Levy Mwanawasa

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (3 Sekutembala 1948 - 19 Ogasiti 2008) wakaŵa purezidenti wachitatu wa Zambia. Wakaŵa pulezidenti kwamba mu Janyuwale 2002 m'paka apo wakafwira mu Ogasiti 2008. Mwanawasa wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakambiska kampeni yakuwuskamo vimbundi mu Zambia mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa na mazaza.Pambere Mwanawasa wandasankhike, wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wa Zambia kufuma mu Novembala 1991 mpaka Julayi 1994, apo wakaŵa wa Nyumba ya Malamulo wa Chifubu Constituency.

Levy Mwanawasa
Mwanawasa pa 16 Malichi 2006
3rd President of Zambia
Nyengo: 2 January 2002 – 19 August 2008
Wachiŵili kwa mlongozgi	Enoch Kavindele Nevers Mumba Lupando Mwape Rupiah Banda
Kupokela	Frederick Chiluba
Kuwiska na	Rupiah Banda
4th Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Zambia
Nyengo: 7 November 1991 – 3 July 1994
Mlongozgi charu	Frederick Chiluba
Kupokela	Office restored
Kuwiska na	Godfrey Miyanda
Umoyo wamunthu
Kubabika	(1948-09-03)3 September 1948 Mufulira, Loangwa, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)
Kufwa	19 August 2008(2008-08-19) (vyaka vikaŵa 59) Clamart, France
Malo ghakuŵikika	Embassy Park, Lusaka
Chipani	MMD
Nthengwa	Maureen Mwanawasa
Ŵana	7
Unkhwantha	Lawyer

Umoyo Wakwambilira

Mwanawasa wakababikira ku Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia. Wakaŵa na digiri ya vya malango pa Yunivesite ya Zambia. Wakagwiranga nchito mu maofesi gha malango kufuma mu 1974 mpaka mu 1978 apo wakapangiska kampani yake: Mwanawasa & Company. Mu 1985, Mwanawasa wakaŵa loya mu boma la Zambia kweni wakawelera ku private practice mu 1986.

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa

Mu 1989, wakalongozga gulu lakuvikilira Lt. Gen. Christon Tembo, uyo boma la Kenneth Kaunda likamupa mulandu wakuti wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo boma, ndipo wakeruzgika kuti ni munthu wakwendera mphiska. Frederick Chiluba wakati wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti, wakasankha Mwanawasa kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti mu Novembala 1991. Mwanawasa wakaleka nchito yake mu Malici 1992.

Ngozi

Pambere ungano wa chipani chake wa 1990, Mwanawasa wakaphalirika kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) kweni wakakana, chifukwa cha uwukirano wake na kuleka kumanya vinandi. M'malo mwake wakasankha kunjira mu nyumba ya malango ndipo wakathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi.

Pa Disembala 8, 1991, Mwanawasa wakachita ngozi yikuru ya pa msewu iyo yikakoma movwiri wake. Wakaŵa na vilonda vinandi ndipo wakatolekera ku Johannesburg, South Africa kuti wakapike munkhwala. Wakakhala mu cipatala myezi yitatu. Chifukwa cha ngozi iyi, wakayowoya makora yayi. Pakaŵaso komiti yakudandawura kuti yamanye uyo wakakhumbanga kukoma munthu uyu.

Ndyali

Mwanawasa wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti mpaka apo wakafumako mu Julayi 1994.Mu 1996, wakawina mpikisano wa Chiluba kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa Movement for Multiparty Democracy. Mwanawasa wakati watondeka, wakafumapo mu ndyali m'paka apo wakasankhikira mu chaka cha 2001.

Chisankho cha 2001

Mu Ogasiti 2001, Komiti ya National Executive ya MMD yikasankha Mwanawasa kuŵa mulongozgi wawo pa mavoti gha 2001. Wakathereska pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pa 27 Disembala, 2001, na 29% chifukwa cha mavoti gha Zambia agho ghakaŵa ghakudumura, ndipo wakathereska banthu ŵanyake 10 kusazgapo ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa vice president (Godfrey Miyanda na Gen. Christon Tembo); Anderson Mazoka wali pa chigaŵa chachiŵiri na 27%, kuyana na ma results gha boma. Mwanawasa wakamba kuwusa pa 2 January 2002. Ndipouli, ivyo vikacitika pa mavoti vikaŵa vyakukayikiska na magulu ghakurughakuru gha ŵakususka, kusazgapo chipani ca Mazoka cha United Party for National Development, ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona vinthu ŵakuyowoya kuti cikathereska nadi mavoti. Ŵalinda ŵa pa caru cose na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti pakaŵa vinthu vyambura kwenelera ivyo vikacitika pa kampeni na pa mavoti, kusazgapo kunanga mavoti, kulembeska mavoti mwambura kwenelera, kuŵika nkhani zautesi mu manyuzipepara, kweniso kuti MMD yikagwiliskira nchito uheni ndalama za boma. Mu Janyuwale 2002, ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakususka boma ŵakachita apilu ku Khoti Likuru Chomene kuti Mwanawasa wathereskeke. Nangauli khoti likakolerana na fundo yakuti mavoti ghakaŵa ghakubudika, kweni mu Febuluwale 2005, likadumura kuti vinthu ivi vikakhwaska yayi ivyo vikachitika.

