Wikipedia

Afilika

chilwa chakusangika pa charu chapasi cha kumpoto na kummwela
(Kufumila ku Politics of Africa)
For other uses, see Afilika (disambiguation).

Chilwa cha Afilika ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 30.300,000, kusazgapo virwa vinyake.[7] Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 biliyoni[1][2] Kufika chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa pafupifupi 18% pa ŵanthu wose pa caru capasi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo mbaciwukirano comene pa vyaru vyose;[8][9] mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 19.7 na 30.4 pa charu chose.[10] Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na usambazi unandi chomene, kweni chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kusuzgika maghanoghano,[11]chikoloni, Nkhondo Yakuzizima,[12][13] Nkhondo ya ku caru ciphya, kusowa kwa demokilase, na vimbundi.Nangauli usambazi uli kupangika makora yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu vyaru ivi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo mbawukirano, charu cha Africa ni msika wakuzirwa pa caru cose.

Afilika
Area30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi)  (2nd)
Population1,393,676,444[1][2] (2021; 2nd)
Population density46.1/km2 (119.4/sq mi) (2021)
GDP (PPP)$8.05 trillion (2022 est; 4th)[3]
GDP (nominal)$2.96 trillion (2022 est; 5th)[4]
GDP per capita$2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; 6th)[5]
Religions
DemonymAfrican
Countries54+2*+5** (*disputed) (**territories)
Dependencies
External (5)
Internal (6+1 disputed)
Languages1250–3000 native languages
Time zonesUTC-1 to UTC+4
Largest citiesLargest urban areas:
Ukuru wa Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake

Charu ichi chili kuzingilizgika na Nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto, Suez Isthmus na Nyanja Yiswesi kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, Indian Ocean kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na Atlantic Ocean kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinandi nga ni Madagascar. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru 54 ivyo vili na mazaza, vigaŵa 8, na vyaru viŵiri vyambura mazaza. Charu cha Algeria ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Vyaru vya mu Africa vikukolerana pakuzenga wupu wa African Union, uwo uli na ofesi yake yikuru mu Addis Ababa.

Charu cha Africa chili pafupi na equator na prime meridian. Ni caru cimoza pera ico cili kufuma kumpoto kukafika kumwera.[14] Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru chili kumwera kwa charu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili mu vigaŵa vyakututuka, kupaturako chigaŵa chikuru cha Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya, na Egypt, kumpoto kwa Mauritania, na vigaŵa vyose vya Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla, na Tunisia ivyo vili pachanya pa chigaŵa cha Cancer, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa chakututuka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha charu ichi, kumwera kwa Namibia, kumwera kwa Botswana, vigaŵa vinandi vya South Africa, vigaŵa vyose vya Lesotho na Eswatini, kweniso kumwera kwa Mozambique na Madagascar, vili kusi kwa malo ghakuchemeka Tropic of Capricorn.

Ku Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene, ndipo kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli masuzgo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kuzgoka mapopa, kukomeka kwa makuni, kusoŵa maji, na kunangika kwa vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kulutilira kutikhuŵazga chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Wupu wa United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) ukati Africa ni caru ico cikusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.[15][16]

Mbiri ya Africa njitali, njakusuzga kuyipulikiska, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuyizirwiska. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Africa, chomenechomene ku East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikukhalira vya ŵanthu ŵa Homo sapiens (ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano) ivyo vikusangika ku Ethiopia, South Africa, na Morocco, vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 233,000, 259,000, na 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa ndiko ŵanthu ŵakukhala nyengo yitali chomene.[17][18][19]

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.[20]

Zina

 
Charu chose cha Africa icho ŵanthu ŵa mu Apollo 17 ŵakawona

Afri likaŵa zina Lachilatini ilo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Northern Africa.[21][22] Zina ili likwenera kuti likayowoyanga za fuko la ku Libya, ilo likaŵa sekuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber mazuŵa ghano. Kanandi zina ili likakolerananga na lizgu la Chifenike lakuti ʿafar ilo likung'anamura "fumbi", kweni mu 1981, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiberberber lakuti ifri. Lizgu lenelili likusangikaso mu zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Ifran ŵakufuma ku Algeria na Tripolitania.

Mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, msumba wa Carthage ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa icho ŵakachichemanga kuti Africa Proconsularis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage mu Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Punic mu 146 B.C.E., ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa ku Libya. Nyengo zinyake lizgu Lachilatini lakuti -ica likuyowoyeka kuti likung'anamura charu (kuyelezgera kuti, mu Chiceltic kufuma ku Celtae, nga umo Julius Caesar wakayowoyera). Chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya icho chikaŵa cha Ŵasilamu, chikati chawukira Ufumu wa Byzantine (Eastern Roman), chikaŵa na zina lakuti Exarchatus Africae.

Kuyana na Ŵaroma, caru ca Africa cikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Egupto, apo "Asia" cikaŵa Anatolia na vyaru vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba vya malo zina lake Ptolemy (85-165 C.E.) wakajambura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi, ndipo wakalongosora kuti msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo uli pa mphaka pakati pa Asia na Africa. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya "Africa".

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti zina lakale lakuti "Afirika" likung'anamura kuti:

  • Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) wakati zina ili likukolerana na zina la Eferi, muzukuru wa Abrahamu, uyo wakuzunulika pa Gen. 25:4, ndipo wakati ŵazukuru ŵake ŵakanjira mu Libya.
  • Isidore wa ku Seville mu buku lake la Etymologiae XIV.5.2 la m'ma 700 C.E., wakati "Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti aprica, kung'anamura "dazi".
  • Mu 1881, Massey wakayowoya kuti lizgu lakuti Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chieguputo lakuti af-rui-ka, kung'anamura "kuzgokera ku chiziŵa cha Ka". Ka ni nkhongono ya munthu waliyose ndipo "kujura kwa Ka" kukung'anamura chiŵaro panji malo ghakubabikira. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatenge Africa ni "malo agho ŵakababikira".[23]
  • Mu 1976, Michèle Fruyt wakayowoya kuti lizgu Lachilatini lakuti africus likung'anamura "mphepo ya kumwera".[24]
  • Robert R. Mu 1984, Stieglitz wa pa Yunivesite ya Rutgers wakati: "Zina lakuti Africa, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti *Aphir-ic-a, likuyana waka na lizgu la Cihebere lakuti Ophir ['lusambazi']".[25]
  • Ibn Khallikan na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti zina la Africa likafuma kwa fumu ya ku Himyarite yakuchemeka Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi uyo wakawuskapo Ifriqiya.[26][27][28]
  • Chiarabu afrīqā (zina lachikazi) na ifrīqiyā, sono kanandi likuzunulika afrīqiyā (zina lachikazi) 'Africa', kufuma ku 'afara' (kufumira ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'afir' (kufuma ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'kufuma ku zuŵa, kufota') na 'afara' (kufuma ku 'kufota mu zuŵa pa mchenga wakotcha') panji 'kuphaka fuvu''.[29]
  • Panyake Faraqa wa ku Fonike wakang'anamuranga 'kupatukana'.[30]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Africa
Wonani vinandi: History of North Africa, History of West Africa, History of Central Africa, History of East Africa, and History of Southern Africa

