Wikipedia

Mozambique

Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the modern country since 1990. For the former country from 1975 to 1990, see People's Republic of Mozambique.
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na the country in Africa. For other uses, see Mozambique (disambiguation).

Mozambique (/ˌmoʊzæmˈbiːk/; Portuguese: Moçambique, pronounced [musɐ̃ˈbikɨ]; Chichewa: Mozambiki; Swahili: Msumbiji; Tsonga: Muzambhiki), mwaboma Charu cha Mozambiki (República de Moçambique, pronounced [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ]), ni chalo icho chili kumwera kwa Africa icho chili na mphaka na Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi, Tanzania kumpoto, Malawi na Zambia kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi, Zimbabwe kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Eswatini na South Africa kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili kutali na Comoros, Mayotte, na Madagascar. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Maputo.

Republic of Mozambique
República de Moçambique (Portuguese)
Mbendela Emblem
Nyimbo: Pátria Amada (Portuguese)
"Beloved Homeland"
[[File:
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Msumba Waboma
kweneso Msumba Usani		Maputo
Chiyowoyelo chaboma Portuguese
Viyowoyelo vyakumanyikwa vyamuvigaŵa Makhuwa, Sena, Tsonga, Lomwe, Changana
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2017)
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Mozambican
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary dominant-party semi-presidential republic[1][2][3]
 -  President Filipe Nyusi
 -  Prime Minister Adriano Maleiane
 -  Assembly President {{{leader_name3}}}
Formation
 -  Independence from Portugal 25 June 1975 
 -  Admitted to the United Nations 16 September 1975 
 -  Mozambican Civil War 1977–1992 
 -  Current constitution 21 December 2004 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 801,590 km2 (35th)
309,496 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 2.2
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 31,693,239[4] (46th)
 -  Density 28.7/km2
74.3/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$48.0 billion[5] (121st)
 -  Per capita Increase$1,457[5] (187th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$17.8 billion[5] (128th)
 -  Per capita Increase $542[5] (185th)
Gini (2014)Negative increase 54.0[6]
high
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.446[7]
low ·185th
Ndalama Metical (MZN)
Mtundu Wanyengo CAT (UTC+2)
Kalembelo kasiku dd/mm/yyyy
Woko la galimoto left
Intaneti yacharu .mz
Website
www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz
  1. ↑ Includes Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and other African ethnic groups.
  2. ↑ Includes Judaism, Hinduism, and Baha’i.

Kumpoto kwa Mozambiki kuli mphepo za mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuchitika vinthu vyakofya. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 1100, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa matawuni ghanandi gha ku dowoko. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, na India ŵakendanga mu matawuni agha.[8]

Mu 1498 apo Vasco da Gama wakaluta ku Spain, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vyakujumpha 400 kufuma apo charu cha Portugal chikambira kulamulira, charu cha Mozambique chikajiyimira paŵekha mu 1975. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri pera kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa, pakaŵa nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikamara mu 1977 m'paka 1992. Mu 1994, Mozambiki wakacita viwoneskero vyakwambilira vya vyaru vinandi ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, chalo ici nchakukhora comene, nangauli nchali na ŵanthu awo ŵakuwukira boma.

Charu cha Mozambique chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni chuma chake chikuthemba pa somba, chomenechomene viyuni vyakututuŵa, viyuni vya mu viŵaya, na viyuni vya mu viŵaya. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikukura. Charu cha South Africa chikulutilira kuŵa munyawo wa Mozambique pa malonda.[9]

Kwambira mu 2001, GDP ya Mozambique yikukura chomene, kweni ni yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene na vyambura kukura comene pa caru cose, ndipo yili pasi pa GDP pa munthu yumoza, kukura kwa ŵanthu, upusikizgi, na unandi wa umoyo.[10]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakukwana 30 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Bantu. Kweni chiyowoyero cha ku Mozambique ntchiyowoyero cha Chiphwitikizi, icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu matawuni. Viyowoyero vyakuzirwa comene ni Chitsonga, Makhuwa, Sena, Chichewa, na Chiswahili. Pa mabuku agha, pali viyowoyero 46 ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi.[11]

Chisopa chikuru chomene mu Mozambiki ni Chikhristu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu na visopa vinyake vya ku Africa.

Charu cha Mozambique chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Movement of Non-Aligned, Southern African Development Community, ndipo chili na wupu wa La Francophonie.

Kwiza kwa zina

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Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathya charu ichi Moçambique, kufuma ku zina lakuti Mussa Bin Bique panji Musa Al Big panji Mossa Al Bique panji Mussa Ben Mbiki panji Mussa Ibn Malik, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Arabia. Msumba uwu ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa charu cha Portugal m'paka mu 1898, apo ukasamukira kumwera ku Lourenço Marques (uno ni Maputo).[12]

Mbili

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Nkhani ikulu: History of Mozambique
 
Nyanja ya Mozambique

Kusama kwa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu

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Wonani vinandi: Bantu expansion

Kwambira m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean m'paka ku Mozambique. Kwambira mu ma 800 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo ŵakazenga matawuni ghanandi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni agha ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ndipo ŵakasambizganga chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni ndiwo ŵakasopanga chisopa cha Ciisilamu. Ku Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, na Chirwa cha Mozambique vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.

Matawuni agha ghakaguliskanga na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Nyanja ya Indian. Nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo ŵakendanga na golide na zovu zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene. Vyaru vya mukati mwa caru nga ni Ufumu wa Zimbabwe na Ufumu wa Mutapa vikapelekanga golide na mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene.[13]

Mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Swahili

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Ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga Ŵachiarabu na Ŵaswahili pamoza na ŵakayidi ŵawo pa Mlonga wa Ruvuma

Kwambira m'ma 1000 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean m'paka ku Mozambique. Kwambira mu ma 800 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita malonda mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo ŵakazenga matawuni ghanandi mumphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni agha ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, ndipo ŵakasambizganga chiyowoyero cha Chiswahili. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni ndiwo ŵakasopanga chisopa cha Ciisilamu. Ku Mozambique, Sofala, Angoche, na Chirwa cha Mozambique vikaŵa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.

Matawuni agha ghakaguliskanga na ŵamalonda ŵa mu vyaru vya mukati mwa Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Nyanja ya Indian. Nthowa izo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo ŵakendanga na golide na zovu zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene. Vyaru vya mukati mwa caru nga ni Ufumu wa Zimbabwe na Ufumu wa Mutapa vikapelekanga golide na mino gha zovu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga comene.[14]

Mozambique wa ku Portugal (1498-1975)

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Wonani vinandi: Portuguese Mozambique
 
Umo Chirwa cha Mozambique chiliri, msumba ukuru wa kumpoto kwa Mozambique uwo ukuzunulika mu mbiri ya caru ici
 
Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Baluarte
 
Fort São Sebastião

Chirwa cha Mozambiki, icho charu ichi chili na zina lake, ni chirwa chichoko cha korali icho chili pa mulomo wa Mossuril Bay pa nyanja ya Nacala kumpoto kwa Mozambiki.

Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafikanga ku Mozambique mu 1498, kukaŵa kale ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu mumphepete mwa nyanja na pa virwa vinyake. Kwambira cha m'ma 1500, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kwendera mu nyanja za ku Europe.

Apo Vasco da Gama wakazingilizga Cape of Good Hope mu 1498, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kuchita malonda, ndyali, na vinthu vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1530 C.E., ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakaguliskanga na kupenja golide ŵakaluta mu vyaru vya mukati, ndipo ŵakazenga misasa ya ŵasilikari ku Sena na Tete pa mlonga wa Zambezi.