Nyengo yakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti

Mu February 2002, boma la Mwanawasa likapeleka mulandu wa kusesa zina la mulembi wa Zambia Post, Fred M'membe na mphala ya malango ya chipani chakususka Dipak Patel chifukwa cha nkhani iyo M'membe wakalemba apo Patel wakachemanga Mwanawasa kuti ni "kavuchi".

Ndipouli, Mwanawasa wakalongosora kuti wakayezga kukhozga "kuphemana kwa fuko", Mwanawasa wakasora ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka boma mu ofesi yake mu Febuluwale 2003, kusazgapo Patel wa FDD kuŵa Minisita wa vya Malonda, Malonda, na Makampani, na Sylvia Masebo wa ZRP kuŵa Minisita wa Boma. Ndipouli, Godfrey Miyanda, uyo nayo wakaŵa wa chipani chakususka, wakasuska ndipo wakawofya kuti wamususka.

Mu Janyuwale 2005, Mwanawasa wakaphepiska ku chalo chifukwa cha kutondeka kumazga ukavu mu Zambia. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 75 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu charu ichi ŵakakhalanga na ndalama zakukwana dola limoza pa zuŵa.

Wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa MMD kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi mu 2005.

Chisankho cha 2006

Mwanawasa wakajipeleka ku mavoti ghaciŵiri mu mavoti gha purezidenti agho ghakacitika pa 28 September 2006. Michael Sata wa ku Patriotic Front ndiyo wakawonekanga kuti ni mulwani wake mukuru. Wakasoleka pa 2 Okutobala; mwakuyana na mavoti gha boma, wakapokera mavoti 42.98%. Wakapika mazaza ghanyake pa Okutobala 3. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghachoko waka, wakasora nduna ziphya na kwimika Rupiah Banda kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.

Ndondomeko

Levy Mwanawasa wakakumana na mulara wa IMF Rodrigo Rato mu 2006

Muwoli wakwamba wa boma la United States Laura Bush (L) na Pulezidenti Levy Mwanawasa (pakati) pamoza na muwoli wake, Muwoli wakwamba Maureen Mwanawasa mu 2007

Awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku vyaru vinyake ŵakamutemwanga Mwanawasa, chifukwa cha kulimbana na vimbundi. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti, Zambia yikapokera ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Cinthu cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti vinthu vyakuthupi vyambe kwenda makora cikaŵa migodi. Ndondomeko ya Mwanawasa yikawovwira kuchepeska unandi wa ndalama na kovwira ŵakavu. Ŵalendo na ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakafumako ku Zimbabwe na kovwira ndyali ya Zambia. Mwanawasa wakazgora tawuni ya Livingstone, kufupi na Victoria Falls, kuŵa malo ghakwendakwenda. Zambia yikapokera wovwiri unandi comene na kucepeskako ngongoli cifukwa ca kusintha vinthu na "nkhongono za Mwanawasa". Pafupifupi, ciŵelengero ca cuma cikakura kufika pa 6% pa caka.

Mwanawasa wakasuska pulezidenti Robert Mugabe wa Zimbabwe. Mwanawasa wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵakwamba ŵa mu Africa kucita nthena. Mwanawasa wakati wafwa, mulongozgi wa chipani cha Zimbabwe Morgan Tsvangirai wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwamba kulongora chitima.

Mwanawasa wakaguliska Konkola Copper Mines ku Vedanta pa mtengo wa madola 25 miliyoni nangauli pakwamba ŵakamupempha madola 400 miliyoni. Ndalama izo kampani iyi yikasanga mu myezi yitatu yikakwana $25 miliyoni. Pamanyuma yikasanga phindu la $500 miliyoni pa chaka nangauli yikafipiska malo.

