Wikipedia

Maubale gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake

ubwezi wa Zambia na vyaru vinyake

Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, maubwezi gha Zambia na vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa ghakukhwaska maboma ghanyake gha kumwera kwa Africa nga ni African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵambura kukolerana.

Nations with which Zambia has diplomatic relations.

Zambia yili mu wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana wakukwana 44, ndipo wupu uwu ni United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations na Southern African Development Community.

Ku Zambia kuli mphindano ya mphaka pa mphaka ya Botswana, Namibia, Zambia na Zimbabwe. Nkhondo yinyake na Democratic Republic of Congo yikukhwaskana na Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave.

Mbili

 
Kenneth Kaunda wakuluta kukawona mulongozgi wa boma la Romania, Nicolae Ceauşescu, mu 1970.
 
Kuanda wakuyowoya na U.S. Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter ku White House mu 1978
 
United States Secretary of State Colin Powell na President wa Zambia Levy Mwanawasa bakukumana ku New York City pa nyengo ya UN General Assembly ya 59.

Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga chomene muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda, uyo wakaŵa pa udindo mu 1964-1991, wakaŵa munthu wakuwoneka makora uyo wakawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe ku Southern Africa. Wakakhozgera gulu la UNITA pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola, SWAPO pa nyengo ya nkhondo yawo ya kujiwombora ku apartheid ku South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), na African National Congress pa nkhondo yawo yakwimikana na apartheid ku South Africa.[1]

Mabungwe ghanandi agha ghakaŵa mu Zambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Pa cifukwa ici, vyaru vya South Africa na Rhodesia vikaponyapo ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikakhozgera magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakwimira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu vyaru ivi. Ndipouli, masuzgo agha ghakamara chifukwa cha kuzenga Damu la Kariba na kuzenga njanji ya Tan-Zam.

Cifukwa ca cigaŵa cawo mu nkhondo za kufwatuka, Zambia yikumanyikwa comene mu vyaru ivyo ŵakawovwira ndiposo mu Africa mose. Mwaciyelezgero, pulezidenti wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela, kanandi wakazunuranga ngongoli iyo South Africa yili nayo ku Zambia.[2]

Pambere Zambia yindaŵe na wanangwa, Kaunda wakakumana na John F. Kennedy apo wakaluta ku United States mu 1961, ndipo wakakumana na Lyndon Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, na George H.W. Bush ku White House mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Wakasuskanaso na nduna yikuru ya Britain Margaret Thatcher kanandi waka, cifukwa wakatinkhanga fundo zake za ku South Africa.[3]

Nga umo vikaŵira na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakaŵa mu gulu la vyaru vyambura kukolerana pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima. Mu 1970, mu caru ici mukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia yikaŵa ku woko lamazere kuluska ku woko lamalyero. Charu ichi chikaŵa paubwezi uwemi na China kweniso Yugoslavia. Kaunda wakumanyikwa mu Yugoslavia cifukwa ca kulira pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Josip Broz Tito.

Muwukirano wa Kaunda, Frederick Chiluba (1991~2002), nayo wakawovwira chomene pa ndyali za mu Africa. Boma lake likawovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Angola. Zambia wali kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵake ku mawupu gha UN agho ghakovwira kuti paŵe mtende mu Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, na Sierra Leone. Zambia yikaŵa caru cakwamba ca mu Africa kwendera lumoza na khoti la ku Rwanda ilo likadumura mulandu wa kukoma ŵanthu mu 1994.

Mu 1998, Zambia ndiyo yikalongozga pakukhazikiska mtende mu Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Zambia yikacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa mtende wa ku Congo pamanyuma pa kusayinira phangano la kuleka nkhondo ku Lusaka mu Julayi na Ogasiti 1999, nangauli mulimo uwu ukakhira comene pamanyuma pakuti Wupu wa ŵasilikari uwo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kufiska phangano la kuleka nkhondo ukasamukira ku Kinshasa mu Seputembala 2001.

Wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana

Charu cha Zambia chili mu wupu wa vyaru 45. Vinthu ivi ni:[4]

Pakuyowoya za umo Zambia yiliri mu khoti la ICC, Zambia yili na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States ku milandu.

United Nations

Pa Disembala 1, 1964, Zambia yikaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations, pamanyuma pa mwezi umoza kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa. Zambia wali na ofesi ya United Nations, ku 237 East 52nd Street, New York City. Mulongozgi wa gulu ili ni Tens Chisola Kapoma.[5]

 
Mulara wa International Monetary Fund Rodrigo Rato wakumana na pulezidenti wa Zambia Levy Mwanawasa.