Mbili yakwamba

Nkhani ikulu: Recent African origin of modern humans
 
Lucy, chiwangwa cha Australopithecus afarensis icho chikasangika pa Novembala 24, 1974 mu Dambo la Awash ku Ethiopia

Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa ndicho chakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi na ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Vipasi vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵaŵe ŵanthu, nga ni Australopithecus afarensis uyo wali na vyaka vyakujumpha 3.9 million. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene (ŵakaŵako kale chomene) ni Homo ergaster (c. Vinthu ivi vikawoneka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 B.C.E.[7]

Pakati pajumpha vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵako mu Africa,[31][32][33][34] Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuvuna vipasi.[35][36] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakafumako ku Africa na kwamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu mu nyengo ya Out of Africa II migration iyo yikachitika vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi.

Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yira, ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, na Sahara.[37]

Kuwuka kwa maboma ghakubanuka

Further information: Cradle of civilization#Ancient Egypt

Kwamba kale, chigaŵa cha Sahara chikusintha chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake chikusintha mwakuyana na umo nyengo yiliri pa charu chose.[38] Paumaliro wa nyengo ya Ice Age, iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa mu 10,500 B.C.E., Sahara yikazgokaso chipalamba, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakawerako ku vigaŵa vya mukati na mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Africa, ndipo ŵakalembapo vinthu vya mu jalawe ivyo vikulongora kuti Sahara yikaŵa na vyakumera vinandi. Ndipouli, chifukwa chakuti nyengo yikakwera kweniso kukawomira, mu 5000 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Sahara chikaŵa chakomira chomene. Pafupifupi mu 3500 B.C.E., chifukwa cha kupindika kwa charu, Sahara yikazgoka mapopa mwaluŵiro. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara na kuluta ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi ku Second Cataract uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu vyaka 200 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa chilangalanga.

 
Vinthu vyakujambulika pa malibwe mu chigaŵa cha Fezzan, ku Libya

Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.[39][40]

Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.[41]

 
Vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru vya Ramesses II ku Abu Simbel, Egypt, vikaŵako mu 1250 B.C.E.

Nkhumba izi zikaŵako kakwamba mu charu cha Sudan. Kweniso ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na kuzenga malo gha malibwe (nga ni Tichitt, Oualata). Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9,000 na 5,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na rafia. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵiya vinyake vyakuchemeka black-eyed peas na voandzeia. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhwantha zakusona malibwe.

Pafupifupi mu 4000 B.C.E., mlengalenga wa Sahara ukamba kukavuka chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nyanja na milonga vichepe chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhalamo mu vyaru ivi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mpunga pafupi na Mlonga wa Niger.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga visulo ku North Africa. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa, kwali ŵakavipanganga mwakujiyimira paŵekha panji ŵakavipharazga kufuma kumpoto. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, mulimo wa kupanga visulo ukambira cha m'ma 500 B.C.E., nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kupanga visulo yayi m'paka m'ma 100 C.E. Vinthu vya mkuwa vyakufuma ku Eguputo, kumpoto kwa Africa, Nubia, na Ethiopia ivyo vikalembeka m'ma 500 B.C.E. vikavumbukwa ku West Africa, ndipo vikulongora kuti pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Sahara.[42]

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira

Nkhani ikulu: Ancient African history
 
Mapu agho ghakulongora maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵako pakati pa 500 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E.

Pafupifupi mu 3300 B.C.E., mbiri yakale yikamba ku Northern Africa apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira kulemba na kulemba mu nyengo ya Farawo. Boma la Eguputo likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghakale chomene pa charu chose ndipo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 343 B.C.E.[43][44] Ŵaeguputo ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Libya na Nubia.

Ŵafenikiya ŵa ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage, ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, uwo ukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu ku Fonike.[45][46][47]

Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakamba kusanda vyaru vya mu Africa.[48][49] Mu 332 B.C.E., Alekizanda Mukuru wakapokelereka nga ni muwomboli mu Eguputo. Wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria ku Eguputo, uwo ukakhalako kwa nyengo yitali ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ptolemy.[50]

 
Malo agho Ŵaroma ŵakasunga ku Timgad, Algeria
 
Libwe la Ezana likulongosora umo Themba Ezana likang'anamukira ku Cikhristu na kuwuskira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Meroë.

Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wapoka chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na Ŵaroma. Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru ivyo sono ni Tunisia na vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Themba lakwamba la Ŵaroma ilo likafuma ku North Africa likaŵa Septimius Severus, uyo wakababikira ku Leptis Magna mu Libya.

Chikhristu chikafika mu vigaŵa ivi kufuma ku Yudeya na ku Eguputo, kweniso kufuma ku charu cha Romu kuya ku Nubia. Mu 340 C.E., chikaŵa kuti chazgoka chisopa cha boma la Ufumu wa Aksumite. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Siriya na Girisi awo ŵakafika pa Nyanja Yiswesi ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhani iyi.[51]

Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ufumu wa Caliphate wa ku Arabia uwo ukaŵa kuti wapangika waka, ukafika ku Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma ukafika ku North Africa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasazgikana na mafuko gha Ciarabu. Apo msumba wa Umayyad ku Damaseko ukaparanyika mu ma 700 C.E., msumba wa chisopa cha Cisilamu uwo ukaŵa ku Meditereniyani ukafumako ku Siriya kuluta ku Qayrawan, kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu, ndipo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasambizgi, ŵa malango, na ŵavinjeru. Mu nyengo iyi, Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara.