Ku chigaŵa chapakati cha Mozambiki, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuzomerezga na kukhozga malonda ghawo na malo agho ŵakakhalanga. Ŵakapelekanga charu ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho ŵakakhalanga, ndipo mu charu cha Mozambiki mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka prazeiros. Muzga uyo wakaŵa ku Mozambique wakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandafike. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo ŵakamba na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arab, awo ŵakatumanga ŵazga aŵa ku misumba na minda ya ku Middle East. Pakulutilira na malonda agha, ŵazga ŵakapelekekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakathereskanga mafuko gha ŵalwani ŵawo na kuguliska ŵazga ŵawo ku ŵazga ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakakhalanga na mazaza gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumanga ku Portugal na kuluta ku vyaru vinyake m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Nangauli pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵekha ndiwo ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa ivi, kweni chifukwa cha kutorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kutemwana chomene.[15][16]

 
Chilumba cha Mozambique, msumba wakale wa kumpoto kwa Mozambique na Central Avenue ku Lourenço Marques, sono Maputo, ca. 1905

Nangauli Ŵapwitikizi ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa charu ichi, kweni ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska malonda ghanandi gha mu nyanja kufuma ku Ŵasilamu Ŵaciarabu pakati pa 1500 na 1700, kweni apo Ŵasilamu Ŵaciarabu ŵakathereska msumba wakuzirwa wa Portugal wa Fort Jesus pa Cirwa ca Mombasa (uno mu Kenya) mu 1698, vinthu vikamba kusintha. Cifukwa ca ici, ndalama zikanjiramo yayi mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo Lisbon wakajipeleka comene pa malonda na India na vyaru vya ku Far East.

Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Mazrui na Oman ŵakapoka malo ghanandi agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene, kweni ŵanyake ŵakapona. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, maboma ghanyake gha ku Europe, chomenechomene gha Britain (British South Africa Company) na France (Madagascar), ghakamba kuchita malonda na ndyali za mu chigaŵa ichi.

Kalasi la kusindikizga mabuku na kuŵika malemba mu Ciphwitikizi, 1930

Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha Mozambiki na kupeleka ku makampani ghakurughakuru nga ni Mozambique Company, Zambezia Company, na Niassa Company, agho ghakaŵa na ndalama za ku Britain nga ni Solomon Joel. Nangauli mu Mozambiki mukaŵa dango lakulekeska wuzga, kweni kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, makampani gha vyamalonda ghakamba kugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mwakucicizgika. Kampani ya Zambezia, iyo yikaŵa yakovwira comene, yikatora malo ghacoko waka gha ŵanthu ŵa ku prazeiro na kuzenga malo gha ŵasilikari kuti ŵavikilire katundu wawo. Makampani agha ghakazenga misewu na madoko kuti ŵagulire katundu wawo, kusazgapo njanji iyo yikakolerananga na charu cha Zimbabwe na dowoko la Beira ku Mozambique.

Cifukwa ca kuleka kucita makora vinthu na kusintha kwa boma la Oliveira Salazar, la Estado Novo, kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵalutilire kulamulira chuma cha Ufumu wa Portugal, makampani agha ghakaŵaso na wanangwa wakucita vinthu vinyake. Ivi ndivyo vikacitika mu 1942 na kampani ya Mozambique Company, iyo yikalutilira kugwira nchito mu vyalo vya ulimi na malonda nga ni wupu. Mu 1951, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Portugal ku Africa vikazgoka vigaŵa vya ku Portugal.[17][18][19]

Ku Mueda, pa June 16, 1960, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Makonde ŵambe kulimbana kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha.

Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1975)

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Nkhani ikulu: Mozambican War of Independence
 
Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal pa Nkhondo ya ku Portugal, ŵanyake ŵakanyamura katundu wa FN FAL na G3

Apo visambizgo vya Chikomyunizimu na vyakwimikana na ufumu vikasazgikira mu Africa mose, magulu ghanandi gha ndyali ghakasangika kuti ghakhozge wanangwa wa Mozambique. Magulu agha ghakatenge chifukwa chakuti boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique awo ŵakaŵa Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵasange chandulo na ndondomeko iyi, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵalutilire kukolerana na mafuko ghawo.

Kuyana na ivyo ŵasilikari ŵakayowoya, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasuzgika chomene chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu. Ŵanandi ŵakawonanga kuti ŵalije mwaŵi panji ndalama zinandi zakukwana kuti ŵasambizgike makora ntchito na kusintha umoyo wawo wa vyachuma na wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na maukaboni, Ŵapwitikizi ŵazungu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakaŵa ŵasambazi comene ndiposo ŵakumanya vinandi kuluska ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pakuzgora ku gulu la ŵasilikari, boma la Portugal likamba kusintha vinthu mu ma 1960 na kuuyambiro wa ma 1970.

Gulu lakucemeka Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) likambiska nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Portugal mu Seputembala 1964. Nkhondo iyi pamoza na zinyake ziŵiri izo zikacitika kale mu vyaru vinyake vya Portugal nga ni Angola na Guinea, yikaŵa cigaŵa ca nkhondo ya ku Portugal (1961-1974). Kuyana na umo ŵasilikari ŵakawoneranga vinthu, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kulamulira malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakayezga kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi na mafuko agho ghakaŵa kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Pakuzgora ku FRELIMO, boma la Portugal likamba kuŵika mtima comene pa kulenga vinthu vyakukondweska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na kuti vinthu visinthe.[20]

Kujiyimira (1975)

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FRELIMO yikapoka mazaza pa cigaŵa ici pamanyuma pa vilimika 10 vya nkhondo, kweniso apo caru ca Portugal cikawelera ku demokilase pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa boma la Estado Novo mu April 1974 na kupoka boma pa Novembala 25, 1975. Mu caka cimoza, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakukwana 250,000 ŵakafumako ku Mozambique. Ŵanyake ŵakacimbizgika na boma la caru ici, ŵanyake ŵakafumamo mu caru ici kuti ŵaleke kukomeka na boma la ku Mozambique. Dango likapelekeka na Armando Guebuza wa chipani cha FRELIMO, uyo wakaŵa wambura kumanyikwa chomene. Ŵakati ŵatondeka kusanga ndalama, ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku Portugal kwambura ndalama.[21]

Nkhondo Yachikaya ku Mozambique (1977-1992)

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Nkhani ikulu: People's Republic of Mozambique and Mozambican Civil War
 
Munthu uyo wakadumulika mabomba ku Mozambique

Boma liphya la Pulezidenti Samora Machel likakhazikiska boma la chipani cimoza lakujintha pa fundo za Marx. Wakapokera wovwiri wa ŵasilikari na wa ŵasilikari kufuma ku Cuba na Soviet Union, ndipo wakamba kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma ili. Pakati pa 1977 na 1992, caru ici cikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya cikaya iyo yikacitika pakati pa gulu lakulimbana na boma la Mozambique (RENAMO) na boma la Frelimo. Nkhondo iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru comene mu vyaka vyakwambilira apo Mozambique yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga, ndipo yikaŵa pamoza na vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Rhodesia na South Africa. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal na ŵa ku Mozambique, vinthu vikaŵayendera makora yayi, boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito ndalama zinandi yayi pakupanga vinthu vinyake, ndipo likagwiliskiranga ntchito maboma gha ŵanthu ŵekha.

Mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, boma la FRELIMO likatondeka kulamulira vinthu mu matawuni agho ghakaŵa kutali na msumba. Vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na RENAMO vikaŵa na vigaŵa vyakujumpha 50 pa vigaŵa vyose vya ku mizi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Suzgo likakura comene apo boma likadumulizga ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya cipatala. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Boma likakoma ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi apo likakhumbanga kuti liwusenge caru cose, ndipo likatuma ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "misasa yakusambizgirako ŵanthu" uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwira.[22]

 
Umo vinthu vikaŵira mu caru mu 1975; vyaru ivyo vikukolerana na FRELIMO vili pa lalanje.

Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, RENAMO yikapeleka fundo yakuti vyaru vya kumpoto na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vipatuke na kuzgoka Rombesia, kweni FRELIMO yikakana. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ku Mozambique ŵakafwa pa nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu 1.7 miliyoni ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vyapafupi. Boma la FRELIMO likapelekaso malo ghakubisamamo na wovwiri ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Africa (African National Congress) na Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe African National Union), apo maboma gha Rhodesia na South Africa ghakawovwira RENAMO mu nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 600,000 ŵakafwa na njara.

Pa 19 Okutobala 1986, Machel wakaweranga ku Zambia kufuma ku ungano wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu ndege ya Pulezidenti ya Tupolev Tu-134 apo ndege iyi yikawa mu mapiri gha Lebombo kufupi na Mbuzini mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga ku South Africa. Pakaŵa ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakapona, kweni Pulezidenti Machel na ŵanyake 33 ŵakafwa, kusazgapo ŵantchito ŵa boma la Mozambique. Wupu wa United Nations uwo ukafumanga ku Soviet, ukalemba lipoti ilo likati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndiwo ŵakananga ivyo iwo ŵakamanyanga. Ŵalara ŵa boma la Soviet Union ŵakayowoya kuti ndege iyi ŵakayisintha mwadala na mboniwoni yautesi iyo yikapelekeka na boma la South Africa.[23]

Joaquim Chissano uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Machel, wakasintha vinthu vinandi mu charu ichi, ndipo wakamba kusintha vinthu nga nkhufumako ku visambizgo vya Marxist kuya ku vya capitalism. Ndondomeko yiphya ya boma iyo yikaŵako mu 1990 yikati pali maboma ghanandi, chuma cha msika, kweniso mavoti gha wanangwa. Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu Okutobala 1992 apo ŵakacita phangano la mtende la Rome General Peace Accords. Mu Mozambique mukaŵaso mtende, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa United Nations ndiwo ŵakalongozganga.[24][25]

Nyengo ya demokilase (1993~pano)

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Helikopita ya ku America yikuwuluka pa mlonga wa Limpopo uwo ukazura na maji mu chaka cha 2000 ku Mozambique

Mu 1994, ku Mozambique kukaŵa maungano gha vyaru ivyo vikazomerezga kuti maungano agha ngawanangwa kweniso ngaurunji. FRELIMO wakatonda, mwakulongozgeka na Joaquim Chissano, apo RENAMO, mwakulongozgeka na Afonso Dhlakama, wakathereska ŵalwani ŵake. Mu 1995, Mozambiki wakanjira mu wupu wa Commonwealth of Nations, ndipo pa nyengo iyo ukaŵa yekha mu wupu uwu uwo ukaŵa kuti undaŵepo mu ufumu wa Britain.

Kuzakafika pakati pa 1995, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni awo ŵakapenja ciphokwero mu vyaru vyapafupi ŵakawelera ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 4 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo ŵakawelera ku vikaya vyawo. Mu Disembala 1999, ku Mozambique kukaŵa mavoti ghaciŵiri kufuma apo nkhondo ya mukati mu caru yikambira. Wupu wa RENAMO ukadandawura kuti FRELIMO ngwakupusika ndipo ukati uzamuweleraso ku nkhondo, kweni ukagongowa pamanyuma pakuti wakaluta ku Khoti Likuru Chomene.

Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 2000, chimphepo chikuru chikachitiska kuti maji ghatutuke, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa FRELIMO ndiwo ŵakakhumbanga kupeleka wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara Carlos Cardoso, uyo wakacitanga kafukufuku pa nkhani iyi, wakakomeka, ndipo palije uyo wakalongosora cifukwa ico wakafwira.[26]

Mu 2001, Chissano wakadandawura chomene na ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakhalapo nyengo yitali kuluska iyo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wakuyowoya vya Frederick Chiluba, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaghanaghananga vya nyengo yachitatu, kweniso Robert Mugabe, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na nyengo yachinayi. Chisankho cha purezidenti na cha National Assembly chikachitika pa 1 na 2 Disembala 2004. Wapampando wa FRELIMO Armando Guebuza wakathereska na mavoti 64% ndipo Dhlakama wakapokera 32% ya mavoti. FRELIMO yikasanga vithuzithuzi 160 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo mabungwe ghanyake gha RENAMO na ghanyake ghacoko ghakasanga vithuzithuzi 90 ivyo vikakhalapo. Guebuza wakimikika kuŵa purezidenti wa Mozambique pa 2 February 2005 ndipo wakagwira ma mandamu ghaŵiri gha vyaka vinkhondi. Uyo wakamulondezga, Filipe Nyusi, wakaŵa purezidenti wachinayi wa Mozambique pa 15 January 2015.

Kufuma mu 2013 m'paka mu 2019, gulu la RENAMO likawukira chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Pa Seputembala 5, 2014, Guebuza na Dhlakama ŵakasayina phangano lakukanizga nkhondo, ilo likamazga nkhondo na kuzomerezga magulu ghose ghaŵiri kuti ghaŵike mtima pa maungano gha boma agho ghachitikenge mu Okutobala 2014. Ndipouli, pamanyuma pa maungano ghakuru, pakawuka suzgo linyake la ndyali. RENAMO wakakana kuzomerezga kuti mavoti gha mavoti ngaunenesko ndipo wakapempha kuti waŵe na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza, Nampula, Niassa, Tete, Zambezia, Sofala, na Manica, uko ŵakayowoya kuti ŵali na mazaza ghanandi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12,000 ŵakachimbilira ku Malawi. Wupu wa UNHCR, wa Doctors Without Borders, na wa Human Rights Watch, ukati ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakawotcha mizi na kukoma ŵanthu na kuŵachitira nkhaza.

Mu Okutobala 2019, purezidenti Filipe Nyusi wakasankhikaso pamanyuma pakutonda pa chisankho. FRELIMO yikasanga vithuzithuzi 184, RENAMO vithuzithuzi 60 ndipo chipani cha MDM chikapokera vithuzithuzi 6 ivyo vikakhalako mu Nyumba ya Malango. Ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi maucimi agha cifukwa cakuti ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa upusikizgi. FRELIMO yikasanga wanandi wa vigaŵa viŵiri mwa vigaŵa vitatu mu nyumba ya malango ico cikamovwira kuti wasinthe dango la boma kwambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵakususka.

Kuyambira 2017, dzikoli lakumana ndi kuwukira kwa magulu achisilamu.[27][28][29] Mu Seputembala 2020, ŵakugaluka ŵa ISIL ŵakakora na kutora kanyengo kachoko waka Chirwa cha Vamizi mu Nyanja ya Indian. Mu Malichi 2021, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyakeso 35,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo apo ŵakugaluka ŵa Chisilamu ŵakatora msumba wa Palma. Mu Disembala 2021, ŵanthu pafupifupi 4,000 ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakachimbira mu vikaya vyawo pamanyuma pa kutikitira kwa nkhondo ya jihadist mu Niassa.[30]

Makhalilo

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Mozambique
 
Satellite image

Mu charu ichi muli vyaru vinandi chomene. Charu cha Mozambique chili kumwera kwa Africa ndipo chili na vyaru nga ni Eswatini kumwera, South Africa kumwera kwa mpoto, Zimbabwe kumanjiliro gha dazi, Zambia na Malawi kumpoto kwa mpoto, Tanzania kumpoto na Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu cha Mozambique chili pakati pa 10° na 27° kumwera, kweniso 30° na 41° kumafumiro gha dazi.