Mwanawasa wakaŵa wakunozgeka kupokelera ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Kiribati awo ŵakwiza ku Zambia chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ndipo wakaphalira Anote Tong kuti caru ici cili na "malo ghanandi" kweni palije umoza uwo wafiskika.

Umoyo

Mu Epulero 2006, Mwanawasa wakasuzgika na sitiroku.

Pa 29 Juni 2008, apo wakaŵa ku Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, ku ungano wa African Union, Mwanawasa wakagonekeka mu chipatala chifukwa cha sitiroko yachiŵiri. Pa Julayi 1, wupu wa International SOS ukamutolera ku France kuti wakatozgeke. Mulara wa chipatala cha ku Eguputo uko Mwanawasa wakatolekera, wakati ŵadokotala ŵakamuleka yayi kuthiska ndopa mu wongo. Wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti Banda wakayowoya kuti umoyo wake uli makora, ndipo nduna ya vya makani Mike Mulongoti yikati Mwanawasa wakaŵa na nthenda ya kuthukira kwa ndopa. Mulongoti wakayowoyaso kuti Mwanawasa wakaŵa "munthu wakulimbikira ntchito" ndipo wakati ici cingaŵa cifukwa.

Chifukwa chakuti Mwanawasa wakaŵa wambura nkhongono, Banda wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwendakwenda.

Malipoti gha nyifwa

Pa 3 July 2008 nyuzipepala yikamba kulemba kuti Mwanawasa wakafwira mu chipatala ku Paris chifukwa cha sitiroko. Nkhani iyi yikamba pa 702 Talk Radio ya ku Johannesburg, iyo yikayowoya vya Malone Zaza, uyo wakati ndiyo wakwendeska ndondomeko pa ofesi ya Zambia ku Pretoria, South Africa. Kweni komiti iyi yikakana kuti pali munthu munyake uyo wali na zina ili. Mulongoti, uyo wakuyowoya m'malo mwa boma, wakati nkhani ya nyifwa ya Mwanawasa "ni yautesi", ndipo wakaciska ŵapharazgi ŵa ku South Africa kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujikora pakulemba nkhani zawo. Apo nkhani izi zikapharazgikanga, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, wakachema kuti Mwanawasa wakumbukirike kwa nyengo yitali.

Umo Ŵakagwilira Ntchito ku France

Mwanawasa wakagonekeka mu cipatala ca Percy Military Hospital ku Clamart, kufupi na Paris. Mu mazgu gha pa 7 July 2008, Banda wakayowoya kuti Mwanawasa "wakukhalilira mu umoyo wakukhora" kweni wakeneranga kuchitika opareshoni, iyo Banda wakati yikaŵa yichoko, kuti wamazge suzgo la kupumura. Pa Julayi 8, Banda wakayowoya kuti mulimo uwu ukaŵa wakwenda makora. Pa Julayi 11, Banda wakayowoya kuti Mwanawasa wali makora ndipo ŵadokotala "ŵakukhorwa na umo waliri sono".

Benny Tetamashimba, mulongozgi wa MMD wa Information and Publicity, wakayowoya kuti MMD "yikwenela kwamba kupenja munthu wakunjira mu malo mwa Mwanawasa pakuŵa mulongozgi wa MMD". Mulongoti wakayowoya pa wayilesi ya boma pa Julayi 14, wakati fundo ya Tetamashimba yikukolerana yayi na maghanoghano gha boma. Mtsogoleri wa United Party for National Development Hakainde Hichilema adati kulephera kwa Mwanawasa kwalemaza ntchito za boma. Pa 15 July, mulongozgi wa Patriotic Front, Michael Sata wakadandawura na ivyo boma likayowoya vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Mwanawasa, ndipo wakapempha kuti boma litume ŵadokotala kuti ŵakamuwone Mwanawasa. Pa Julayi 17, MMD yikapharazga kuti Tetamashimba wangakaŵa na chilango, kusazgapo kuti wangasezgeka mu chipani. Tetamashimba wakati ŵanthu ŵakamupulikiska yayi. Wakayowoyaso kuti umoyo wa Mwanawasa ukwenda makora ndipo "wakuzomera kupokera munkhwala", kweni wakati boma likugwira makora ntchito ndipo wakususka ivyo boma likuyowoya kuti ŵadokotala ŵapeleke lipoti la umoyo wa Mwanawasa.

Banda wakapeleka uthenga unyake wakukhwaskana na umo Mwanawasa waliri pa Julayi 24, ndipo wakati "wakulutilira makora". Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezga yayi ivyo Banda wakayowoya. Nduna ya zaumoyo Brian Chituwo, pakuyowoya panthazi pa National Assembly pa 8 August, yikati Mwanawasa "kuchizgika kwake kuzamuŵa kwa nyengo yitali" chifukwa cha "nthenda yake yikuru".