Ku West Africa, Dhar Tichitt na Oualata ku Mauritania mazuŵa ghano, ni malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikakhoma chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.[52][53]

Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.[54][55]

Vyaka vya m'ma 800 mpaka m'ma 1800

 
Viŵiya vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika mu Igbo-Ukwu, ku Nigeria, mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., vikaŵa vyapadera chomene kuluska ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapanga mu nyengo yira.[56]

Mu nyengo iyo vyaru vikaŵa pambere vyaru ivi vindambe kulamulira, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru na maboma pafupifupi 10,000. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ku South Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ku Central, Southern, na Eastern Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ku Horn of Africa; maufumu ghakurughakuru gha ku Sahelian; misumba na maufumu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha nga mba Akan; ŵanthu ŵa ku Edo, Yoruba, na Igbo ku West Africa; na matawuni gha Swahili agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Southeast Africa.[57]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., maufumu ghanandi, kusazgapo maufumu ghakwambilira gha Hausa, ghakathandazgikira mu chipalamba cha Sahara kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Central Sudan. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa Ghana, Gao, na Kanem-Bornu. Ghana wakamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, kweni Ufumu wa Mali ndiwo ukamulongozga. Kanem wakazomera Chisilamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100.

Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, maufumu ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo kumpoto kwa Muslim kukaŵavya nkhongono. Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Kweniso ni ufumu wakale comene uwo uli mu Nigeria mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Nri ngwakumanyikwa cifukwa ca malata gha mkuŵa agho ghakasangika mu tawuni ya Igbo-Ukwu. Malibwe agha ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E.[58]

Ufumu wa Ife, ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha Ŵayoruba, ndipo ukaŵa na boma la ŵasembe awo ŵakachemekanga Ooni of Ife. Ife yikaŵa malo ghakuru gha cisopa na maluso mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa na mitheto yakuyelezgera yakuŵikapo vinthu vya mkuŵa. Boma la Ife likaŵa la Ufumu wa Oyo, uko ma obas panji mafumu ghake, agho ghakachemekanga Alaafins of Oyo, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa misumba na maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵayoruba.

 
Mabwinja gha Zimbabwe Mukuru (wakakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka 1500 C.E.)

Ŵa Almoravid ŵakaŵa fuko la Ŵaberi ilo likafuma ku Sahara, ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Iberia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil ŵakaŵa Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakasamukira ku Eguputo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1300. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kusangana na Ŵaarabu na Ŵaberi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu.

Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mali chaparanyika, mulongozgi munyake zina lake Sonni Ali (1464-1492) wakambiska ufumu wa Songhai mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Niger na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Sonni Ali wakathereska msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468 na Jenne mu 1473. Askia Mohammad I (1493-1528) uyo wakamulondezga, wakazgora chisopa cha Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa cha boma, wakazenga misasa, na kwiza na ŵasambizgi ŵa Chisilamu ku Gao, kusazgapo al-Maghili (uyo wakafwa mu 1504), uyo wakambiska chisambizgo cha Chisilamu cha ku Sudan. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, vyaru vinyake vya Hausa nga ni Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, na Gobir, vikazgoka misumba yakuzingilizgika na viliŵa. M'paka m'ma 1400, vyaru ivi vikaŵa ku mphepete mwa maufumu ghakuru gha ku Sudan.[59]

Kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa palipose

Wonaniso: Trans-Saharan slave trade, Atlantic slave trade, and Indian Ocean slave trade
 
Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, vyaka vya m'ma 1500-1900.

Ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kwa nyengo yitali.[60][61] Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1800, ŵanthu pafupifupi 712 miliyoni ŵakakoleka na malonda gha ŵazga ku Atlantic.[62][63][64] Kweniso pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1800, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Europe ŵakakoleka na ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary na kuguliskika ku North Africa.

Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic ghakamara mu 1820 ndipo vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Europe na America, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kufupi na nyanja za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa 1808 na 1860, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ilo likalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Africa, likakora sitima za ŵazga pafupifupi 1,600 na kufwatura Ŵafrika 150,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu ngalaŵa izi.

Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga vyaru vya ku Britain kuti vileke kuguliska vinyama ŵakachitapo kanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 50 ŵa mu Africa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge wuzga. Maboma ghakuru chomene gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa (Asante Confederacy, Kingdom of Dahomey, na Oyo Empire) ghakachita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti ghende makora. Asante na Dahomey ŵakaghanaghaniranga chomene vya "malonda ghakwenelera" agho ghakaŵa nga ni mafuta, koko, makuni, na golide. Ufumu wa Oyo ukati watondeka kusintha, ukawira mu nkhondo.[65]

Chikoloni

 
Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913
Page 'Scramble for Africa' not found

Nkhondo za kujithemba

 
Muwuso wa Europe mu 1939
██ Belgian ██ Italian
██ British ██ Portuguese
██ French ██ Spanish
██ Independent

Ufumu wa Ŵazungu ukalutilira kuwusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya, icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Mu 1956, charu cha Tunisia na Morocco vikafwatuka ku boma la France.[66] [67]Ghana nayo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1957. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vinandi vya pa caru ici vikamba kujiyimira pavyekha.

Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara (kwamba ku Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, na Sao Tome na Principe) kwambira m'ma 1500 m'paka mu 1975, apo boma la Estado Novo likadumulika mu Lisbon. Rhodesia yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku Britain mu 1965, pasi pa boma la Ian Smith, kweni charu cha Zimbabwe chikazomerezgeka yayi kuŵa na wanangwa uwu m'paka mu 1980, apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kuwusa. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira mu Africa kuti chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵazungu.

Africa ya ku maiko gha ku mpoto

Further information: Decolonisation of Africa
Wonaniso: Non-Aligned Movement

Mazuŵa ghano, mu Africa muli vyaru 54, ndipo vinandi mwa vyaru ivi vili na mphaka izo zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalamuliranga. Kwambira apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikapokera wanangwa, kanandi vikusuzgika cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa vinthu, vimbundi, nkhaza, na nkhaza. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa ni vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikatondeka kuŵa na maboma gha demokilase nyengo zose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vili na maboma ghanandi agho ghakwambiska viwawa. Kweni pakati pa 1990 na 2018, caru cose ca Africa cikamba kuŵa na muwuso waurunji.[68]

Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakavu comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ndipo chikaŵa chambura kukhazikika pa nkhani za ndyali. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo vikaŵa na mwaŵi wakujura misika ya caru cose. Vyaru vicoko waka vya mu Africa ndivyo vikakura luŵiro comene pambere caka ca 1990 cindafike. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Libya na Equatorial Guinea, ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga makora yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pakukhumba kusanga chandulo cha ndyali, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo zinyake zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo charu cha Rwandani chikalamuliranga.