Charu ichi chili kugaŵika vigaŵa viŵiri na Mlonga wa Zambezi. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, mumphepete mwa nyanja muli tumapiri. Malo gha mapiri ghatali ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi; ghakuphatikizapo mapiri gha Niassa, Namuli panji Shire, Angonia, Tete na Makonde, agho ghali na makuni gha miombo. Kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, malo ghapasi ghali na mapiri gha Mashonaland na Lebombo.

Mu caru ici muli milonga yikuruyikuru yinkhondi na yinyake yichoko. Mu charu ichi muli nyanja zinayi: Niassa (panji Malawi), Chiuta, Cahora Bassa, na Shirwa. Matawuni ghakuru ni Maputo, Beira, Nampula, Tete, Quelimane, Chimoio, Pemba, Inhambane, Xai-Xai na Lichinga.

Nyengo

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Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Mozambique
 
Mozambique map of Köppen climate classification zones

Ku Mozambique kuli mphepo yakotcha ndipo nyengo zake ni ziŵiri: nyengo ya vula kufuma mu Okutobala m'paka Malichi na nyengo ya chilangalanga kufuma mu Epulero m'paka Seputembala. Kweni nyengo yikupambana kuyana na malo agho munthu wakukhala. Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa chomene ndipo kumpoto na kumwera kukulokwa pachoko. Mvula ya chaka chilichose yikuthika kufuma pa 500 mpaka 900 mm (19.7 m'paka 35.4 inchi) kuyana na chigaŵa, ndipo pafupifupi 590 mm (23.2 inchi). Nyengo ya chivula yikwiza chomene. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, ku Maputo kukuzizima chomene, ndipo mu Febuluwale kukuzizima chomene.

Mu 2019 Mozambique yikaŵa na vula ya chimphepo yakuchemeka Idai na Kenneth.[31]

Vyamoyo

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Nkhani ikulu: Wildlife of Mozambique
Wonaniso: Category:Flora of Mozambique, List of marine molluscs of Mozambique, and List of non-marine molluscs of Mozambique

Mu Mozambique muli viyuni 740 ivyo vili na mitundu 20 iyo yili pangozi kweniso mitundu yiŵiri iyo yikusangika mu vyaru vinyake.

Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni vyakumera 13, malo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na limoza ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na limoza ghakusungirako vyamoyo, malo ghankhondi na ghatatu ghakusungirako vyamoyo, na malo ghankhondi na ghatatu ghakusungirako vyamoyo. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 6.93/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172.[32]

Ndale

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Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Mozambique
 
President Filipe Nyusi
 
Maputo City Hall

Dango la Mozambique likuti pulezidenti wa charu ni mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, ndiposo chimanyikwiro cha umoza wa charu.[33] Wakusankhika mwadunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi mwa kuvota kwaciŵiri; usange palije uyo wakupokera mavoti ghakujumpha hafu mu cigaŵa cakwamba, cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti cizamucitika umo ŵekha awo ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi mu cigaŵa cakwamba ndiwo ŵazamunjira. Nduna yikuru yikusoleka na pulezidenti. Wakuwungana na kulongozga wupu wa nduna (cabinet), wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa pulezidenti, wakovwira pulezidenti kuwusa caru, na kwendeska milimo ya ŵalaŵiliri ŵanyake.

Nyumba ya Ufumu yili na mamembara 250. Ŵeruzgi ŵali na Khoti Likuru Chomene, makhoti gha vigaŵa, na gha boma.

Boma la Mozambique lili na ŵasilikari ŵacoko waka awo ŵakugwira nchito ya kuvikilira caru, awo ni mawumba gha Mozambique Defence Armed Forces.

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Mozambique
 
Kazembe wa Mozambique ku Washington, D.C.

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku boma ili kufuma waka apo likambiranga nkhondo ya kufwatuka, kweni ndyali za charu ichi zikulutilira kusintha. Ndime ziŵiri za ndyali za Mozambique ni kusungilira ubwezi uwemi na ŵazengezgani ŵake ndiposo kusungilira na kusazgirako ubwezi na ŵanyawo.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1980, ndyali ya Mozambique yikakhwaskika na nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia na South Africa. Cifukwa cakuti Mozambiki wakazomerezga yayi kuti Rhodesia yende pa nyanja, boma la Ian Smith likamba kulimbana nayo. Nangauli boma la Zimbabwe likati lasintha mu 1980, likawuskapo suzgo ili, kweni boma la South Africa likalutilira kusuzga Mozambique. Mozambiki nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru ivyo vikaŵa ku nkhondo. Phangano la Nkomati ilo likachitika mu 1984, likati latondeka kumazga wovwiri wa RENAMO ku South Africa, likajura nthowa zakwamba pakati pa maboma gha Mozambique na South Africa. Ndondomeko iyi yikalutilira apo boma la South Africa likamazga muwuso wa apartheid. Nangauli nyengo zinyake vinthu vikusuzga ku Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, na Tanzania, kweni Mozambique yikulutilira kukolerana na vyaru ivi.[25]

Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, Mozambique wakapokera wovwiri ukuru kufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Western, comenecomene ku Scandinavia. Soviet Union na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakateŵeteranga Mozambiki pa nkhani za cuma, nkhondo, na ndyali. Ivi vikamba kusintha mu 1983; mu 1984 Mozambique wakanjira mu Banki ya Caru Cose na International Monetary Fund. Mwaluŵiro wovwiri wa vyaru vya Scandinavia nga ni Sweden, Norway, Denmark, na Iceland, ukasinthira wovwiri wa Soviet. Finland na Netherlands vikuŵa vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya wovwiri. Charu cha Italy nacho chili na mazaza mu Mozambique cifukwa ca mulimo uwo cikacita pa mtende. Ubwezi na caru ca Portugal, ico kale cikaŵa na mazaza pa caru ici, ukuŵa wakuzirwa comene cifukwa cakuti awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku Portugal ŵakovwira comene pa cuma ca Mozambique.[25]

 
Prime Minister wa India Narendra Modi wakumana na banthu ŵa India mu Mozambique, 7 July 2016.

Mozambique njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikwendera lumoza yayi na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili ku Africa. Mozambique nayo wali mu wupu wa African Union na Southern African Development Community. Mu 1994, boma la Iran likazgoka ciŵaro ca wupu wa Islamic Conference, kuti likhozgere ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, kweniso kuti likondweske Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa mu caru ici. Mwakuyana waka, mu 1995, Mozambique nayo wakajibatika ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuyowoya Cingelezi. Pa nyengo iyo, ndiyo yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu Commonwealth kweni vikaŵa vigaŵa vya Ufumu wa Britain yayi. Mu chaka chenechichi, Mozambique yikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska na kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Wupu Wakulongozga wa vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.[25]

Human rights

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Nkhani ikulu: Human rights in Mozambique
Wonaniso: Human trafficking in Mozambique

Mu 2015, boma likazomerezga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndipouli, kusankhana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT ku Mozambique nkhukuru.[34]

Administrative divisions

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Provinces of Mozambique, Districts of Mozambique, and Postos of Mozambique

Charu cha Mozambique chili na vigaŵa 10 (provincias) na msumba ukuru umoza (cidade capital). Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 129. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa 405 (postos administrativos) na vigaŵa viŵiri (localidades). Pali "municipios" 53.