Kufwa

Wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti Banda wakayowoya pa Ogasiti 18 kuti umoyo wa Mwanawasa ukahenipa mwamabuci ndipo wakakhumbikwiranga munkhwala mwaluŵiro. Kuyana na ivyo Banda wakayowoya, wovwiri uwu ukaŵa wakovwira, kweni Mwanawasa wakaŵa mu suzgo yikuru. Pa Ogasiti 19, munthu munyake wa mu mbumba ya Mwanawasa uyo wakakhumba yayi kuzunulika zina lake, wakati Mwanawasa wakafwa mulenji wenewura. Nkhani ya nyifwa ya Mwanawasa yikakhozgeka na Banda kwizira mu wayilesi ya Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC). Iyo wakaphalira mtundu kuti Mwanawasa wakafwa mulenji wenewura pa 10:30 (8:30 GMT) ku Percy Military Hospital ku Paris. Pakulongosora "chitima chikuru na chitima chikuru", Banda wakapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵaŵe na citengero kwa mazuŵa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ndipo wakaŵachiska kuti "ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵakufwasa na kulira pulezidenti withu mwantchindi". Pa Ogasiti 21, nyengo ya kulira maliro yikatora mazuŵa 21. Wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Zambia kufwa uku wali pa udindo wake.

Umo munthu wakujipulikira para wafwa

Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front wakayowoya kuti nyifwa ya Mwanawasa ni "masoka gha chalo", ndipo wakachiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia kuti ŵakhale chete. Nyuzipepara yinyake ya boma yakucemeka Zambia Daily Mail yikati nyifwa yake ni "zuŵa la mdima comene ku Zambia". Apo caru cikaŵa mu citima, ndipo ndembera zikaŵa pasi, ungano wa National Assembly uwo ukaŵa mukati ukayimiskika; ŵadokotala ŵakamba kunjira mu ciyezgo, maseŵero gha maseŵero ghakaŵikika, ndipo viphikiro vyose vya ŵanthu, nthengwa na viphikiro vya mazuŵa ghakubabikira, vikaŵikika. Mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia na mu mabara mukaŵavya sumu za cimwemwe. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, nyuzipepara na manyuzipepara vikawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa pulezidenti wawo. Pulezidenti wakale Kenneth Kaunda wakawonga Mwanawasa, wakati wakaŵa "muteŵeti waunenesko wa ŵanthu awo ŵakateŵetera caru ici na nchindi. Wakalondezganga dango na kulimbana na vimbundi. ...Tasoŵa mulongozgi muwemi uyo wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera pa nkhani ya ulongozgi na masuzgo agho caru cikukumana nagho".

Panyifwa

Mulara wa boma Banda wakapharazga ndondomeko ya nyifwa ya Mwanawasa pa 21 August. Kuyana na pulogiramu iyi, para thupi la Mwanawasa lawelera ku Zambia, lizamugona ku Mulungushi International Conference Centre ku Lusaka, msumba ukuru. Kufuma apo, pa Ogasiti 25 m'paka 29, wupu uwu uzamuluta ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Ŵakamusunga pa zuŵa ilo wakababikira. Mwanawasa wakeneranga kufiska vyaka 60 pa zuŵa ili.

Thupi la Mwanawasa likafika ku Lusaka kufuma ku France pa ndege ya nkhondo ya France pa 23 August. Ŵakapokelereka na ntchindi zikuru comene; Banda na Kaunda ŵakaŵapo pa ciphikiro ici, ndipo ŵakawuska futi 21 na ndege za nkhondo. Kufuma apo, ŵakaluta nalo ku misumba yikuru yose ya ku Zambia, uko ŵanthu ŵakakumbuka nyifwa yake. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani icho chikulongozga na awo ŵakususka boma, pamoza na mbumba yakwamba, ŵakaluta nayo.

Mwambo wa kusungika kwa Mwanawasa ukachitika pa 3 Seputembala ku Embassy Park pafupi na ofesi ya nduna ya Zambia. Pa nyifwa iyi pakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru 14 vya mu Africa, kusazgapo Mbeki, Robert Mugabe wa ku Zimbabwe, na Jakaya Kikwete wa ku Tanzania. Pa nyifwa ya mfumu wake, Maureen Mwanawasa wakayowoya kuti: "Mukafwa pa nchito. Mukafwa na citima cifukwa cakuti palije uyo wakazirwiska sembe zinu. Usange muŵengepo, mphanyi mukakondwa chomene".