Pakuwona kuti nkhaza zikuruzikuru zikucitika, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵaso mphindano za malo na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujiwusa ŵekha. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Nigeria na boma la ku Igbo ilo likakhumbanga kujipatura. Nkhondo ziŵiri za cikaya izo zikacitika mu Sudan, yakwamba yikacitika mu 1955 m'paka mu 1972 ndipo yachiŵiri mu 1983 m'paka mu 2005, zikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo zose izi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga mitundu na visopa.

Nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa United States na Soviet Union nayo yikawovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Boma la Soviet Union na la United States likakhozga comene ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵasilikari ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru ivi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, wovwiri wa Soviet na America ukamara mwamabuchi ndipo Soviet Union yikawa.

Mu Ethiopia mukaŵa njara yikuru pakati pa 1983 na 1985, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.2 miliyoni ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti njara iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda na kukora vyakurya.[69][70][71][72] Mu 1994, ŵanthu 800,000 ŵakafwa pa mulandu wa kutinkhana ku Rwanda. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo yambe, nkhondo izo zikaŵa zakuparanya comene mu Africa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni ŵakafwa.[73]

  •  
    An animated map shows the order of independence of African nations, 1950–2011
  •  
    Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96
    ██ Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)██ Minor Wars/Conflict██ Other Conflicts
  •  
    Political map of Africa in 2021

Nkhondo pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana na maboma zikulutilira. Kwambira mu 2003, nkhondo yikulutilira mu Darfur (Sudan) iyo yikakura comene mu 2003 m'paka 2005 ndipo nkhaza zikakwera comene mu 2007 na 2013. Gulu la Boko Haram ilo likulimbana chomene mu Nigeria (pamoza na nkhondo zinandi ku Niger, Chad, na Cameroon) likakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 kwambira mu 2009. Nkhondo zinandi za mu Africa zachepako kufika mu 2022. Kweni nkhondo ya Tigray iyo yikamba mu 2020 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, chomenechomene chifukwa cha njara.

Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikamara mu Angola, Sierra Leone, na Algeria mu 2002, Liberia mu 2003, kweniso Sudan na Burundi mu 2005. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo, iyo yikaŵa na vyaru 9 na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakugaluka, yikamara mu 2003. Kuchepa kwa nkhaza uku, kukakolerana na kuti vyaru vinandi vikaleka kulongozgeka na boma la chikomyunizimu ndipo vikamba kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vyaru ivi vikamba kwenda mwamtende pakati pa vyaru vyapafupi.

Kuŵa na mtende ndiposo kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru vya mu Africa kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku China, ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha GDP ku sub-Saharan Africa chikaŵa pa 5.02%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha GDP chikakwera kufuma pa $811 Billion kufika pa $1.63 Trillion (Constant 2015 USD). Kumpoto kwa Africa nako kukakura mwakuyana waka. Cigaŵa cikuru ca ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi comene vyakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vinthu, comenecomene foni. Nangauli vyaru vinandi vikalutilira kukura, kweni kufuma mu 2014 kukura kwa vyaru ivi kukakhira comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, kuleka kwambiska vyamalonda, kweniso nthenda ya Ebola na COVID-19.[74][75]

Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Africa
 
Topography of Africa

Charu cha Africa ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vitatu ivi. Charu ichi chikupatukana na Europe na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 163. (Kuyana na umo charu cha Egypt chiliri, chigaŵa cha Sinai icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Suez Canal nacho chikuwoneka kuti chili ku Africa).[76][77]

Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja.[78] Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa.

Charu chikuru chomene mu Africa ni Algeria, ndipo chigaŵa chichoko chomene ni Seychelles. Charu chichoko chomene pa charu ichi ni Gambia.

Chilwa cha Afilika

 
Mazuŵa ghano, chigaŵa cha pasi cha Africa chikwenda pa charu chapasi mwaluŵiro lwa 0.292° ± 0.007° pa chaka chimoza, pakuyaniska na charu chapakati (NNR-MORVEL56)
Page 'African Plate' not found

Nyengo

Nkhani ikulu: Climate of Africa

Nyengo ya mu Africa yikupambana chomene na ya mu vyaru vyakututuka. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili na mapopa ghanandi, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera chili na vyakumera vinandi. Pakati pa malo agha pakaŵa vyakumera nga ni sahel na steppe. Charu cha Africa ndicho chili na chithukivu chikuru chomene pa charu chapasi. Ivyo vikachitika mu 1922 ku Libya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye apo kukazizima chomene.[79][80]

Ecology and biodiversity

 
The main biomes in Africa.

Mu vyaru vya mu Africa muli malo ghakuvikilirika ghakujumpha 3,000. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu Africa vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vileke kuŵa vinandi kweniso kuti malo gha kulima ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, kusuzgika na ŵanthu, na mitundu yinyake ya vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi, vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vyambeso kuŵa na umoyo uwemi mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha nduna, ŵantchito ŵambura kwenelera, na ndalama.

Wupu wa United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuti, ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakumazga makuni ghanandi kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose.[81]Kuyana na lipoti la Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Africa, vyakumera 31 pa 100 vya mu Africa na nkhorongo 19 pa 100 zili kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti makuni pafupifupi 90 pa 100 gha ku West Africa ghali kumara. Makuni ghakujumpha 90% gha ku Madagascar ghakaparanyika kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakizira mu charu ichi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi 65% ya malo gha vyakurya gha mu Africa ghakunangika na dongo.[82]

Wonaniso: Afrotropical realm and Palearctic realm

Environmental issues

Page 'Environmental issues in Africa' not found

Water

 
Africa Water Precipitation
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Climate change

 
Climate-smart agriculture and rainwater harvesting in Machakos County, Kenya.
Page 'Climate change in Africa' not found

Fauna

Nkhani ikulu: Fauna of Africa
 
Savanna at Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania

Mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli nyama zinandi zakututuŵa na zakupambanapambana, ndipo nyama zikuruzikuru izo zikurya nyama (nga ni nkhalamu, njati, na mphumphi) na vyakumera (nga ni mbaŵala, zovu, ngamila, na zirafu) vikukhala mwakufwatuka mu vigaŵa vya malo ghambura ŵanthu. Kweniso kuli nyama zinandi za mu nkhorongo, nga ni njoka na vinyama vinyake vya mu maji nga ni ng'ona na vyamoyo vinyake vya mu nyanja. Kweniso mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi.