  1. Niassa
  2. Cabo Delgado
  3. Nampula
  4. Tete
  5. Zambezia
  6. Manica
  7. Sofala
  8. Gaza
  9. Inhambane
  10. Maputo (city)
  11. Maputo
  
 
 
Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Mozambique
According to the 2017 Census[35]
Mndandanda Province Ŵanthu Mndandanda Province Ŵanthu
 
Maputo
 
Matola 		1 Maputo Maputo 1,080,277 11 Gurúè Zambézia 210,000  
Nampula
 
Beira
2 Matola Maputo 1,032,197 12 Pemba Cabo Delgado 201,846
3 Nampula Nampula 663,212 13 Xai-Xai Gaza 132,884
4 Beira Sofala 592,090 14 Maxixe Inhambane 123,868
5 Chimoio Manica 363,336 15 Angoche Nampula 89,998
6 Tete Tete 307,338 16 Inhambane Inhambane 82,119
7 Quelimane Zambézia 246,915 17 Cuamba Niassa 79,013
8 Lichinga Niassa 242,204 18 Montepuez Cabo Delgado 76,139
9 Mocuba Zambézia 240,000 19 Dondo Sofala 70,817
10 Nacala Nampula 225,034 20 Moçambique Nampula 65,712

Chuma

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Mozambique
 
Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mozambique, since 1960
 
A proportional representation of Mozambique's exports

Charu cha Mozambique nchimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene na vyambura kutukuka pa caru cose, nangauli pakati pa 1994 na 2006, GDP yikakuranga pafupifupi 8%. Wupu wa vya ndalama wa IMF ukuti Mozambique ni caru cikavu ico cili na ngongoli zinandi. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵatatu pa ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakati mu vilimika vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama izo ŵakasanga zikwenda makora yayi.

Ndalama ya boma ya Mozambique ni metical (kufuma mu Disembala 2022, US$1 yikukolerana na 64 meticals). Ndalama za US dollar, South African rand, na euro vikupokelereka na kugwiliskirika nchito mu bizinesi. Malipiro ghapachanya agho boma likuzomerezga ni $60 pa mwezi. Charu cha Mozambique chili mu wupu wa Southern African Development Community (SADC). Pulogiramu ya SADC yakuyowoya za malonda gha mwawanangwa yikovwira kuti caru ca kumwera kwa Africa ciŵe cakupambana na vyaru vinyake mwa kuwuskapo ndondo na mphindano zinyake. Mu 2007, Banki ya Caru Cose yikayowoya kuti caru ca Mozambique cikukura comene. Kafukufuku uyo ŵakacita pamoza na maboma gha awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu mu 2007 wakati: "Mozambiki wakuwoneka kuti ni caru ico cakovwira comene".[25]

Rebounding growth

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Ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake na kusintha vinthu mu charu ichi ŵakukura chomene. Vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo pakati pa 1996 na 2006, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi chikakwera pa 8%, ndipo pakati pa 2006 na 2011, chikakwera pa 67%. Kuti vinthu viŵe makora kunthazi, pakukhumbikwira ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, na kuwezgerapo ulimi, mendero, na vyakusanguluska. Mu 2013, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito zaulimi. Ndipouli, mu 2012, malo ghakujumpha 90% gha mu Mozambique ghakaŵa ghambura kulima.

Mu 2013, nkhani yinyake ya pa BBC yikati kwamba mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakambaso kuwelera ku Mozambique chifukwa cha uchumi uwo ukukura mu charu ichi.[36]

Economic reforms

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Makampani ghakujumpha 1,200 agho ghanandi ghakaŵa gha boma ghakaŵa gha boma. Ŵakanozgekera vyakuti maboma ghaŵike vinthu vyawo mu mawoko gha ŵeneco na/panji kulekeska makampani ghanyake agho ghakaŵa gha boma, nga ni telecommunications, energy, ports, na railways. Nyengo zinandi boma likasankhanga munthu wakwendeskera vyaru vinyake para likukhumba kupanga kampani yinyake. Kweniso, msonkho wa msonkho wachepeskeka, ndipo msonkho wa msonkho wachepeskeka na kunozgekaso. Mu 1999, boma likakhazikiska msonkho wakusazgirako mtengo wa vinthu.

Corruption

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Traditional sailboat in Ilha de Moçambique

Chuma cha Mozambique chakhuŵara na vimbundi vinandi. Mu Julayi 2011, boma likapeleka malango ghaphya ghakususkana na vimbundi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwiba ndalama za boma. Ndondomeko iyi yikazomerezgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma. Boma la Mozambique likadumura kuti ŵaliska ŵaŵiri ŵakale ŵakaŵa ŵarunji cifukwa ca vimbundi. Pa vyaru 178, charu cha Mozambique chili pa nambara 116 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vili na vimbundi. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa USAID ilo likalembeka mu 2005, likati: "Ukaboni wakuti vimbundi vili palipose mu Mozambique ukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge wofi".

Mu 2012, boma la chigaŵa cha Inhambane likavumbura kuti Calisto Alberto Tomo, uyo ni mulara wa Dipatimenti ya Vyakumara Minkhwala, wakaswa ndalama za boma. Ŵakasanga kuti wakakolerana na Recalda Guambe, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa mabuku mu ofesi ya Anti-Drug Office, kuti ŵibire ndalama zakukwana 260,000 meticais pakati pa 2008 na 2010. Boma la Mozambique lachitapo kanthu kuti limazge vimbundi, ndipo vinthu vyamba kwenda makora. Mu 2012, boma la Mozambique likapeleka malango ghanandi ghakovwira kuti vimbundi vileke.[37]

Natural resources

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Mineral industry of Mozambique

Mu 2010 na 2011, Anadarko Petroleum na Eni ŵakasanga malo gha gesi gha Mamba South, agho ghali na gasi wakujumpha 4,200 billion cubic metres (150 trillion cubic feet) mu Rovuma Basin, kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado. Para vyaŵa nthena, Mozambiki wangaŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikupanga gasi. Mu Janyuwale 2017, boma likasankha makampani ghatatu kuti ghapange migodi ya gasi ku Rovuma. GL Africa Energy (UK) ndiyo yikapokera thirakiti limoza. Likukhumba kuzenga na kwendeska sitima ya gasi ya 250 MW. Ntchito iyi yikeneranga kwamba mu 2018. Pa nyengo yasono, boma la Mozambique likukhumba kuti mu 2024, likambe kutumizga LNG pa caru cose. Mu 2019, vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu malo gha Rovuma Basin, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti The Mozambique LNG Project, vikakhozga ndalama zakukwana madola 19 biliyoni kufuma ku wupu wa ŵaguliskayi kuti ŵagulire LNG iyi. Ntchito yikuru ya kuzenga na ntchito zinyake izo zikukolerana nayo, yikapelekeka ku kampani ya TotalEnergies.[38]

Tourism

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Tourism in Mozambique
 
European tourists on the beach, in Inhambane, Mozambique
 
Vilanculos beach Mozambique

Charu ichi chili na malo ghanandi ghakutowa, vyamoyo vyamuthengere, na malo ghakusangwa na ŵanthu. Charu cha Mozambique chili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kukura.[39]

 
Carrying goods on head in Mozambique

Mphepete mwa nyanja za kumpoto uko kuli maji ghakutowa ni malo ghakutowa comene, comenecomene ku virwa vya Quirimbas na Bazaruto. Chigaŵa cha Inhambane chikukopa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake chifukwa cha vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vili mu nyanja. Pali malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vyamoyo, kusazgapo malo gha Gorongosa National Park.[40]

Transport

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Transport in Mozambique and Rail transport in Mozambique
 
Steam locomotive at Inhambane, 2009
 
National Mozambican airline, LAM Mozambique

Pali misewu ya makilomita ghakujumpha 30,000, kweni yinandi njambura kujintha. Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake, magalimoto ghakwendera kumazere. Ku Maputo kuli chiŵanja cha ndege cha mitundu yose, viŵanja vinyake vya ndege 21 vyambura kujima, na malo ghakujumpha 100 ghakwambukirapo ndege. Pali misewu ya maji yakukwana makilomita 3,750. Pali misewu ya njanji iyo yikwendera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na kukolerana na Malawi, Zimbabwe na South Africa. Njanji za ku Mozambique zikenda kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 100 kufuma ku vipata vitatu ivyo vikaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja. Misewu iyi yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa comene pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Mozambique, ndipo RENAMO ndiyo yikayiparanya. Wupu wa boma, uwo ukuchemeka Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique (Mozambique Ports and Railways), ndiwo ukulaŵilira misewu ya njanji na maboti agho ghakukolerana nayo. Mzere uliwose uli na nthowa yake yakucitira vinthu.

