala cha Maina Soko Military Hospital. Wakaŵa na ŵazukuru 30 na ŵazukuruŵana 11.

Kaunda wakati wakukhala umoyo utali cifukwa ca kurya vyakurya vyambura nthukumusi. Kweniso wakaleka kumwa moŵa ndipo mu 1953 wakaleka kumwa tiyi.[20]

Nkhani ikulu: State funeral of Kenneth Kaunda

Pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakapharazga pa peji lake la Facebook kuti Zambia yizamuŵa na mazuŵa 21 gha kulira. Pa 21 June, Vice-President Inonge Wina wakapharazga kuti viwangwa vya Kaunda vizamutolekera ku vigaŵa vyose vya chalo ichi, na ma church services mu capital ya chigaŵa chilichose, pambere wandafike pa state funeral pa National Heroes Stadium ku Lusaka pa 2 July na burial pa Presidential Burial Site pa 7 July.

Vyaru vinyake vinandi navyo vikamba kulira nyifwa ya munthu. Zimbabwe yikapharazga mazuŵa khumi na ghanayi gha kulira; South Africa yikapharazga mazuŵa khumi gha kulira; Botswana, Malawi, Namibia na Tanzania vyose vikapharazga mazuŵa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri gha kulira; Mozambique yikapharazga mazuŵa ghankhondi na limoza gha kulira; South Sudan yikapharazga mazuŵa ghatatu gha kulira; Cuba yikapharazga zuŵa limoza la kulira. Purezidenti wa Singapore Halimah Yacob wapeleka chitima chake ku banthu ŵa ndyali na banthu ba Zambia pa nyifwa ya Kaunda.[21]

Vyakupeleka na malumbo

Foreign honours

Awards

  • On 21 May 1963, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Fordham University.[26]
  • On 19 October 2007 Kaunda was the recipient of the 2007 Ubuntu Award.[27]

Vyakulemba

  • Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958). Dominion Status for Central Africa?. Union of Democratic Control Publications.[28][29][30]
  • Kaunda, Kenneth David (1962). Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (illustrated, reprint ed.). Heinemann. ISBN 9780435900045.[31]
  • Kaunda, Kenneth David (1966). Zambia, Independence and Beyond: The Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda. Nelson.[32][33][34]
  • Kaunda, Kenneth David (1969). A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda, President of Zambia. Longmans, Green. ISBN 9780582640030.[35]
  • Kaunda, Kenneth D (1973). The Humanist Outlook. London: Longman.
  • Kaunda, Kenneth (1974). Humanism in Zambia: A Guide to Its Implementation. Lusaka.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[36]
  • Kaunda, Kenneth (1980). Morris, Colin (ed.). The Riddle of Violence. San Francisco: Harper & Rowe.[37][38][39][40][41]
  • Morris, Collin M., ed. (1980). Kaunda on Violence. London: Collins.[42][43][44][45][46]