Ndale

Wonaniso: List of political parties in Africa by country

African Union

Nkhani ikulu: African Union
 
Regions of the African Union:
 Northern Region ,  Southern Region ,  Eastern Region ,  Western Regions A and B ,  Central Region 

Wupu wa African Union (AU) uli na vyaru 55. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Juni 26, 2001, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Julayi 9, 2002, ndipo ndiwo ukalondezganga wupu wa African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 2004, wupu wa African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ukasamukira ku Midrand, South Africa, kweni wupu wa African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ukakhala mu Addis Ababa.

Wupu wa African Union (AU), uwo ukwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na wupu wa AU Commission, ukapangika na Dango la African Union (AU), ilo likukhumba kuti wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC), uwo ukaŵa wupu wakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, uŵe wupu wa boma. Wupu wa African Union uli na boma laparamende, lakucemeka African Union Government, ilo lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa vyeruzgo, na wa malango. Likulongozgeka na Mulara wa wupu wa African Union ndiposo mulongozgi wa boma, uyo nayo ni mulongozgi wa wupu wa Pan-African Parliament. Munthu wakuŵa purezidenti wa AU para wasankhika ku PAP, ndipo pamasinda wakusanga wovwiri wa ŵanandi mu PAP. Maluso na mazaza gha purezidenti wa African Parliament ghafuma ku Constitutive Act na Protocol ya Pan-African Parliament, kweniso chiharo cha mazaza gha purezidenti agho ghali kulembeka mu vyaru vya Africa na vyaru vya maiko. Boma la AU lili na maboma gha vigaŵa vyose, gha boma, na gha boma, kweniso maboma ghanandi.

Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵachali kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi boma likuŵawona. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu ivi ni vya ndyali, ndipo kanandi vikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuswa comene wanangwa wawo, muli vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, na Ivory Coast.

Boundary conflicts

Further information: The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and List of conflicts in Africa
Page 'Military history of Africa#Post-colonial' not found

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Africa, List of African countries by GDP (nominal), and List of African countries by GDP (PPP)
Wonaniso: Economy of the African Union
 
Map of the African Economic Community. ██ CEN-SAD ██ COMESA ██ EAC ██ ECCAS ██ ECOWAS ██ IGAD ██ SADC ██ UMA

Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa.

Ukavu, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, kusoŵa chakurya, maji na malo ghakutowa yayi, kweniso umoyo uheni vikukhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Banki ya Charu chose yikapharazga vya ukavu wa pa charu chose, kuyana na fundo ya $1.25 pa zuŵa (kuyaniska na $1.00 pa zuŵa).

Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa ndicho ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuchepeska ukavu (ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa); mu 1981 ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% (200 miliyoni) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu. Munthu mukavu mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara wakukhala na ndalama zakukwana masenti 70 pa zuŵa, ndipo wakaŵa mukavu comene mu 2003 kuluska mu 1973, ico cikulongora kuti ukavu ukukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca ndyali na maboma gha caru cinyake.[83][84]

Sono caru ca Africa cili pangozi yakuŵaso na ngongoli, comenecomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Nkhaza ya ngongoli iyo yikaŵako mu 2005 yikamara na wovwiri wa wupu wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme). Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 10 kufuma apo suzgo la ngongoli mu caru ca Africa ca kumwera kwa Sahara mu 2005 likamalira, Zambia yikanjiraso mu ngongoli. Chifukwa chaching'ono chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukhira kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu 2011, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ndalama zinandi izo Zambia yikabwereka zikapambikika panji kupokeka na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa.[85]

Kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2005, chuma cha mu Africa chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2005 chikaŵa pa 5%. Vyaru vinyake vikakura comene, comenecomene Angola, Sudan, na Equatorial Guinea, vyose ivi vikaŵa kuti vyambapo sonosono kunozga mafuta panji vyasazgirako nkhongono zawo.

Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.[86]

Nambala Charu GDP (nominal, Peak Year)
millions of USD 		Peak Year
1   Nigeria 568,499 2014
2   Egypt 475,231 2022
3   South Africa 458,708 2011
4   Algeria 213,810 2014
5   Ethiopia 156,083 2023
6   Angola 145,712 2014
7   Morocco 142,867 2021
8   Kenya 118,130 2023
9   Libya[87] 92,542 2012
10   Tanzania 85,421 2023
Nambala Charu GDP (PPP, Peak Year)
millions of USD 		Peak Year
1   Egypt 1,803,584 2023
2   Nigeria 1,372,624 2023
3   South Africa 990,030 2023
4   Algeria 620,971 2023
5   Ethiopia 393,847 2023
6   Morocco 387,233 2023
7   Kenya 341,999 2023
8   Angola 265,631 2023
9   Ghana 229,471 2023
10   Tanzania 228,031 2023

Pakuyaniska mtengo wa vinthu pa caru cose ico Tausch wakacita mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa caru cose, wakawona kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora: 1. Wupu Wakulondezga Malango 2. Kuwukira boma 3. Kuŵa na mtima wa kuleka nkhaza 4. Kugomezga mabungwe 5. Chimwemwe, umoyo uwemi 6. Kuleka kusopa mwakujikuzga 7. Kuzomera malonda 8. Kuŵa na Nkhongono 9. Kuchitako ndyali 10. Kuŵa na cigomezgo ndiposo kujipeleka 11. Kulije maghanoghano gha wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakuzomera kalvinistic work ethic. Tausch wakamalizga na kuyowoya kuti, umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwendera na maukaboni ghose "nchakuzizika comene". Nangauli munthu wakwenera kuŵa na cigomezgo cikuru pa nkhani ya umo Ghana wazamuŵira na demokilase na cuma ca msika, kweni nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Eguputo na Algeria, comenecomene ku South Africa, caru ico cili na cuma cikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana yayi kwa ŵanthu, nga umo lipoti la UNDP likuyowoyera, kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende. Tausch wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukondwa chomene na vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu.