Mu 2005 pakaŵa njanji ya makilomita 3,123, iyo yikaŵa na mtunda wa makilomita 2,983 wa 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), ndipo yikaŵa yakukolerana na njanji za mu vigaŵa vyapafupi. Msewu wa njanji ya Beira ̇ Bulawayo na Sena, uwo uli pakatikati pa msumba uwu, ukujintha dowoko la Beira ku vyaru vya Malawi, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Kumpoto kwa malo agha, ngalaŵa ya Nacala yikukolerana na njanji ya Nacala na Malawi, ndipo kumwera kwa ngalaŵa ya Maputo yikukolerana na njanji ya Limpopo, njanji ya Goba na njanji ya Ressano Garcia na Zimbabwe, Eswatini na South Africa. Maofesi agha ghakukolerana waka na vyaru vinyake. Mu Ogasiti 2010, boma la Mozambique na la Botswana ghakasazga chikalata chakulongosolera umo ŵagwilirenge ntchito ya kupanga njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 1,100 kujumpha mu Zimbabwe. Gulu liphya la matayala ilo likagwiranga nchito ku Indian Golden Rock likagwiliskiranga nchito vyakukolerana vya pakati na mabureki gha mphepo.[41][42]

Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa

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Woman fetching water during the dry season from a polluted source in Machaze District of the Central Manica Province

Ku Mozambique, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije maji ghakumwa (pa 2011 ŵakaŵa na maji 51 peresenti), ndipo ŵakusoŵa vyakumwa vyakwenelera (pa 2011 ŵakaŵa na maji 25 peresenti). Mu 2007, boma likanozga vyakuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakhalenge na maji ghawemi. Mu matawuni, maji ghakupelekeka na ŵantchito ŵacoko na ŵantchito ŵa boma.

Kwamba mu 1998, Mozambique wakasintha ndondomeko ya maji gha mu matawuni mwa kupanga wupu wakuwona vya maji (CRA), kampani yakuwona vya ndalama (FIPAG) na kampani yakuchemeka Aguas de Moçambique.[43] Pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa vigaŵa vya msumba uwu na misumba yinyake yinayi iyo yikaŵa na maji. Ndipouli, PPP yikamara mu 2008 apo mapangano ghakulongozga misumba yinayi ghakajumpha ndipo mu 2010, munthu munyake wa ku charu chinyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito mu msumba uwu wakafumamo chifukwa cha suzgo. Nangauli boma likuŵika mtima comene pa nkhani ya maji mu misumba, kweni pasono lilije ndondomeko yakukhwaskana na mauto ghakutowa. Awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ŵakupeleka ndalama zakukwana 87.4% ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka.

Ŵanthu

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Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Mozambique
Population[44][45][46]
Year Thousands
1950 5,959
1960 7,185
1970 9,023
1980 11,630
1990 12,987
2000 17,712
2010 23,532
2020 31,255
2023 32,514

Vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Zambezia na Nampula ndivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi ni Makua pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Magulu ghanyake ni Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, na Nguni (mwakusazgapo Ŵazulu). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵalipo 97.8%, ndipo ŵanyake wose mba ku Portugal, ku Europe na ku Africa (mestizo) kweniso ku India. Ku Mozambique kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 ŵa ku India.

Pa nyengo iyo Portugal yikalamuliranga caru ici, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi mu 1975 apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti mu Mozambique muli ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakujumpha 7,000.

Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2011, wakalongora kuti pa mwanakazi yumoza, pakaŵa ŵana 5.9, ndipo ku mizi pakaŵa ŵana 6.6, ndipo mu misumba pakaŵa ŵana 4.5.[47][48]

Viyowoyelo

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Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Mozambique
 
Ethnic map of Mozambique

Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu 50.3% ŵakuyowoya. Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi vikupambana chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakuvipulikiska yayi. Padera pa chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa charu ichi, Chiswahili chikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa chichoko cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufupi na mphaka ya Tanzania. Mu chigaŵa cha Swahili, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Makonde. Makonde na Yao ŵali mu gulu lapadera, ndipo chiyowoyero cha Yao chikukolerana chomene na chiyowoyero cha Mwera ku Rondo Plateau, Tanzania. Mu viyowoyero ivi, mazgu ghakwambira ghakuŵa nga ni vilembo vyakwambilira ivyo vyalembeka pambere lizgu lindanjire. Ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mumphepete mwa Nyanja ya Malawi kweniso ku sirya linyake la Nyanja.

Viyowoyero vinyake vya mu gulu la eMakhuwa vikupambana chomene na ivi. Vili na lizgu lakuti k- ilo likwamba na lizgu lakuti vowel. Pali chiyowoyero cha eMakhuwa, pamoza na chiyowoyero cha eLomwe na eChuwabo, kweniso chigaŵa chichoko cha ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha eKoti. Mu chigaŵa icho chili musi mwa Mlonga wa Zambezi, ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Sena, icho chili mu gulu limoza na Nyanja.

Chigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ChiShona chili pakati pa mphaka ya Zimbabwe na nyanja. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyana waka na Chishona, kweni chikuyana yayi na chiyowoyero cha Chishona, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ŵakuchiwona kuti ntchakupambana. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli viyowoyero vya Tsonga. ChiTsonga chikuyowoyeka mumphepete mwa nyanja na mu charu, ndipo chiTsonga chikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa cha Limpopo River. Chiyowoyero ichi chikusangikaso mu charu cha South Africa. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi ni GiTonga, BiTonga, na CiCopi panji Chopi, awo ŵakuyowoyeka kumpoto kwa mlomo wa Limpopo, kweniso XiRonga panji Ronga, awo ŵakuyowoyeka kufupi na Maputo. Viyowoyero vya mu gulu ili, mwakuyana na mazgu ghachoko waka, vikuyana waka na vya Cizulu, kweni ni viyowoyero vya mu gulu limoza yayi. Ku Mozambique kuli vigaŵa vichoko ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciswazi na Cizulu.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku India, China, na Arabia ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.[51]

Chisopo

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Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Mozambique
 
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Maputo
 
A mosque in downtown Maputo

Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu 2007, ŵakasanga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 59.2% pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Mozambique, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo 18.9%, ŵanthu 7.3% ŵali na vigomezgo vinyake, chomenechomene vya kusopa vinyama, ndipo 13.9% ŵalije vigomezgo. Kafukufuku munyake wa boma uyo wakachitika mu 2015, wakalongora kuti Chikatolika chikusangika pa ŵanthu 30.5%, Ŵasilamu 19.3%, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake gha Chiprotesitanti 44%. Kuyana na lipoti la 2018 la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, ŵanthu 28 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Katolika, 18 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mbasilamu (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵasuni), 15 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Chikhristu, 12 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mba Chiprotesitanti, 7 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mbanthu ŵa visopa vinyake, ndipo 18 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa.