Ivyo Ŵanthu Ŵakuyowoya

• Wupu wa African Union  African Union Chairman of the commission Jean Ping wakadandawura pa 19 August, wakati nyifwa ya Mwanawasa yikaŵa "njakuŵinya chomene kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia pera yayi kweniso ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa na charu chose cha Africa". Wapampando wa African Union, Jakaya Kikwete (uyo ni purezidenti wa Tanzania), wakati "Africa yikumbukenge Mwanawasa cifukwa ca mulimo wake wa kumazga mphindano za mu Africa comenecomene apo wakaŵa wapampando wa Southern African Development Community".
• Commonwealth of Nations Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma: "Wakajipeleka comene ku vilato vya Commonwealth vya kuti ŵanthu wose ŵakure na kuŵa na umoyo uwemi, kweniso fundo zake za demokilase, muwuso uwemi, wanangwa wa ŵanthu na dango. Wakafwilirapo kufiska vilato ivi mu Zambia na mu cigaŵa ici, comenecomene pakuŵa Mulara wa Wupu wa Southern African Development Community".
• France – President Nicolas Sarkozy: "The president of the Republic presents in his own name and in the name of the French people, his most saddened condolences to his family and the Zambian people."
• Kenya – President Mwai Kibaki: "During struggle for plural politics in Zambia, the late Mwanawasa played a pivotal role and was not only a source of inspiration and encouragement to the people but also displayed tremendous powers of the application of the rule of law."
• Namibia – President Hifikepunye Pohamba: "On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Namibia and indeed on my own behalf and that of the First Lady HE Mrs Penehupifo Pohamba, I wish to convey our deepest and most sincere condolences to the widow, HE Mrs Maureen Mwanawasa, the entire family and to the Government and people of the Republic of Zambia."
• South Africa – South African President Thabo Mbeki expressed "heartfelt condolences to the government and people of Zambia and to his widow Maureen Mwanawasa and the children". Later, at Mwanawasa's funeral, he said that Mwanawasa had contributed to "the restoration and strengthening of regional political unity and cohesion".
• Tanzania – At Mwanawasa's funeral, Tanzanian President Jakaya Kikwete said that Mwanawasa was "a great leader, a true pan-Africanist and a champion of the poor".
• Uganda – State Minister for Foreign Affairs Okello Oryem said Ugandans "share Zambia's sorrow during this period of mourning," while the Leader of the Opposition in Parliament Prof. Ogenga Latigo stated, "Mr Mwanawasa will be remembered for his contribution in the fight against corruption."
• United Nations – Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon: "Mr. Mwanawasa was at the forefront of Zambian politics at a time of exceptional challenge and change in his country."
• United Nations – The General Assembly observed a minute silence and several ambassadors spoke in tribute of his life on behalf of various groups of nations.
• United States – President George W. Bush: "As Chairman of the Southern African Development Community, President Mwanawasa worked tirelessly to uphold the values of good governance, speaking out against human rights abuses and threats to democracy when many others were silent."
• Zimbabwe – Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe said at the funeral: "Mwanawasa was a very courageous leader. He was very frank and wanted to change not only his country but the entire southern African region. We will greatly miss him."

Umoyo wa munthu

Mwanawasa wakatora Maureen Mwanawasa pa 7 May 1987, ndipo ŵakakhalira lumoza mpaka nyifwa yake. Wakaŵa na ŵana 7: Miriam, Patrick, Lorna, Chipokota Mwanawasa, Matolo, Lubona na Ntembe. Miriam na Patrick ŵakaŵa ŵa mu nthengwa yakwamba. Muwoli wake wakaŵa Kaboni wa Yehova, kweni pamanyuma wakafumiskika mu mpingo cifukwa ca kunjilirapo comene mu ndyali. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova ŵakukana kunjilirapo pa ndyali.

Wakabapatizika mu 2005 ku tchalitchi la Twin Palm Baptist ku Lusaka.

Mu Seputembala 2007, Mwanawasa wakaluta ku Arkansas ku United States kukayowoya nkhani ku Harding University ku Searcy ndipo wakapokera digiri ya udokotala ku koleji. Apo wakaŵa ku Arkansas, wakayowoya na ŵana ŵa sukulu na ŵapharazgi pa University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service pa nkhani ya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vyachuma na vya ndyali mu Zambia na chigaŵa ichi.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Media related to Levy Mwanawasa at Wikimedia Commons

• The Times: Levy Mwanawasa: Zambian President (Obituary)
• The Telegraph: Levy Mwanawasa, President of Zambia who stood out among African leaders in his condemnation of the regime of Robert Mugabe