Ndondomeko ya vyaru

 
Chigaŵa cha Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia

Kufuma waka apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa pa Okutobala 24, 1964, charu ichi chapeleka wovwiri wa usilikari na wovwiri ku maboma ghanandi pa caru cose. Chomenechomene, Zambia yili na mbiri ya kupeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku ŵasilikari na maboma agho ghakulimbana kuti ghaŵe na wanangwa mu Africa mose. Wovwiri uwo Zambia wakapeleka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru cawo ciŵe cakutowa mu nyengo ya ufumu wa caru ici, ukaŵa wa nkhondo ndiposo wa ndyali. Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF), uwo uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army, Zambian Air Force na Zambia National Service, uli na chigaŵa chikuru mu nkhondo zinandi za ku chigaŵa na za pa caru cose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980. Makamaka, ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia ŵapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari pa nkhondo zikuruzikuru za mu Africa nga ni Rhodesian Bush War nangauli mba ku Zambia yayi.

Zambia yili na mbiri yakovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kufwatuka mu vyaru vinyake ndipo Kenneth Kaunda uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa charu ichi, wakayowoyapo kale kuti "Zambia waŵenge wambura wanangwa yayi m'paka charu chose cha Africa chiŵe na wanangwa". Ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma la Zambia ŵakuwona kuti boma ili likukhumba kujisungilira. Pakuŵa caru cikuru ca pakati, muwuso wa Zambia ukujintha pa kukhazikika na ndyali za vyaru vyapafupi ivyo vikuzingilizga Zambia. Kuŵa na mtende mu vyaru ivi kwawovwira kuti pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wasungilire mazaza mu caru ici kwa vyaka vinandi.[6]

Kufwatuka na wovwiri wa ndyali

Zambia nayo wakafwatuka ku ufumu wa Britain. Boma liphya la Zambia ilo likaŵa na pulezidenti Kenneth Kaunda wa chipani cha UNIP, likawovwira chomene kuti ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵafwatuke. Boma la Zambia likapeleka malo ghakubisamamo ku ŵanthu ŵakugaluka, likawovwira kuti paŵe phangano, ndipo likapeleka wovwiri na vilwero. Kuŵako kwa muwuso wa vyaru vinyake ku Southern Africa kukawonekanga nga nkhukhuŵazga Zambia ndipo umoza wa vyaru vya mu Africa ukapangiska kuti charu chiphya ichi chiwovwire ŵazengezgani ŵake kulimbana na muwuso wa vyaru vinyake.

Chomenechomene, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakubisamamo ŵanthu ŵakuwukira ŵa chipani cha Namibia liberation party, South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) na African National Congress (ANC) mu South Africa. Zambia wakapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari ŵa boma kweniso wovwiri wa ndyali.[7]

SWAPO

 
Pulezidenti wakale wa South Africa, Nelson Mandela wakayowoyapo kale za mulimo wakuzirwa uwo Zambia wakacita mu South Africa mu nyengo ya apartheid

South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) ni chipani icho kale chikaŵa na chilato cha kujikana na Namibia. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika kufuma mukati mwa Namibia, SWAPO yikasamuskira likuru lake na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵanandi ku Zambia mu ma 1970. Zambia yikazgoka malo ghakubisamamo gha gulu ili ndipo SWAPO yikakhazikiska misasa yakusambizgirako ŵasilikari na kutuma ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga ku Zambia. Nkhondo ya ku Shipanga, yakucemeka na zina la Andreas Shipanga, mulongozgi wa SWAPO, yikapangiska kuti boma la Zambia limovwire kukora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakususka gulu ili. Ŵalongozgi ŵa SWAPO mu Namibia ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵakususkana na ivyo SWAPO yikagwiranga na misasa ya ŵasilikari mu Zambia, ndipo ŵakapempha wovwiri kwa Pulezidenti Kaunda. Ŵakati ŵakora ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbawukirano, kusazgapo Shipanga na wovwiri wa Zambia, ŵalongozgi ŵa SWAPO mu Namibia ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene.[8]

African National Congress

African National Congress yikaŵa chipani cha ndyali icho chikalimbana na apartheid ku South Africa, icho chikaŵa na vilato vyakudemelera ku African National Congress ya ku Zambia. Boma la ku South Africa likati lakanizga chipani ichi, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakabisama panji ŵakachimbilira ku Zambia. Lusaka, msumba ukuru wa Zambia, ndiwo ukaŵa likuru la ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ANC awo ŵakafumako ku caru cawo ca South Africa. Ntheura, Zambia yikaŵa malo ghakusangira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ndipo yikazomerezga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga kuti ŵawunganenge na kwendera lumoza. Nelson Mandela, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa South Africa, wakayowoyapo za mulimo wakuzirwa uwo Zambia wakacita pa kufwatura caru cawo mu vilimika ivyo ŵakaŵa ku wuzga. Ndondomeko ya Zambia yakuwombora ŵanthu kwizira mu diplomacy na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu chigaŵa ichi, yikuwoneka makora chomene mu chalo cha South Africa.[9]