Tchalitchi la Katolika lili kukhazikiska ma diocese 12 (Beira, Chimoio, Gurué, Inhambane, Lichinga, Maputo, Nacala, Nampula, Pemba, Quelimane, Tete, na Xai-Xai; ma archdioceses ni Beira, Maputo na Nampula). Mu Diocese ya Chimoio, ŵanthu 5.8% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, ndipo mu Diocese ya Quelimane (Anuario catolico de Mozambique) ŵanthu 32.50%. Pa visopa vikuruvikuru vya Chiprotesitanti pali Igreja União Baptista de Moçambique, Assembleias de Deus, Seventh-day Adventists, Anglican Church of Southern Africa, Igreja do Evangelho Completo de Deus, Igreja Metodista Unida, Igreja Presbyteriana de Moçambique, Igrejas de Cristo na Assemblée Evangélica de Deus. Mulimo wa cisopa ca Methodist mu Mozambique ukamba mu 1890. Erwin Richards wakamba umishonale wa Methodist ku Chicuque mu chigaŵa cha Inhambane. Mu 1990, mpingo wa Igreja Metodista Unida em Moçambique (United Methodist Church in Mozambique) ukakondwelera vilimika 100 kufuma apo ŵa Methodist ŵakambira kuwungana mu Mozambique. Pulezidenti Chissano wakawonga mulimo wa UMC ku ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakiza pa ciphikiro ici. Kwamba mu 1998, mpingo wa United Methodist Church ku Mozambique waŵa ukuru katatu. Mu vyaru ivi muli mipingo yakujumpha 180. Chaka chilichose, ŵaliska ŵaphya ŵakwimikika. Chaka chilichose pa Ungano wa Caka na Caka (umpoto na kumwera) pakuŵa mipingo yiphya.

Tchalitchi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro likukura comene. Gulu ili likamba kutuma ŵamishonale ku Mozambique mu 1999, ndipo mu Epulero 2015, likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,943. Chisopa cha Bahá'í chili mu Mozambiki kwamba mu ma 1950, kweni mu nyengo yira chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi chifukwa cha mazaza gha Tchalitchi la Katolika. Apo boma likamba kujiyimira palekha mu 1975, ŵapayiniya ŵaphya ŵakamba kwiza. Kuzakafika mu 2010, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3,000 ŵakaŵa Ŵabaha'i. Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala comene kumpoto kwa caru ici. Ŵakuŵa mu magulu gha "tariqa" panji magulu gha ŵabali. Kweniso pali mawupu ghaŵiri gha ku Mozambique: Consejo Islâmico de Mozambique na Congresso Islâmico de Mozambique. Paliso mawupu ghanyake gha ku Pakistan na India, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha Chisilamu. Ku Maputo kuli cigaŵa cicoko comene ca Ciyuda, kweni cikukura comene.[52]

Umoyo

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Wonani vinandi: Health in Mozambique
 
Population pyramid 2016
 
The increase in the number of HIV positive Mozambicans on Antiretroviral treatment, 2003–14

Ŵanakazi ŵakubaba ŵana pafupifupi 5.5. Ndalama za boma zakwendeskera vyaumoyo zikaŵa 2.7 peresenti ya GDP mu 2004, apo ndalama za wanangwa wa ŵanthu zikaŵa 1.3 peresenti mu caka ceneci. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo wake zikaŵa 42 US$ (PPP) mu 2004. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ku caru ici kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵatatu pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2005, ŵana 100 pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakafwanga. Mu 2010, pa ŵana 100,000 awo ŵakubabika, ŵanakazi 550 ndiwo ŵakafwanga. Pa ciŵelengero ici, mu 2008 kukaŵa 598.8 ndipo mu 1990 kukaŵa 385. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa pa ŵana 1,000, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi chikuŵa 147. Ku Mozambique, pa ŵanakazi 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, ŵanakazi ŵatatu ndiwo ŵakuŵa ŵasungwana, ndipo mwanakazi yumoza pa ŵanakazi 37 waliyose wakufwa.[53]

Mu 2011, pa ŵanthu wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49, 11,5% ŵakaŵa na HIV. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Mozambique  Maputo na vigaŵa vya Gaza kweniso mu msumba wa Maputo  chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa chikujumpha kaŵiri unandi wa ŵanthu wose. Mu 2011, boma likati ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.7 miliyoni ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakaŵa na HIV, ndipo 600,000 ŵakakhumbikwiranga munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi. Kuzakafika mu Disembala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 240,000 ndiwo ŵakalwaranga nthenda iyi.

Masambilo

lemba
Nkhani ikulu: Education in Mozambique

Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu masukulu ghose gha ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakukhumbikwa na dango kuti ŵasambire sukulu mpaka ku pulayimale. Kweni ŵana ŵanandi ŵakuluta yayi ku pulayimale chifukwa chakuti ŵakugwira ntchito mu minda ya mbumba zawo. Mu 2007, ŵana pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandafike ku sukulu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa ŵakafumanga mu mbumba zakukhalamo. Ŵasungwana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu ŵakakwera kufuma pa 3 miliyoni mu 2002 kufika pa 4.1 miliyoni mu 2006 apo awo ŵakalembeskanga ŵakakwera kufuma pa 31,000 kufika pa 90,000.

Para ŵafika mu kilasi la nambara 7, ŵakusambira ŵakwenera kufiska viyezgelero vya sukulu kuti ŵanjire sukulu ya sekondare. Malo gha ku yunivesite ya ku Mozambique ngakukwana yayi, ntheura ŵana ŵanandi awo ŵamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ŵakuluta ku yunivesite yayi. Ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito ya kusambizga ŵana panji ŵalije nchito. Kweniso pali masukulu ghanyake agho ghakupeleka masambiro ghakusazgikira gha vyaulimi, maluso, panji masambiro gha vya masambiro. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mozambique chafwatuka ku Portugal mu 1975, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakalutilira kunjira masukulu gha ku Portugal.

Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba chikaŵa 56.1% (70.8% ŵanalume na 42.8% ŵanakazi). Mu 2015, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa 58.8% (73.3% ŵanalume na 45.4% ŵanakazi).[54]

  •  
    Pupils in front of their school in Nampula
  •  
    School children in the classroom

Mwambo

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Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Mozambique
 
Woman with traditional mask in Mozambique
 
Island of Mozambique, 2016

Pa nyengo iyo, caru ca Mozambique cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Portugal, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cimoza (Ciphwitikizi) kweniso ŵakasopanga mu cisopa cimoza (Roman Catholicism). Kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mozambique mba Bantu, ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakulondezga mitheto ya ku Portugal.

Maluso

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Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Makonde ŵakumanyikwa na vyakuŵaja vyawo vya makuni na visalu vyawo. Pali mitundu yiŵiri ya vithuzithuzi vya makuni: shetani, (viŵanda viheni), ivyo kanandi vikuŵa vyakuŵaja mu makuni gha ebony, vikuru, na vyakuŵaja makora na vimanyikwiro na visko vyambura kuwoneka makora. Vinthu ivi ŵakuvichema kuti "makuni gha mbumba" cifukwa vikuyowoya vya miwiro yinandi.

Mu vyaka vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa ŵakoloni, luso lwa ku Mozambique lukawoneseskanga nkhaza izo ŵakoloni ŵakachitiranga ŵanthu. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1975, luso lwamasono lukaŵa na nyengo yiphya. Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakumanyikwa comene na kuŵa na nkharo yiwemi ku Mozambique ni Malangatana Ngwenya na Alberto Chissano. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 na 1990 vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga pa nkhani za ndyali, nkhondo zaŵene, kusuzgika, njara, na kulimbana.