 
African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020

Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mu caru ici ndimo muli cobalti wakukwana 90 peresenti, platinamu wakukwana 90 peresenti, golide wakukwana 50 peresenti, chromium wakukwana 98 peresenti, tantalite wakukwana 70 peresenti, manganese wakukwana 64 peresenti, na uranium wakukwana limoza pa vigaŵa vitatu.[88] Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na visulo vya coltan 70 pa 100 pa caru cose. Kweniso charu cha DRC chili na madimondi ghakujumpha 30% pa charu chose. Charu cha Guinea ndicho chikuguliska bauxite yinandi pa charu chose. Pakuti ku Africa, vinthu vikukura comene cifukwa ca mauteŵeti, m'malo mwa kupanga vinthu panji vyakurya, ntheura kulije nchito panji ukavu. Nakuti suzgo la vyakurya ilo likaŵako mu 2008 likati lachitika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu 100 miliyoni ŵaleke kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera.[89][90][91]

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca China caŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu 2007, makampani gha ku China ghakagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $1 biliyoni mu Africa.

Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".[92]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Africa, Genetic history of Africa, and Child marriage in Africa|Child marriage#Africa|Child marriage in Africa

Proportion of total African population by country ██ Nigeria (15.38%)██ Ethiopia (8.37%)██ Egypt (7.65%)██ Democratic Republic of the Congo (6.57%)██ Tanzania (4.55%)██ South Africa (4.47%)██ Kenya (3.88%)██ Uganda (3.38%)██ Algeria (3.36%)██ Other (42.39%)

Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ku Africa cakura comene, ntheura nchicoko comene. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵali na vyaka 25 kukhilira pasi. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu Africa ukakwera kufuma pa 229 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 630 miliyoni mu 1990.[93][94] Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Africa chikukwana 1.4 billion. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru vinyake; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu America ŵakajumpha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵazamubabika mu Africa cizamufika pa 37% mu 2050.

Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa (ŵana pa mwanakazi yumoza) chikaŵa 4.7 mu 2018. Vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na TFR (chiŵelengero cha ŵana) kuluska awo ŵakababika mu 2019 ndipo vikaŵa na 27.1% ya awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo pa charu chose. Mu 2021, vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na 29% vya ŵanthu awo ŵakababika pa charu chose.[95][96][97]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu (viyowoyero vya mu banja la Niger na Congo) ndiwo ŵanandi chomene kumwera, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahel awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa.[98] Kweni mu South Sudan na East Africa muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ("San" panji "Bushmen"). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakusangika chomene ku Gabon na Equatorial Guinea. Mu chipalamba cha Kalahari, kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Bushmen (panji kuti "San", awo ŵakukolerana chomene na "Hottentots" kweni ŵakupambana na iwo) ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Africaa.[99]

Ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Niger na Congo, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mtundu wa Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, na Wolof ndiwo ni ukuru chomene pa mitundu yose. Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Sahara, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka panji Mande ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chadic, kusazgapo Ŵahasa, ŵakukhala kumpoto chomene kwa Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nilo-Sahara, nga ni Ŵasonghai, Kanuri, na Zarma, ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.

 
Map of Africa indicating Human Development Index (2018).

Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵali mu magulu ghatatu: Ŵa Berber kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ŵaeguputo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nile na Sahara kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵaarabu awo ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. ŵakamba kuyowoya Chiarabu na Chisilamu ku North Africa. ŴaFenikiya (awo ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage) na Ŵahyksos, Ŵaalani ŵa ku Indo-Iran, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Indo-Europe, Ŵaroma, na Ŵavandali nawo ŵakakhala ku North Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Morocco na Algeria, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Tunisia na Libya, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chi Berber ŵalipo.[100] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberberia na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ku North Africa. Ku Mauritania, kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵali kufwa, ndipo kumwera kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Niger na Congo. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu na Chiarabu, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa mtundu wa Beja awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Africa na Asia ŵakusangikaso ku Egypt na Sudan.

Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia na Eritrea (nga mba Amhara na Tigray, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Habesha) ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Semite, apo Ŵa Oromo na Ŵasomali ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Cushitic.

Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Algeria na Morocco (1,6 miliyoni ku North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique na Angola. Pakati pa 1975 na 1977, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawelera ku Portugal. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo ŵachoko chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, na South Africa. Charu icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵazungu mu Africa ni South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Britain ndiwo ŵali na mbumba zikuru comene za ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.[101]

Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia, chomenechomene awo ŵakafuma ku India, ŵakiza ku Britain. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India, ndipo ku Kenya, Tanzania, na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera na kumwera kwa Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1972, Fumu Idi Amin yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda, kweni ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kuwelera. Kweniso mu virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar mba ku Austronesia, kweni awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakusazgikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, Arabia, India, na Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi na ku India ndiwo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ku South Africa ŵakuchemeka Cape Coloured (ŵanthu awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa). Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku China ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.[102]

Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinandi chomene. (lternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands)

) Ukaboni: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).[103]

Year[103] 0 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2018 2100
(projected)
Africa 16 500 33 000 46 000 55 000 61 000 74 208 90 466 124 697 228 342 387 645 759 954 1 321 000[104] 3 924 421[105]
World 230 820 268 273 437 818 555 828 603 410 1 041 092 1 270 014 1 791 020 2 524 531 3 913 482 5 907 680 7 500 000[106] 10 349 323[105]

Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total)

Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).[103]

Chaka[103] 0 1000 1500 1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1950 1973 1998 2020 2100
(projected)
Afilika 7.1 12.3 10.5 9.9 10.1 7.1 7.1 7.0 9.0 9.9 12.9 18.2[104] 39.4[107]

Chisopo

 
A map showing religious distribution in Africa
Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Africa
Wonaniso: African divination

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵali na visopa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuchindika visopa vya ku Africa. Ndipouli, para ŵanthu ŵafumbika panji kupendeka, ŵanandi ŵakujiyaniska na visopa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pali vifukwa vinandi, ndipo cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakagomezganga kuti visambizgo na maluso gha cisopa ca ku Africa ni viheni. Ntchakusuzga kusanga maukaboni gha visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga chifukwa kanandi maboma agho ŵanthu ŵakusopa mu visopa vyakupambanapambana ghakughanaghanapo chomene pa nkhani iyi.[108][109]Buku linyake likuti visopa vikuru comene mu Africa ni Cisilamu na Cikhristu. Buku linyake likuti, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu caru ici Mbakhristu, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbasilamu, ndipo 10 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vyawo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Chihindu, Chibuda, Chiconfucian, Chibahai, panji Chiyuda. Kweniso mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa yayi.