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

  1. ↑ Arnold, Guy (17 Juni 2021). "Kenneth Kaunda obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 Juni 2021.
  2. ↑ The Listener Archived 18 Juni 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 110, BBC, 1983, page 13
  3. ↑ "How Zambia's first president had to go to court in 1999 to prove he was not a Malawian". Face2Face Africa (in English). 24 Okutobala 2018. Retrieved 18 Juni 2021.
  4. ↑ Kasuka, Bridgette (7 Febuluwale 2012). Independence Leaders of Africa. Bankole Kamara Taylor. ISBN 978-1-4700-4175-5. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2019 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ "Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda dies | eNCA". enca.com (in English). Archived from the original on 18 Juni 2021. Retrieved 17 Juni 2021.
  6. ↑ Kasuka, Bridgette (8 Febuluwale 2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence (in English). Bankole Kamara Taylor. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2. Archived from the original on 28 Disembala 2022. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2021.
  7. ↑ "Kenneth Kaunda: Zambia's independence hero". BBC. 17 Juni 2021. Retrieved 18 Juni 2021.
  8. ↑ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Reuben Chitandika Kamanga | Youth Village Zambia" (in British English). Archived from the original on 18 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2021.
  9. ↑ "Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies – Confucius Institute". unza.zm. Archived from the original on 18 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 18 Meyi 2021.
  10. ↑ Maier, Karl (2 Novembala 1991). "Kaunda Swept From Office In Lopsided Zambian Vote". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 Juni 2021.
  11. ↑ Williams, Geoffrey J. "Zambia – Economy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 Juni 2021.
  12. ↑ "Zambia: 1973 and 1978 one-party elections". African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project. Archived from the original on 18 Juni 2021. Retrieved 18 Juni 2021.
  13. ↑ April 27 1976 – an event exiled in history Archived 3 Sekutembala 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Namibian, 27 April 2007
  14. ↑ Lelyveld, Joseph (1 Meyi 1982). "SOUTH AFRICAN AND ZAMBIAN MEET IN BUSH COUNTRY (Published 1982)". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 Juni 2021.
  15. ↑ "University of Belgrade: Honorary Doctors". Archived from the original on 3 Meyi 2012. Retrieved 11 Juni 2012.
  16. ↑ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1. OUP. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. Retrieved 18 Juni 2021.
  17. ↑ Matiashe, Farai Shawn (17 Juni 2021). "Obituary: Zambia's Kenneth Kaunda helped liberate Southern African countries". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 19 Juni 2021.
  18. ↑ "Zambia : President Mugabe was maligned because of his crusade to bring social justice and equity to Zimbabwe-KK". 6 Sekutembala 2019. Archived from the original on 6 Disembala 2019. Retrieved 18 Juni 2021.
  19. ↑ "Mama Betty Kaweche Kaunda – First Lady from 1964 to 1991". Government of Zambia. Archived from the original on 24 Juni 2021. Retrieved 18 Juni 2021.
  20. ↑ "Kaunda attributed his long life to being a vegetarian". kulinji.com. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  21. ↑ "President Halimah Yacob sends condolences after former Zambian president dies". The Straits Times (Singapore). 25 Juni 2021. Retrieved 25 Juni 2021.
  22. ↑ "Entidades Estrangeiras Agraciadas Com Ordens Portuguesas – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas". ordens.presidencia.pt. Archived from the original on 17 Janyuwale 2013. Retrieved 30 Julayi 2019.
  23. ↑ "Presidency". Archived from the original on 12 Novembala 2014. Retrieved 15 Okutobala 2019.
  24. ↑ "Lesotho Celebrates 40 Years of Independence". scoop.co.nz. Scoop Independent News. 10 Okutobala 2006. Archived from the original on 16 Epulelo 2017. Retrieved 15 Epulelo 2017.
  25. ↑ "Order of Jamaica". JIS.gov. Retrieved 9 Julayi 2022.
  26. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth D (1963). Speech by The Honorable Kenneth D. Kaunda at the ceremonies at which he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Fordham University, Tuesday, May 21, 1963. Duquesne University Press. OCLC 13884584.
  27. ↑ "Zambia's President: Kenneth Kaunda". The New York Times. 9 Disembala 1965. ProQuest 117085202.
  28. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth D. (1958). Dominion status for Central Africa?. Published by Union of Democratic Control Publications for the Union of Democratic Control. OCLC 2977403.
  29. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth D (1958). Dominion status for Central Africa? (in English). London: Published by Union of Democratic Control Publications for the Union of Democratic Control. OCLC 2977403.
  30. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958). Dominion Status for Central Africa? (in English). Union of Democratic Control Publications.
  31. ↑ D. S. (Epulelo 1963). "Zambia Shall be Free". African Affairs. 62 (247): 170–171. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095104. ISSN 1468-2621.
  32. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth D (1966). Zambia, independence and beyond: the speeches of Kenneth Kaunda; (in English). London: Nelson. OCLC 1312519.
  33. ↑ "Zambia, Independence and Beyond : The Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda by Kaunda, Kenneth David [ Legum, Colin ; editor: ]: orig. boards (1966) | Expatriate Bookshop of Denmark". abebooks.com (in English). Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.
  34. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth David (1978). Zambia: Independence and Beyond the Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda (in English). Nelson.
  35. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth David (1969). A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda, President of Zambia (in English). Longmans, Green. ISBN 978-0-582-64003-0.
  36. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth David (1971). Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation (in English). Zambia Information Services.
  37. ↑ "The riddle of violence by Kaunda, Kenneth D: New Paperback (1981) | Save With Sam". abebooks.com (in English). Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.
  38. ↑ "The riddle of violence book by Kenneth D. Kaunda". ThriftBooks (in English). Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.
  39. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth D; Morris, Colin (1981). The riddle of violence (in English). ISBN 978-0-06-250450-0. OCLC 6815260.
  40. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth David (1981). The Riddle of Violence (in English). Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250450-0.
  41. ↑ "The Riddle of Violence". goodreads.com. Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.
  42. ↑ "Kaunda on Violence by Kaunda, Kenneth David Hardback Book The Fast Free Shipping". eBay (in American English). Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.
  43. ↑ "Kaunda on Violence book by Kenneth D. Kaunda". ThriftBooks (in English). Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.
  44. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth D; Morris, Colin (1980). Kaunda on violence (in English). London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-216143-5. OCLC 7004165.
  45. ↑ Kaunda, Kenneth David (1980). Kaunda on Violence (in English). Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-216143-5.
  46. ↑ "Kaunda on Violence – Lengthy Personal Inscription by Kaunda". abebooks.com (in English). Retrieved 28 Meyi 2022.

Bibliography

  • DeRoche, Andy. Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)
  • "Kaunda, Kenneth". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 May 2006.
  • Hall, Richard. The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (1969)
  • Ipenburg, At. All Good Men: The Development of Lubwa Mission, Chinsali, Zambia, 1905–1967 (1992)
  • Macpherson, Fergus. Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man (1974)
  • Mulford, David C. Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 1957–1964 (1967)
 
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Mphala za ndale
Kujumphika naas Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia
1964 		Kupokela 
Himself
as President of Zambia
Kujumphika na
Himself
as Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia 		President of Zambia
1964–1991 		Kupokela 
Diplomatic posts
Kujumphika na Chairperson of the Non-Aligned Movement
1970–1973 		Kupokela 
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