Zimbabwe

Kweniso Zambia yikawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵafwatuke ku ŵazga ŵawo mu m'ma 1960 na 1970. Mwaciyerezgero, Zambia yikapeleka wovwiri wa futi na wa ndyali ku Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) na Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) pa nyengo ya kulimbana kwawo na boma la Rhodesia mu Nkhondo ya Rhodesian Bush. Zambia yikapeleka vilwero na masambiro ghachoko waka ku gulu la Zimbabwe la African Nationalist Movements, kweni yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za diplomacy kuti yikanizge wanangwa wa Zimbabwe. Ivi vikasazgapo maulendo ghanandi na kudumbiskana pakati pa boma la Rhodesia na ŵalongozgi ŵa Zambia kuti ŵadumbiskane umo ŵangamazgira nkhondo ya mukati mu caru. Paumaliro, mu 1979, boma la Rhodesia likathera ku mphindano za ŵamitundu yose ndipo likachita mavoti agho ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kuwusa charu ichi.[10]

UNITA

Chipani cha National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) chikaŵa chipani cha ku Angola icho chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vikuru ivyo vikarwa nkhondo ya ku Angola mu 1975. Zambia, pasi pa Kenneth Kaunda wakasambizga na kupeleka ndalama ku UNITA kwimikana na MPLA mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya cikaya. Lusaka wakalutilira kukhozgera comene ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA ŵa ku Africa na ŵasilikari ŵa UNITA awo ŵakasambizgika mu Zambia. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Zambia yaleka kukhozgera UNITA ndipo yaphepiska ku boma la Angola cifukwa ca kukhozgera UNITA.[11]

Milimo mu mphindano za vigaŵa

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya ku Angola

Zambia ndiyo yikawovwira chomene pakovwira kuti paŵe kukolerana pakati pa MPLA na UNITA. Nkhondo ya ku Angola yikalutilira kwambira mu 1975 m'paka sono, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo ya pa mtima. Phangano la Lusaka likafuma ku Zambia ndipo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo ya pawenenawene. Phangano ili likasazgika mu Lusaka pa Novembala 20, 1994, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakakolerana nalo. Paumaliro nkhondo yikambaso, ndipo mu 1998, mtende ukamara.[12]

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo

Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo yikaŵa nkhondo yikuru ya ku Africa iyo yikayamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu 1998, ndipo yikakhwaska vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa. Zambia yikaŵapo yayi pa nkhondo iyi, kweni yikakhumbanga kuti paŵe mtende na kumazga nkhondo. Ŵimiliri ŵa mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha pa caru cose nga ni United Nations, ŵakawungana pa June 21-27, 1999, ku Lusaka kuti ŵanozge fundo zakumazgira nkhondo iyi. Phangano la kuleka nkhondo likati nkhondo yimare, ŵasilikari ŵa mtende ŵatumizgike na kufwatura ŵakayidi wose ŵa nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vya Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, na Zimbabwe ŵakawungana mu Lusaka, Zambia pa Julayi 10, 1999, kuti ŵasayine phangano la kuleka kuwukira. Paumaliro nkhondo zikalutilira nangauli pakaŵa phangano la mtende, ndipo nkhondo yikaleka m'paka mu 2003.[13]

African cooperation

Zambia njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vili mu wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU), uwo sono ukucemeka African Union. Zambia nayo wali mu wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC). Pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya AEC, Zambia yikukolerana na vigaŵa viŵiri: Southern African Development Community (SADC) na Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Wupu wa SADC ukakhazikiskika mu msumba wa Lusaka, mu Zambia, pa Epulero 1, 1980, ndipo COMESA nayo wali na ofesi yake yikuru kwenekura.

Mphindano za pa caru cose

Ku Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, na Zimbabwe uko mphaka zikukumana, ndipo na DRC ku Lunchinda-Pweto Enclave kumpoto kwa Chienge, pakukhalira kukwesana pa chiphangano cha Zambia-Congo icho chikavumbukwa na pulezidenti Laurent Kabila. Kuŵavya vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vigaŵa ivi, kweniso wanangwa wawo wa kuŵa ŵenekaya, ni nkhani yakusuzga chomene ku Luapula.