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Africa
Wonaniso: Writing systems of Africa § Indigenous writing systems

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 1,000 mu Africa (UNESCO yikuti viyowoyero ivi ni 2,000).[110] Ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Africa, kweni ŵanyake ŵali kufuma ku Europe panji Asia. Charu cha Africa chili na viyowoyero vinandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa:

 
A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa
  • Viyowoyero vya Afroasiatic ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 285 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero pafupifupi 240 mu Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, Sahel, na kumwera kwa Asia.
  • Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo na Sahara ni viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100 ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 30 miliyoni. Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, na kumpoto kwa Tanzania.
  • Viyowoyero vya Niger-Congo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka, chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo panji ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose.
  • Viyowoyero vya Khoisan vilipo pafupifupi 50 ndipo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 ku Southern Africa.[111]Viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Khoisan vili pafupi kumara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni viyowoyero ivi vikamanyikwanga na boma. Mu vyaru vinandi, Cingelezi na Cifurenci (wonani Cifurenci ca ku Africa) vikugwiliskirika nchito pakudumbiskana na ŵanthu nga ni boma, malonda, masambiro na vyakupharazga. Chiarabic, Ciphwitikizi, Cifrikaans na Cisipanishi ni viyelezgero vya viyowoyero ivyo vikamba ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakuviyowoya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyan. Ku Namibia ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cijeremani cifukwa kukaŵa caru ico kale cikalongozgekanga na ŵa German.

Umoyo

 
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 (World Bank)
██ over 15% ██ 5–15% ██ 2–5% ██ 1–2% ██ 0.5-1% ██ 0.1–0.5% ██ not available

Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mu Africa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose m'malo mwa munkhwala wakuchemeka allopathic, uwo ukuŵa wakudura chomene. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na maboma ŵati vyaka vya m'ma 2000 ni vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vya vyakurya vya ku Africa mu chilato cha kukhozga fundo ya WHO ya ku Africa ya kuzenga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu vyakurya vya ku Africa.[112] Awo ŵakupanga malango gha boma mu cigaŵa ici ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa ndondomeko za umoyo za ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero cawo ndiposo usange kuŵapo kwawo pamoza na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano kungakhozga urunji na kuŵapo kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala, umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndiposo umo vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikukulira.

Nthenda ya AIDS njakuzara comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.2 pa ŵanthu 100 pa caru cose, kweni pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi pa caru cose, ŵanthu 35 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu 2011, mu vyaru vya ku Africa pera, ŵanthu 69 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na HIV ndipo 70 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, umo nthenda ya AIDS yikusuzga comene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukukhala pacoko comene cifukwa ca nthenda ya HIV/AIDS.[113]

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Mwambo wa Afilika
 
Vinthu ivi vili mu charu cha Gambia na Senegal.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.[114]

Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana".[115] Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru.

Pasono ŵanthu ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto ya ku Africa, nga umo vikaŵira na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka African Renaissance, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Thabo Mbeki.

Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2023, malo 98 gha mu Africa ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo gha Charu Chose. Pa malo agha, 54 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, 39 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, ndipo 5 ni malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo 15 gha mu Africa ghali pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu Vya Caru Cose Ivyo Vili pa Suzgo.[116]

Visual art

 
Chizindikiro cha Nok (zaka za m'ma 500 BCE-5 CE)
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Architecture

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Cinema

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Music

 
A musician from South Africa
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Dance

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Sports

 
Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za timu za mpira za amuna zaku Africa pa FIFA World Cup

Vyaru 54 vya mu Africa vili na magulu gha mpira mu wupu wa African Football Confederation. Eguputo wali kuthereska nkhonya ya Africa kankhondi na kaŵiri, ndipo wakukwaniska katatu. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, na Algeria ŵafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Morocco yikalemba mbiri pa World Cup ya 2022 ku Qatar pakuŵa chalo chakwamba ku Africa kufika ku semi-final ya FIFA Men's World Cup. Charu cha South Africa chikapokelera maseŵera gha World Cup mu 2010, ndipo chikaŵa charu chakwamba cha ku Africa kuchita nthena. Magulu ghapachanya mu kilabu yiliyose ya mpira wa ku Africa ghakuseŵera mu CAF Champions League, apo magulu ghapasi ghakuseŵera mu CAF Confederation Cup.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Africa caŵa na malo ghaphya gha maseŵero gha basketball agho ghazengeka mu misumba yakupambanapambana nga ni Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda na Rades. Chiŵerengero cha osewera a basketball a ku Africa omwe adalemba ku NBA chakhala chikukula kwambiri m'ma 2010.[117][118]

Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha cricket. Charu cha South Africa na Zimbabwe vili na chigaŵa cha Test, apo charu cha Kenya ndicho chili na chigaŵa chakwamba cha One Day International cricket (ODI). Vyaru vitatu ivi vikachitiska ungano wa Cricket World Cup mu 2003. Charu cha Namibia ndico nchigaŵa cinyake ca mu Africa ico cacitapo maseŵera gha pa caru cose. Charu cha Morocco, icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndicho chikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Morocco Cup mu 2002, kweni charu ichi chindachiteko maseŵero ghakuru.

Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha rugby. Namibia na Zimbabwe wose ŵaŵapo kanandi waka pa Rugby World Cup, apo South Africa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene (pamoza na New Zealand) pa Rugby World Cup, pakuti yikawina katatu, mu 1995, 2007, na 2019.[119]

Vigaŵa na malo

Nkhani ikulu: List of regions of Africa and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

Vyaru ivyo vili pa tabuleti iyi vyalembeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikuzunulika na wupu wa United Nations. Para pali mphambano, fundo zikulongosoreka makora.