Mu Mozambiki mose, kuvina ni kaluso kakuru comene. Pali mitundu yinandi ya kuvina kufuma ku fuko limoza kuya ku linyake. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chopi ŵakucita maseŵero gha nkhondo uku ŵavwara vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Makua ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakupambanapambana na visalu apo ŵakuvina mu muzi kwa maora ghanandi. Ŵanakazi ŵa kumpoto kwa charu ichi ŵakwimba sumu ya tufo, kuti ŵakondwelere maholide gha Chisilamu.[55]

Cuisine

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Wonaniso: Portuguese cuisine, Cuisine of Mozambique, and African cuisine

Pakuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵakhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika pafupifupi 500, cakurya ca ku Mozambique cikukhwaskika comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakiza na vyakurya nga ni maniyu (mphukira ya ku Brazil) na mtcheŵe (nthcheŵe za ku Brazil, nangauli ku Mozambique ndiko kukaŵa vyakurya vikuru comene), kweniso pãozinho. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vyakununkhira nga ni makuni gha bay, chili, coriander, anyezi, anyezi, paprika, chizi, vinyo, kweniso mbuto, mphoza, mbatata, mpunga, mpunga, na mkaka.

Media

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Headquarters of Rádio Moçambique in KaMpfumo district of Maputo (photo 2009)

Ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Mozambiki ŵakulongozgeka na boma. Manyuzipepara ghakusindikizgika bweka yayi chifukwa cha mtengo wake kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Ŵanyake mwa manyuzipepara agho ghakupharazgika comene ni Noticias na Diário de Moçambique, kweniso Domingo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusangika ku Maputo. Ndalama zinandi na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo pa nkhani za malonda zikupelekeka ku manyuzipepara agho ghakukolerana na boma.[56]

Mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi ndigho ghakovwira comene pa nkhani ya vyakupharazga mu caru ici cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵakucitira. Ma wayilesi gha boma ghakumanyikwa comene kuluska ma wayilesi gha ŵanthu. Ici cikulongoreka makora na wayilesi ya boma ya Rádio Moçambique, iyo njakutchuka comene mu caru ici. Likakhazikiskika pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Mozambique yikapokera wanangwa. Mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakuwonelera ni STV, TIM, na TVM Televisão Moçambique. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuwonelera TV pa wayilesi na pa wayilesi ya satellite ŵakuwonelera ma TV ghanandi gha mu Africa, Asia, Brazil, na Europe.[57][56][56]

Sumo

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Sumu za ku Mozambique zili na vilato vinandi. Vyakwimbira vikupangika na mawoko. Vyakwimbira vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mozambique ŵakwimba ni viŵiya vya makuni na vikumba vya nyama; lupembe, cakwimbira ca makuni cakufuma ku masengwe gha vinyama; na marimba, mtundu unyake wa xylophone uwo uli ku Mozambique na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa. Chiŵiya cha marimba ntchakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chopi awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa charu ichi.

National holidays

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Wonani vinandi: Public holidays in Mozambique
Siku National holiday designation Vyakulemba
1 January Universal fraternity day New year
3 February Mozambican heroes day In tribute to Eduardo Mondlane
7 April Mozambican women day In tribute to Josina Machel
1 May International workers day Workers' Day
25 June National Independence day Independence proclamation in 1975 (from Portugal)
7 September Victory Day In tribute to the Lusaka Accord signed in 1974
25 September National Liberation Armed Forces Day In tribute to the start of the armed fight for national liberation
4 October Peace and Reconciliation In tribute to the General Peace Agreement signed in Rome in 1992
25 December Family Day Christians also celebrate Christmas

Maseŵera

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Mpira (Portuguese: futebol) ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Mozambique. Gulu la charu ichi ni timu ya ku Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi na basketball. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero agha, ndipo chiŵelengero chiwemi chomene cha timu iyi chikaŵa chachinayi pa FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup mu 2011. Gulu la mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja la azimayi linamaliza 2nd ku 2018 ′′ 2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. Mpikisano wa cricket wa ku Mozambique ndiwo ukusewera mu chalo ichi.[58][59]

Wonaniso

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Ukaboni

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  1. ↑ Neto, Octávio Amorim; Lobo, Marina Costa (2010). "Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries". SSRN 1644026.
  2. ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (Sekutembala 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 Ogasiti 2008. Retrieved 20 Ogasiti 2016.
  3. ↑ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (Disembala 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns". French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. S2CID 73642272. Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.
  4. ↑ "Mozambique". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  6. ↑ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 Disembala 2015. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2022.
  7. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (in English). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 30 Sekutembala 2022.
  8. ↑ Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017
  9. ↑ African Development Bank and Portugal sign EUR 400 million guarantee agreement to underpin Lusophone Compact, © 2022 African Development Bank, Amba Mpoke-Bigg, Retrieved 06.09.2022
  10. ↑   This article incorporates public domain material from "Mozambique". World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. Retrieved 22 Meyi 2007. (Archived 2007 edition)
  11. ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Languages of Mozambique". glottolog.org. Retrieved 10 Janyuwale 2023.
  12. ↑ History. ilhademo.net
  13. ↑ Lyaya, Edwinus Chrisantus. "Metallurgy in Tanzania". ResearchGate. Retrieved 1 Julayi 2022.
  14. ↑ Newitt, Malyn. "Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of an East African Coastal City" 2004.
  15. ↑ Isaacman, Allen; Peterson, Derek (2006). "Making the Chikunda: Military Slavery and Ethnicity in Southern Africa, 1750–1900". In Brown, Christopher Leslie; Morgan, Philip D. (eds.). Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age. Yale University Press. pp. 95–119. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300109009.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-300-13485-8.
  16. ↑ Sheldon, Kathleen Eddy; Penvenne, Jeanne Marie. "Mozambique: Arrival of the Portuguese". Encyclopedia Britannica (in English). Retrieved 7 Juni 2021.
  17. ↑ The Cambridge history of Africa Archived 14 Disembala 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Cambridge history of Africa, John Donnelly Fage, A. D. Roberts, Roland Anthony Oliver, Edition: Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-521-22505-1, ISBN 978-0-521-22505-2
  18. ↑ The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975 Archived 23 Novembala 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism, W. G. Clarence-Smith, Edition: Manchester University Press ND, 1985, ISBN 0-7190-1719-X, 9780719017193
  19. ↑ Agência Geral do Ultramar. dgarq.gov.pt
  20. ↑ "CD do Diário de Notícias – Parte 08". Archived from the original on 17 Malichi 2012. Retrieved 2 Meyi 2010 – via YouTube.
  21. ↑ Couto, Mia (April 2004). Carnation revolution Archived 2 Meyi 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Le Monde diplomatique
  22. ↑ Table 14.1C Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources and Calculations Archived 11 Okutobala 2017 at the Wayback Machine. hawaii.edu
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  24. ↑ UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN MOZAMBIQUE. popp.gmu.edu
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "Mozambique (07/02)". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets/Background Notes. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 Julayi 2018. Retrieved 1 Julayi 2018.
  26. ↑ "Attacks on the Press 2001: Mozambique". Committee to Protect Journalists (in American English). 26 Malichi 2002. Archived from the original on 1 Malichi 2021. Retrieved 12 Novembala 2020.
  27. ↑ "'Jihadists behead' Mozambique villagers". BBC News. 29 Meyi 2018. Archived from the original on 13 Juni 2018. Retrieved 11 Novembala 2019.
  28. ↑ "Religious unrest in Mozambique – in pictures". the Guardian. 30 Ogasiti 2019. Archived from the original on 11 Novembala 2019. Retrieved 11 Novembala 2019.
  29. ↑ "Mozambique country profile". BBC News. 19 Malichi 2019. Archived from the original on 10 Novembala 2019. Retrieved 11 Novembala 2019.
  30. ↑ "Thousands flee Niassa as jihadist attacks spread to other parts of Mozambique". News24 (in American English). Retrieved 31 Disembala 2021.
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  32. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  33. ↑ "Article 119" (PDF). Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique.
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  50. ↑ "Quadro 23. População de 5 anos e mais por idade, segundo área de residência, sexo e língua que fala com mais frequência em casa" Archived 16 Disembala 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Nacional de Estatística Archived 2 Disembala 1998 at the Wayback Machine, Maputo Moçambique, 2007
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