Zambia na Commonwealth of Nations

Zambia ni chalo icho chili mu Commonwealth of Nations kwambira pa 24 Okutobala 1964, apo Northern Rhodesia yikamba kujiyimira payekha.

Bilateral relations

Charu Formal Relations Began Vyaru
  Albania 9 July 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1969[14]
  Algeria 15 January 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relationson 15 January 1973[15]
  Angola
  Argentina 27 September 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1974[16]
  Armenia 7 October 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1993[17]

  Azerbaijan 18 November 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1993[18]
  Australia 18 May 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972 when first Australian High Commissioner to Zambia Mr. W. G. A. Landale presented credentials (resident in Dar es Salaam)[19]
  • Australia is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  • Zambia has a High Commission in Canberra.[20]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
  Belgium 12 February 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1965 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Zambia Mr. Jean Bourgaux presented his credentials[21]
  Benin 8 February 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1974 when Zambian ambassador Andreya S. Masiye presented credentials to President Kerekou[22]
  Bolivia 5 January 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1987[23]
  Brazil 28 December 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1969[24]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Brasília.
  Brunei Darussalam 3 February 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 2003[25]
  Canada 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966[26]
  • Canada has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.
  Cape Verde 10 July 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1982[27]
  China 29 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1964[28]

See China–Zambia relations

  • China has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Beijing.
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 24 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on Zambia's independence 24 October 1964, when Democratic Republic of the Congo has raised its consulate-general in Lusaka to embassy level, and consul Mabita has been promoted to charge d'affaires[29]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
Template:Country data Cote d'Ivoire 10 April 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1968[30]
  Croatia 20 September 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1995[31]

  Cuba 19 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972[32]
  Cyprus 10 December 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1976 when the first High Commissioner of Cyprus to Zambia, Mr. Fillios Antoniou Grammenopoulos, presented his credentials to President Kaunda[33]
  • Cyprus is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa[34] and an honorary consulate in Lusaka.[34]
  • Zambia is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome, Italy[34] and an honorary consulate in Limassol.[34]
  • Both countries have a bilateral agreement on Air Service between both countries.[35]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
  Czech Republic 2 February 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 1965[36]
  Denmark See Denmark-Zambia relations
  Finland 8 March 1968
  Gabon 18 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[40]
  Georgia 14 October 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1993[41]

  Greece
  • Greece is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and an honorary consulate in Lusaka.[42]
  • Zambia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[42]
  Grenada 18 September 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 1979[43]
  Guatemala 19 March 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 2013[44]
  Guyana 11 February 1971
  Hungary 13 August 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1966[46]
  Iceland 23 July 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 2004[47]
  India See India-Zambia relations
  Indonesia 18 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1975[52]
  Ireland 29 February 1980 See Ireland–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1980 when Ireland's first Ambassador to Zambia , His Excellency Mr Michael Greene , presented credentials to President Kaunda[53]

  • Ireland has an embassy in Lusaka.[54]
  • Zambia is accredited to Ireland from its high commission in London[55]
  Israel 17 March 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1965 when Israel's first ambassador to Zambia Col. Ben-Zion Tehan presented his credentials to the President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda.[56]Zambia severed diplomatic relations with Israel on 26 October 1973.[57]Diplomatic relations between two countries were re-established on 25 December 1991[58]

Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[59]

  Japan October 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations in October 1964.[60]

  Kenya See Kenya–Zambia relations
  • Kenya has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Nairobi.
  Laos 9 November 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1996[61]
  Liberia 3 April 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[62]
  Lithuania 13 July 2001

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2001.[63]

  Madagascar 13 September 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1973[64]
  Malawi 15 September 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970[65]
  Maldives 1 April 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 2018[66]
  Mexico 15 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1975[67]
  • Mexico is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[68]
  • Zambia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[69]
  Moldova 26 October 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1993[70]
  Montenegro 29 June 2010

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2010[71]

  Mozambique 25 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1975[72]
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Maputo.
  Namibia 5 August 1990 See Namibia–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1990[73]

  • Namibia has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Windhoek.
    Nepal 10 September 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1986[74]
  New Zealand 2 April 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1985[75]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Zambia is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.[76]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
  Nicaragua 21 April 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1980[77]
  Peru 5 October 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1970[78]
  Poland 1 July 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1966[79]
  • Poland is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
  • Zambia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  Portugal 3 April 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1975[80]
  Romania 28 May 1968

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1968[81]

  Russia 30 October 1964 See Russia–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 1964[82]

  • Russia has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Moscow.
  Serbia 23 October 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1964.[83]Both countries have passed a number of bilateral agreements.[84]

  Sierra Leone 19 February 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1971 when first High Commissioner of Zambia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials to the Governor General of Sierra Leone Sir Banja Tejan-Sie[85]
  South Africa 10 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1994[86]

See South Africa–Zambia relations

Zambia was a strong supporter of the African National Congress during their struggle against minority rule and hosted the ANC for a number of years. In 2009, nearly 52% of all goods imported to Zambia were from South Africa.