Chidindo cha boma Zina la chigaŵa panji charu, na ndembera[lower-alpha 1] Area
(km2) 		Population[120] Chaka Density
(per km2) 		Msumba waboma Name(s) in official language(s) ISO 3166-1
North Africa
    Algeria 2,381,740 46,731,000 2022 17.7 Algiers الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie DZA
    Canary Islands (Spain)[lower-alpha 2] 7,492 2,154,905 2017 226 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife 		Canarias IC
    Pelagie Islands (Italy) 25.5 6,556 2019 247 Lampedusa Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî ITA
    Ceuta (Spain)[lower-alpha 3] 20 85,107 2017 3,575 — Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) EA
    Egypt[lower-alpha 4] 1,001,450 82,868,000 2012 83 Cairo مِصر (Miṣr) EGY
    Libya 1,759,540 6,310,434 2009 4 Tripoli ليبيا (Lībiyā) LBY
    Madeira (Portugal)[lower-alpha 5] 797 245,000 2001 307 Funchal Madeira PRT-30
    Melilla (Spain)[lower-alpha 6] 12 85,116 2017 5,534 — Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية EA
    Morocco 446,550 35,740,000 2017 78 Rabat المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc MAR
    Tunisia 163,610 10,486,339 2009 64 Tunis تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie TUN
    Western Sahara[lower-alpha 7] 266,000 405,210 2009 2 El Aaiún الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental ESH
Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika
    Burundi 27,830 8,988,091 2009 323 Gitega Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi BDI
    Comoros 2,170 752,438 2009 347 Moroni Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) COM
    Djibouti 23,000 828,324 2015 22 Djibouti Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti DJI
    Eritrea 121,320 5,647,168 2009 47 Asmara Eritrea ERI
    Ethiopia 1,127,127 84,320,987 2012 75 Addis Ababa ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ ETH
    French Southern Territories (France) 439,781 100 2019 — Saint Pierre Terres australes et antarctiques françaises FRA-TF
    Kenya 582,650 39,002,772 2009 66 Nairobi Kenya KEN
    Madagascar 587,040 20,653,556 2009 35 Antananarivo Madagasikara/Madagascar MDG
    Malawi 118,480 14,268,711 2009 120 Lilongwe Malaŵi/Malaŵi MWI
    Mauritius 2,040 1,284,264 2009 630 Port Louis Maurice/Moris MUS
    Mayotte (France) 374 223,765 2009 490 Mamoudzou Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty MYT
    Mozambique 801,590 21,669,278 2009 27 Maputo Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki MOZ
    Réunion (France) 2,512 743,981 2002 296 Saint Denis La Réunion FRA-RE
    Rwanda 26,338 10,473,282 2009 398 Kigali Rwanda RWA
    Seychelles 455 87,476 2009 192 Victoria Seychelles/Sesel SYC
    Somalia 637,657 9,832,017 2009 15 Mogadishu 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) SOM
    Somaliland 176,120 5,708,180 2021 25 Hargeisa Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd)
    South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 2008 13 Juba South Sudan SSD
    Sudan 1,861,484 30,894,000 2008 17 Khartoum Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) SDN
    Tanzania 945,087 44,929,002 2009 43 Dodoma Tanzania/Tanzania TZA
    Uganda 236,040 32,369,558 2009 137 Kampala Uganda/Yuganda UGA
    Zambia 752,614 11,862,740 2009 16 Lusaka Zambia ZMB
    Zimbabwe 390,580 11,392,629 2009 29 Harare Zimbabwe ZWE
Pakati pa Afilika
    Angola 1,246,700 12,799,293 2009 10 Luanda Angola AGO
    Cameroon 475,440 18,879,301 2009 40 Yaoundé Cameroun/Kamerun CMR
    Central African Republic 622,984 4,511,488 2009 7 Bangui Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine CAF
    Chad 1,284,000 10,329,208 2009 8 N'Djamena تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad TCD
    Republic of the Congo 342,000 4,012,809 2009 12 Brazzaville Congo/Kôngo/Kongó COG
    Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,410 69,575,000 2012 30 Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo COD
    Equatorial Guinea 28,051 633,441 2009 23 Malabo Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial GNQ
    Gabon 267,667 1,514,993 2009 6 Libreville gabonaise GAB
    Sao Tome na Principe 1,001 212,679 2009 212 São Tomé Sao Tome na Principe STP
Kummwela kwa Afilika
    Botswana 600,370 1,990,876 2009 3 Gaborone Botswana/Botswana BWA
    Eswatini 17,363 1,123,913 2009 65 Mbabane eSwatini/Eswatini SWZ
    Lesotho 30,355 2,130,819 2009 70 Maseru Lesotho/Lesotho LSO
    Namibia 825,418 2,108,665 2009 3 Windhoek Namibia NAM
    South Africa 1,219,912 51,770,560 2011 42 Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pretoria[lower-alpha 8] yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika ZAF
Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika
    Benin 112,620 8,791,832 2009 78 Porto-Novo Bénin BEN
    Burkina Faso 274,200 15,746,232 2009 57 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso BFA
    Cape Verde 4,033 429,474 2009 107 Praia Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi CPV
    The Gambia 11,300 1,782,893 2009 158 Banjul The Gambia GMB
    Ghana 239,460 23,832,495 2009 100 Accra Ghana GHA
    Guinea 245,857 10,057,975 2009 41 Conakry Guinée GIN
    Guinea-Bissau 36,120 1,533,964 2009 43 Bissau Guiné-Bissau GNB
    Ivory Coast 322,460 20,617,068 2009 64 Abidjan,[lower-alpha 9] Yamoussoukro Côte d'Ivoire CIV
    Liberia 111,370 3,441,790 2009 31 Monrovia Liberia LBR
    Mali 1,240,000 12,666,987 2009 10 Bamako Mali MLI
    Mauritania 1,030,700 3,129,486 2009 3 Nouakchott موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) MRT
    Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 2009 12 Niamey Niger NER
    Nigeria 923,768 166,629,000 2012 180 Abuja Nigeria NGA
    Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) 420 7,728 2012 13 Jamestown Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha SHN
    Senegal 196,190 13,711,597 2009 70 Dakar Sénégal SEN
    Sierra Leone 71,740 6,440,053 2009 90 Freetown Sierra Leone SLE
    Togo 56,785 6,019,877 2009 106 Lomé togolaise TGO
Afilika pamoza 30,368,609 1,001,320,281 2009 33

Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

  1. ↑ Continental regions as per UN categorizations/map.
  2. ↑ The Spanish Canary Islands, of which Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are Santa Cruz de Tenerife are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco and Western Sahara; population and area figures are for 2001.
  3. ↑ The Spanish exclave of Ceuta is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
  4. ↑ Egypt is generally considered a transcontinental country in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the Suez Canal.
  5. ↑ The Portuguese Madeira Islands are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.
  6. ↑ The Spanish exclave of Melilla is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.
  7. ↑ The territory of Western Sahara is claimed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Morocco. The SADR is recognized as a sovereign state by the African Union. Morocco claims the entirety of the country as its Southern Provinces. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.
  8. ↑ Bloemfontein is the judicial capital of South Africa, while Cape Town is its legislative seat, and Pretoria is the country's administrative seat.
  9. ↑ Yamoussoukro is the official capital of Ivory Coast, while Abidjan is the de facto seat.

Ukaboni

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