  • South Africa has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Pretoria.
  South Korea 4 September 1990

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1990[87]

High-level Exchanges: May 1991 Special Envoy Chung Won-shik; October 1994 Special Envoy Hong Soon-young; May 1995 Special Envoy Kim Hang-kyung; May 2010 Economic Mission Kim Jung-hoon (The Republic of Korea-Zambia business Forum).[88]

  Spain 26 September 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1969[89]
  • Spain is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Lusaka.
  • Zambia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  Syria 15 May 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1969[90]
  Tanzania See Tanzania–Zambia relations
  • Tanzania has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Dar es Salaam.
  Trinidad and Tobago 17 February 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1971 when first Zambia's high commissioner in Trinidad and Tobago, Mr. Vernon Johnson Mwaanga presented his credentials to Governor General Sir Solomon Hochoy[91]
  Turkey 1964[92] See Turkey–Zambia relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.[92]
  • Zambia has an embassy in Ankara.[92]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Zambian exports/imports: 5.9/17.8 million USD).[92]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.[92]
  United Arab Emirates 29 November 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1974[93]
  United Kingdom 24 October 1964 See United Kingdom–Zambia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[94]

  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in London.
  United States 24 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1964[95]

See United States–Zambia relations

Zambia, led by president Kenneth Kaunda and other diplomats such as Vernon Mwaanga, Mark Chona, and Siteke Mwale, cooperated closely with the United States between 1975 and 1984 in order to promote peaceful solutions to the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia.[96]

  • United States has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  Venezuela 2 November 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1978[97]
  Vietnam 15 September 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1972[98]

  Zimbabwe See Zambia–Zimbabwe relations
  • From 1953 to 1963 Zambia and Zimbabwe were, along with Nyasaland (now Malawi) part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.[99]
  • Initially the two countries had good relations after gaining independence. However, relations have recently been strained. Following the controversial Zimbabwean presidential election of 2008, the late Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa described Mugabe's Zimbabwe as a "regional embarrassment".[100]
  • The former foreign affairs minister, Kabinga Mpande, once said Zambia had lodged a protest against Zimbabwe, against the "sustained malicious campaign against Zambia".[101] But relations have improved tremendously with the election of Michael Sata as President of Zambia. It was reported in the Zambian media that Zambia was pushing for the readmission of Zimbabwe into the British led Commonwealth of Nations.

Wonaniso

Ukaboni

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  8. ↑ Fivush, Robyn (Febuluwale 2010). "Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives". Memory. 18 (2): 88–98. doi:10.1080/09658210903029404. ISSN 0965-8211. PMID 19565405. S2CID 36928878.
  9. ↑ Landsberg, Chris. The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition. Jacana Media, 2004
  10. ↑ "Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and Assessment". International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1973.
  11. ↑ Simuchoba, Arthur (31 October 2011). "We Are so Sorry, Sata Tells Angola" Archived 9 Febuluwale 2022 at the Wayback Machine. TimesLIVE.
  12. ↑ Vines, Alex (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. Human Rights Watch.
  13. ↑ Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554588787.
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  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 "Home - MFA". mfa.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 21 Okutobala 2021. Retrieved 21 Okutobala 2021.
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  45. ↑ "Countries With Which Guyana Has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Guyana. Retrieved 20 Epulelo 2023.
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  48. ↑ "Welcome to High Commission of India, Lusaka, Zambia". www.hcizambia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 Okutobala 2021. Retrieved 21 Okutobala 2021.
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  73. ↑ Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 305.
  74. ↑ "Nepal–Zambia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 20 Epulelo 2023.
  75. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7914-7938. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1985. p. 10.
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  77. ↑ Le mois en Afrique - Issues 170-175 (in French). 1980. p. 125.
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  99. ↑ Africa Today Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: the evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context.(Southern Africa in the Postapartheid Era) by Scarritt, James R. ; Nkiwane, Solomon M.; published 01-JAN-96
  100. ↑ "Zimbabwe's neighbours" Archived 6 Okutobala 2020 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, June 2008
  101. ↑ "Zambia protests against Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 12 Disembala 2013. Retrieved 25 Meyi 2009.

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